The seventh grade history mind map Appreciation of the seventh grade history knowledge points ★ Lesson 1 Ancient residents of the motherland
First, the earliest humans in China
1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago.
The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools.
Second, Beijingers.
Beijingers lived about 700,000-200,000 years ago, retaining the characteristics of apes, but with obvious division of labor between hands and feet, they can make and use tools and make stone tools.
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
First, the Chinese ancestor Huangdi and Yan Di, the humanistic ancestor Huangdi.
Second, Yao Shunyu? Make way?
1. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty marked the beginning of slavery. The slave society in China began in 2 1 century BC.
2. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of China. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the establishment of China's early state.
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
First, the rise and fall of the Xia Dynasty
1. After Yu's death, he passed the throne to his son Qi, making the hereditary system replace the abdication system. Home world? Was replaced? Public world? .
2. About BC 1600, the Tang Dynasty was defeated, and the summer was destroyed. BC 1046, Shang and Zhou Dynasties fought at Konoha. When the Shang Dynasty perished, the King of Wu established the Zhou Dynasty, the capital of which was a pickaxe, also known as Haojing, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
Second, the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. Purpose: In order to consolidate the rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the system of enfeoffment.
2. Content: Zhou gave his land, civilians and slaves to relatives and heroes and made them princes. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.
3. Role: Develop remote areas, strengthen the rule and make the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country.
★ Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
1. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China. Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China. The famous bronzes are Simu Wuding and Siyang Fangzun.
2. During the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a unique bronze culture prevailed in the southwest Chengdu Plain, which was world-famous? Sanxingdui? Culture. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed there have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people.
★ Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
First, the spring and autumn hegemony.
1. In 770 BC, Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved to Luoyi. Eastern Zhou dynasty? . The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production; At the same time, reform the military system and form a strong army to? Respect the king and oppose the foreign countries? In order to give orders, he gradually became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
3. In the late 7th century BC, after the Chengdu-Pudong War between Chu Jin and China, Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains. One hundred years later, Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord of the Central Plains.
Second, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period
1. The order of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period is Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.
It happened in 260 BC, and the decisive battle between Qin and Zhao was the battle of Changping. The battle of Changping made the six eastern countries unable to resist Qin.
Lesson 7 the era of great change
First, the use of iron farm tools and Niu Geng.
1. The Spring and Autumn Period was the period of the disintegration of the slavery system in China, and the Warring States Period was the period of the formation of the feudal system in China.
2. A revolution in the history of agricultural development in China refers to Niu Geng. Niu Geng: It was used at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period at the latest, and was popularized during the Warring States Period. Iron farm tools: appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and became popular in the Warring States Period.
Second, the famous Dujiangyan.
During the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan built by Li Bing for Qin was a world-famous flood control and irrigation project. Chengdu plain has become? Land of abundance? .
Third, Shang Yang's political reform.
1. Time and place: 356 BC, Qin State.
2. Contents: ① The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading. (2) those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee; According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished. (3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
3. Function: After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and its army's combat effectiveness continued to increase, making it the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.
★ Lesson 8 Cultural Prosperity in China (1)
1. China has a written history, which began in Shang Dynasty.
2. The words carved by merchants on tortoise shells or animal bones are called? Oracle Bone Inscriptions? .
★ Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture (2)
1. Confucius was a man in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His words were recorded in The Analects of Confucius. He suggested it? Ren? Theory, proposition? Lover? ,? Governing the country by virtue? In education, it is proposed to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, review the old and learn the new, and have an honest learning attitude. The Analects of Confucius was compiled by Confucius' disciples.
2. Laozi was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his theory was recorded in Tao Te Ching. He believes that everything has opposites, and opposites can be transformed into each other. Tao Te Ching was compiled by Taoism during the Warring States Period.
Mozi was a man in the Warring States Period. what do you think? Love? 、? Non-attack? Oppose bullying the small with the big and bullying the weak with the strong, and support a just war.
Mencius was a Warring States. what do you think? The Spring and Autumn War is meaningless? Oppose all wars. Advocate? Ren? Governing the country, neglecting taxes and paying attention to protecting the environment. Han Fei was born at the end of the Warring States Period. He advocated reform, opposed empty talk about benevolence and righteousness, and advocated the rule of law.
6. Sun Wusheng was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and he is the author of The Art of War. His military thought is: know yourself and know yourself. ?
