I. Establishing standards
The developed countries in the world have established their own standards: 1996, and the UK issued BS8800 "Guide to Occupational Safety and Health Management System".
1996 American industrial hygiene agreement has formulated the guidance document of occupational safety and health management system 1997 1) Australia/New draft of the principles, systems and supporting technologies of occupational safety and health management system 2) Japan Industrial Safety and Health Agreement (JISHA) has proposed the guide of occupational safety and health management system 3) DNV has formulated the certification standard of occupational safety and health management system 1999 British Standards Association (BSI), DNV, etc. 65449 1999 10 GB/T28000 Trial Standard of Occupational Safety and Health Management System promulgated by China State Economic and Trade Commission (the content is basically the same as OHSAS 18000)
Second, the internationalization of standards.
●ISO/TC 176——ISO9000 was released in 1987 ●ISO/TC 207——ISO 14000 was released in 1996 ● ISO organizations have been trying to internationalize occupational safety and health standards since the middle and late 1990s. On September 5-6, 1996, a special meeting was held. ▲ 1997 1 The Technical Working Committee (TMB) was convened again, and it was decided not to issue the international standards for occupational safety and health for the time being. Therefore, there is no occupational safety and health standard in the world at present, and organizations can choose the corresponding standards to implement the standards and pass the certification.
Third, why is there occupational safety and health?
1, the requirements of international trade, all countries in the world want to participate in the competition at the same cost. Developed countries pay special attention to the use of cheap child labor, evil production environment and low-cost products produced in separated factories in third world countries, thus making competition unequal. 2. The necessity of reducing industrial accidents and occupational diseases. Occupational safety and health is mainly to solve human rights problems.
Four. Present situation of occupational safety and health in China
1. Industrial accidents 1, 1995 and 1996, 39,099 industrial and mining enterprises died in the line of duty. 2. 1998, industrial accidents occurred in industrial and mining enterprises 15372, with 146660 deaths. 2. Occupational diseases: workers exposed to occupational hazards such as dust, poisons and noise in more than 500,000 factories and mines across the country. By 1998, the cumulative number of pneumoconiosis patients was 54204 1 person (unable to breathe) and the cumulative death was 127 147 person. The number of people exposed to occupational hazards, the cumulative incidence of occupational diseases, the number of deaths and the number of newly discovered people all rank first in the world, causing economic losses of nearly 80 billion yuan every year.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) OHSAS terms and definitions
1. accident: an accident that leads to death, occupational disease, property loss or other losses. Corresponding laws and regulations: Regulations on the Reporting and Handling of Casualty Accidents of Enterprise Employees promulgated by the State Council1991987; Provisions on the Scope of Occupational Diseases and Measures for Handling Occupational Disease Patients promulgated by the Ministry of Health; Two. Danger: possible causes of personal injury, occupational disease, property loss, working environment and damage. It can be understood as a dangerous source or accident hidden danger, which is essentially the accidental release or leakage of harmful substances such as liquefier and oxygen cylinder due to the out-of-control existence of energy and harmful substances. According to the direct causes of accidents and hazards: 1) physics 2) chemistry 3) biology 4) psychology and subjectivity 5) physiology 6) behavior 7) others 3. Danger: the combination of possibility and consequence of a dangerous event. Possibility: refers to the difficulty of causing an accident. Severity: refers to the number of casualties or property losses caused by the organization after the accident. If any one of them does not exist, it is considered that this danger does not exist. If there is the possibility of electric shock, people will think that there is no danger if they can't get in. Hazard identification: the process of identifying the existence of hazards and determining their nature. That is, identify the hazard source, and the scope of identification mainly includes the site, plant layout, buildings, production technology, production equipment, dangerous operation and management facilities, accident emergency rescue facilities and auxiliary production and living sanitation facilities. Determine its nature, such as the table (falling or fire) to determine whether it is fire or falling. V. Events: Events that cause or may cause accidents. The occurrence of an incident may cause an accident or may not cause any loss, so the incident includes an accident. An event that does not cause occupational disease, death, injury, property loss or other losses can be called "attempted negligence". Events include attempted negligence. 6. Occupational safety and health: conditions and factors that affect the safety and health of employees, temporary workers, contract workers, immigrants and other personnel in the workplace. Protect the safety and health of anyone who enters the workplace. It does not include the protection of other labor rights and remuneration of employees, nor does it include general medical care and work-related injury treatment. Generally speaking, the workplace is a place to organize production activities. 7. Risk assessment: the whole process of evaluating the degree of danger and determining whether there is an acceptable range. Analyze the possibility and severity of hazards to determine whether these hazards are acceptable. Possibility: adopt mathematical methods and finally get a comprehensive index to achieve it. Severity: analysis by engineering method. Whether it is acceptable or not needs to be determined according to relevant knowledge, such as laws and regulations and organizational details. Generally speaking, this standard or limit is not fixed. Eight, safety: away from unacceptable dangers. After risk assessment, unacceptable risks are determined, so it should take measures to reduce unacceptable risks to an acceptable level, so that people can avoid being hurt by unacceptable risks. Nine. Acceptable risk: the organization reduces the risk to an acceptable level according to legal obligations and occupational safety and health.