★ Lesson 10? Qin Wang swept Liuhe?
First of all, Qin unified the six countries and established centralized rule.
1. time to destroy the six kingdoms: from 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed the six kingdoms successively.
2. Establishment of the Qin Dynasty: The first unified centralized feudal country in the history of China was established in 22 1 year, with Xianyang as its capital.
3. The establishment of centralized rule
(1) Purpose: To strengthen the rule and establish feudal autocracy and centralization.
(2) The supreme ruler is the emperor, and the central government has Prime Minister Qiu and imperial advisers in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision.
(3) The local government implements the county system. (The county system originated from Shang Yang's political reform and has been in use ever since. )
Second, the measures to consolidate and unify the Qin Dynasty
1. Politically, the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China was established.
2. Economically: unified currency (unified use of round square hole copper coins) and weights and measures.
3. Culturally: unified writing (with Xiao Zhuan as the national standard writing)
4. Ideologically: burning books and burying Confucianism.
5. Militarily: counterattack Xiongnu and build the Great Wall in the north (from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east). Dig canals in the south and develop southern Xinjiang.
6. After the reunification of Qin, the county system was implemented locally.
★ Lesson 12 Unified Han Dynasty
1. Specific measures for the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty:
(1) Politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu's suggestion and promulgated Hanshu. Grace order? Allow kings to distribute fiefs to their children, establish smaller vassal States, and weaken the power of vassal States;
(2) Ideologically: accept Dong Zhongshu? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? It was proposed that Confucianism should be regarded as the orthodoxy of feudal society, and the dominant position of Confucianism in ancient China was thus established.
(3) Militarily, many large-scale counterattacks were launched against Xiongnu, which basically relieved the threat of Xiongnu to the northern border counties.
(4) Economically, the right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be cast in a unified way.
★ Lesson 15 Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road
First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.
1. Location of the Western Regions: During the Western Han Dynasty, people put today's Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, which is today's Xinjiang region and beyond.
2. Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions:
In BC 138, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions. (Purpose: Contact the Yue family to attack the Huns)
(2) In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the western regions. (Goal: Strengthen friendly exchanges with countries in the western region)
3. Establishment of Duhu in the Western Regions: In 60 BC, Duhu in the Western Han Dynasty was established to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.
4. Silk Road: Starting from Chang 'an, passing through Hexi Corridor, which is now Xinjiang, to West Asia, and then to Europe, this land artery connecting Chinese and Western traffic is the famous Silk Road in history. Function: The opening of the Silk Road effectively promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West and played a positive role in promoting the prosperity of the Han Dynasty.
★ Lesson 16 Prosperous Qin and Han Cultures (1)
1. At present, the earliest paper known in the world appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty.
2. An important historical figure who improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty was Cai Lun. Significance: Most papermaking technologies in the world are directly or indirectly transmitted from China. The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture.
3. The seismograph made by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Function: Determine the earthquake direction. It is considered as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
4. Hua Tuo was first made in the Eastern Han Dynasty? Mr. Ma Fei? , is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine. The main work "Wuqinxi".
Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty. This book expounds the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. He has high medical ethics and excellent medical skills. Will future generations respect him? Medical sage? .
★ Lesson 17 Prosperous Qin and Han Culture (2)
1. Buddhism originated in ancient India, and was introduced to the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 1 year) (Buddhism was gradually introduced to China along the Silk Road after Zhang Qian's voyage to the West). It was widely spread in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
2. Taoism is the indigenous religion in China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose among the people.
Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient China. He lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of Historical Records, which describes the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the first biographical general history in China.
4. The level of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties was very high, and its outstanding representative was the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which caused a sensation in the world.
★ Lesson 18 The Three Kingdoms Standing in the Stand
1. Battle of Red Cliffs: Battle of Red Cliffs in 2008 was a famous battle in Chinese history. Lay the foundation for the formation of the three kingdoms. 2. Formation of the Three Kingdoms: In 220, Cao Pi abolished the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wei and its capital in Luoyang, ending in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, and was known as Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu, and later established Jianye as its capital.
3. Economy of the Three Kingdoms: Wei attaches great importance to the construction of water conservancy projects, agriculture is developed, silk weaving in Shu is prosperous, and shipbuilding in Wu is developed. In 230, Sun Quan sent general Wei Wen and others to lead more than 10,000 troops across the Taiwan Province Strait to Yizhou (Taiwan Province Province).