Edit the standard of occupational health and safety management system specification in this paragraph.
The system structure is as follows:-occupational health and safety management system specification; -Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Management System. The formulation of this standard takes into account the compatibility with GB/T2400 1- 1996 "Environmental Management System Specification and Guide for Use" and GB/T 1900 1-2000 "Quality Management System Requirements", so as to facilitate the organization to integrate the OHSE quality management system.
1. range
This standard puts forward requirements for occupational health and safety management system, aiming at enabling organizations to control occupational health and safety risks and improve their performance. No specific occupational health and safety performance criteria were put forward, and no specific provisions were made for the design of management system. This standard is applicable to any hope: (a) to establish an occupational health and safety management system to eliminate or reduce the occupational health and safety risks that employees and other interested parties may face due to the activities of the organization; (b) Implement, maintain and continuously improve the occupational health and safety management system; (c) Confident that he can meet the prescribed occupational health and safety policy; (d) Prove this consistency to the outside world; (e) Seek the certification of its occupational health and safety management system from external organizations; (g) Self-identification and declaration of conformity with this standard. All requirements in this standard are intended to be incorporated into any occupational health and safety management system. Its application degree depends on the organization's occupational health and safety policy, the nature of activities, the risk and complexity of operations and other factors. This standard is aimed at occupational health and safety, not product and service safety.
2. Normative reference documents
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard by reference. All subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions of dated reference documents are not applicable to this standard. However, parties who have reached an agreement according to this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this standard. GB/T 1900000-2000 quality management system foundation and terminology (IDT ISO 9000: 2000)
3. Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3. 1 Accidents Accidents cause death, illness, injury, damage or other losses. 3.2 See the definition of 3.9. 1 90000-2000 for the audit. 3.3 Continuous improvement In order to improve the overall performance of occupational health and safety, the process of strengthening the occupational health and safety management system is organized according to the occupational health and safety policy. Note: This process does not necessarily occur in all fields of activity. 3.4 Hazard may lead to injury or illness, property loss, damage to the working environment or a combination of these situations. 3.5 Hazard Identification The process of identifying the existence of hazards and determining their characteristics. 3.6 The incident causes or may cause an accident. Note: Events whose results did not cause disease, injury, damage or other losses can also be called in English? Quot In English, the word "accident" includes "near miss". 3.7 interested parties are individuals or groups related to or affected by the occupational health and safety performance of the organization. 3.8 Any deviation from work standards, practices, procedures, regulations and management system performance is not met. The result will directly or indirectly lead to injury or illness, property loss, damage to the working environment or a combination of these situations. 3.9 Objectives of the target organization in terms of occupational health and safety performance. 3. 10 Occupational health and safety conditions and factors affecting the health and safety of employees, temporary workers, contractors, visitors and other personnel in the workplace. 3. 1 1 The occupational health and safety management system is a part of the overall management system, which is convenient for organizing and managing occupational health and safety risks related to its business. It includes the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources needed to formulate, implement, realize, review and maintain the occupational health and safety policy. 3. The organization of12 is defined in 3.3. 1 in GB/T 19000-2000. Note: For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unit can be regarded as an organization. 3. 13 The performance occupational health and safety management system is based on the occupational health and safety policies and objectives, and the measurable results related to the occupational health and safety risk control of the organization. Note 1: Performance measurement includes the measurement of occupational health and safety management activities and results. Note 2: "performance" can also be called "performance". 3. 14 combination of the possibility and consequences of a specific dangerous situation. 3. 15 the whole process of risk assessment and determining whether the risk is tolerable. 3. 16 Safe from unacceptable risk of damage. 3. 17 tolerates the risks that the risk organization has reduced to an acceptable level according to its legal obligations and occupational health and safety policies.