★ Lesson 19 Development of Jiangnan Area
1. Establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 266, Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, set up the Jin Dynasty with Luoyang as its capital. Western Jin Dynasty? . In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu.
2.？ Wuhu? Inward migration: Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the northern minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jieertie, Di and Qiang have moved inward one after another.
3. The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 3 16, an inward-moving Xiongnu armed force wiped out the Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: In the second year of the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty (365,438+07), Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty. Eastern Jin Dynasty? The capital is healthy.
In the late 5th century, the Miao people established the pre-Qin regime, and Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, took Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, as prime minister, unified the Yellow River basin.
6. Changes in the Southern Dynasties: In 420, General Liu Yu became emperor himself. What was the year number? Song? End the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Since then, the South has experienced four dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. Southern dynasties?
7. Development of Jiangnan area
(1) development time: from the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
(2) Development reasons:
Jiangnan has abundant rainfall, hot climate and fertile land, which has favorable conditions for developing agriculture. (Natural conditions)
There are few wars in Jiangnan, and many people fled to Jiangnan to escape the war in the north. (social reasons)
③ The southward migration of northerners brought labor and advanced production technology to the south of the Yangtze River. (root cause)
(3) Performance: Construction of numerous water conservancy projects; A large area of barren land has been reclaimed as fertile land; Green manure began to be used in rice fields, and Niu Geng and manure also began to be popularized; The cultivation of wheat expanded to the south of the Yangtze River.
(4) Significance: It laid the foundation for the economic center of gravity to move south.
★ Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities
I. Northern reunification and national integration
In the late 4th century, a branch of Xianbei nationality in northeast China became powerful, established the Northern Wei Dynasty, and unified the Yellow River valley in 439. At that time, people of all ethnic groups lived together for a long time, production and life influenced each other, and national integration has become a trend.
Second, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty
1. Move the capital: Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi), the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The climate is dry and the food supply is insufficient; Being located in the north is not conducive to the rule of the Central Plains, nor is it conducive to learning and accepting the advanced culture of the Han nationality. Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang.
2. The reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen include:
(1) Use Chinese in court, and Xianbei language is prohibited; ② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; (3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; ④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; ⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality; ⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.
3. The role of the reform: it promoted ethnic integration and accelerated the feudalization process of the northern ethnic groups.
★ Lesson 2 1 Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (1)
1. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. He used and developed what his predecessors had created? Circumcision? For the first time in the world, the value of pi is between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. This achievement is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world.
2. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of China. Qi Shu is China's first complete agricultural scientific work, which occupies an important position in the world agricultural history. The Book of Qi Yaomin summarizes the long-term accumulated production experience of the northern people and introduces the production techniques and methods of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery.
★ Lesson 22 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Culture (2)
1. Calligraphy Art:
(1) The time when calligraphy gradually became an art: the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
(2) Evolution: During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script gradually became popular.
(3) Book sage: Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a master of calligraphy, with fresh words or a beautiful ending, or? Floating like a cloud, agile like a dragon? , his masterpiece "Lanting Preface", has? The best running script in the world? The reputation of. Wang Xizhi was called by later generations? Book saint? .
2. Painting: The painting art developed greatly during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most outstanding. Representative works include A History of Women, A Picture of Luoshen, etc.
3. Grottoes art: In order to publicize Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties dug grottoes and carved Buddha statues. Yungang Grottoes near Pingcheng, Datong, Shanxi and Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang, Henan are two famous grottoes.
The first volume of seventh grade history 1, the key test site for the original inhabitants of the motherland. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, about (170) years ago.
(Neanderthals) have been able to make artificial fires.
3. (Neanderthals) have mastered polishing and drilling techniques, and can also make bone needles.
The use of fire has enhanced people's ability to adapt to nature, which is a great progress in the process of human evolution.
Humans evolved from ancient times (apes). Whether (making tools) is the fundamental difference between people and animals.
6. What progress have cavemen made compared with Beijingers?
The appearance of Beijingers retains some characteristics of apes, while cavemen are basically the same as modern people.
(2) Beijingers can only make rough stone tools, while cavemen have mastered grinding and drilling techniques.
Beijingers can only use natural fire, but cavemen have made artificial fire.
4. Beijingers live in groups, and cavemen are related clans.