4. Elements of occupational health and safety management system
4. 1 Generally, the organization is required to establish and maintain an occupational health and safety management system. Chapter 4 describes the requirements of occupational health and safety management system. The mode of occupational health and safety management system is shown in figure 1. 4.2 Occupational Health and Safety Policy The occupational health and safety policy is shown in Figure 2. The organization shall have an occupational health and safety policy approved by the top management, which shall clearly stipulate the overall objectives of occupational health and safety and the commitment to improve occupational health and safety performance. The policy should be: (a) the nature and scale of occupational health and safety risks suitable for the organization; (b) Commitment to continuous improvement; (c) Including the organization's commitment to at least meet the existing occupational health and safety laws, regulations and other requirements of the organization; (d) Documentation, implementation and maintenance; (e) Communicate with all employees to make them aware of their respective occupational health and safety obligations; (f) Available to all interested parties; (g) Periodic review to ensure its relevance and appropriateness to the Organization. 4.3 Planning 4.3. 1 The planning organization of hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control shall establish and maintain procedures to continuously carry out hazard identification, risk assessment and implement necessary control measures. These procedures should include:-routine and unconventional activities; -Activities of all personnel entering the workplace (including contractors' personnel and visitors); -Facilities in the workplace (whether provided by the organization or outside). The organization shall ensure that when establishing occupational health and safety objectives, the results of these risk assessments and the effect of control are considered, and this information is documented and updated in time. The methods of hazard identification and risk assessment of the organization should be:-determined according to the scope, nature and time limit of risks to ensure that the methods are active rather than passive; -Specify risk classification and identify risks that can be eliminated or controlled by the measures specified in 4.4.3 and 4.4.4; -the ability to adapt to operating experience and take risk control measures; -Providing input information for determining facility requirements, training requirements and/or implementing operational control; -It is stipulated to monitor the required activities to ensure their timely and effective implementation. 4.3.2 Regulations and other requirements The organization shall establish and maintain procedures to identify and obtain applicable regulations and other occupational health and safety requirements. The organization shall timely update the information related to laws, regulations and other requirements, and convey this information to employees and other interested parties. 4.3.3 The target organization shall establish and maintain documented occupational health and safety objectives according to its internal functions and levels. If feasible, the goal should be quantified. When establishing and reviewing occupational health and safety objectives, the organization shall consider:-regulations and other requirements; Occupational health and safety hazards and risks; -Alternative technical solutions; -Financial, operational and business requirements; -Opinions of interested parties. The objectives shall conform to the occupational health and safety policy, including the commitment to continuous improvement. 4.3.4 The organization of occupational health and safety management plan shall formulate and maintain an occupational health and safety management plan to achieve its objectives. The plan should include the following contents: (a) the responsibilities and powers given to the relevant functions and levels of the organization in order to achieve the objectives; (b) Methods and timetables for achieving the objectives. The occupational health and safety management plan shall be reviewed regularly and within the planned time. If necessary, the occupational health and safety management plan shall be revised according to the changes of the organization's activities, products, services or operating conditions. 4.4 Implementation and Operation 4.4. 1 Institutions and personnel engaged in management, implementation and verification whose responsibilities have an impact on the occupational health and safety risks of the organization's activities, facilities and processes should determine their roles, responsibilities and authorities, form documents and communicate with them, so as to facilitate occupational health and safety management. The ultimate responsibility for occupational health and safety should be borne by the top management. The organization shall designate a member among the top managers (such as a member of the board of directors or the executive committee of a large organization) as the management representative to undertake specific responsibilities, so as to ensure the correct implementation of the occupational health and safety management system, and implement various requirements in various positions and work scopes within the organization. Managers should provide necessary resources for implementing, controlling and improving the occupational health and safety management system. Note: Resources include human resources, professional skills, technology and financial resources. The management representative of the organization shall have clear responsibilities and authority in order to: (a) ensure the establishment, implementation and maintenance of occupational health and safety management system requirements according to this standard; (b) Ensure that the performance report of the occupational health and safety management system is submitted to the top management for review, and provide a basis for improving the occupational health and safety management system. All personnel with management responsibilities should show their commitment to the continuous improvement of occupational health and safety performance. 4.4.2 Training, awareness and ability: For those who are engaged in work that may affect occupational health and safety in the workplace, they should have corresponding working ability. In terms of education, training and/or experience, the organization should make appropriate provisions for its capabilities. The organization shall establish and maintain procedures to ensure that employees of all relevant functions and levels are aware of the importance of meeting the requirements of occupational health and safety policies, procedures and occupational health and safety management system; -Actual or potential occupational health and safety consequences in work activities and occupational health and safety benefits brought by personal work improvement; -Roles and responsibilities in implementing occupational health and safety policies and procedures and meeting the requirements of occupational health and safety management system, including emergency preparedness and response requirements (see 4.4.7); -Potential consequences of deviation from the specified operating procedures. Training procedures should consider different levels:-responsibility, ability and education level; -Risk. 4.4.3 The consultation and communication organization shall have procedures to ensure mutual communication with employees and other interested parties on relevant occupational health and safety information. The organization shall document the arrangement of employee participation and negotiation and notify the relevant parties. Employees should:-participate in the formulation and review of risk management policies and procedures; -Participate in discussing any changes that affect occupational health and safety in the workplace; -Participate in occupational health and safety affairs; -Know who is the employee representative and the designated management representative of occupational health and safety (see 4.4. 1). 4.4.4 The document organization shall establish and maintain the following information in appropriate media (such as paper or electronic form): (a) Describe the core elements of the management system and their interaction; (b) Providing access to relevant documents. Note: According to the requirements of effectiveness and efficiency, it is very important to minimize the number of documents. 4.4.5 The document and data control organization shall establish and maintain procedures for controlling all documents and data required by this standard to ensure that: (a) documents and data are easy to find; (b) Regularly review documents and materials, revise them when necessary, and confirm their suitability by authorized personnel; (c) All posts that play a key role in the effective operation of the occupational health and safety management system can obtain the latest versions of relevant documents and materials; (d) Take back invalid documents and materials from all distribution and use places in time, or take other measures to prevent misuse; (e) Appropriate identification of archival documents and materials retained for the purpose of laws, regulations and/or information retention. 4.4.6 The operation control organization shall identify the operations and activities related to the identified risks requiring control measures. The organization shall plan these activities (including maintenance work) to ensure that these activities are carried out under the specified conditions in the following ways: (a) establish and maintain documented procedures for operations that may deviate from occupational health and safety policies and objectives due to the lack of documented procedures; (b) Develop operational guidelines in procedures; (c) Establish and maintain procedures for occupational health and safety risks identified in goods, equipment and services purchased and/or used by the organization, and inform suppliers and contractors of relevant procedural requirements; (d) Establish and maintain design procedures for workplaces, processes, devices, machinery, operating procedures and work organizations, including considering the ability to adapt to people, so as to fundamentally eliminate or reduce occupational health and safety risks. 4.4.7 The emergency preparedness and response organization shall establish and maintain plans and procedures for identifying potential incidents or emergencies and responding to them, so as to prevent and reduce possible diseases and injuries. The organization shall review its plans and procedures for emergency preparedness and response, especially after an accident or emergency. If feasible, the organization should also test these procedures regularly. 4.5 Inspection and Corrective Measures 4.5. 1 Performance Measurement and Monitoring Organization shall establish and maintain routine monitoring and measurement procedures for occupational health and safety performance. The procedure should stipulate: qualitative and quantitative measurement suitable for the needs of the organization; -Monitor the satisfaction of the organization's occupational health and safety objectives; -Proactive performance measurement, that is, monitoring whether it meets the requirements of occupational health and safety management plan, operation guide and applicable laws and regulations; -Passive performance measurement, that is, monitoring accidents, diseases, incidents (including "near misses" in Note 4.6) and other historical evidence that adversely affects occupational health and safety performance; -Adequate data recording, monitoring and measurement results, so as to analyze future corrective and preventive measures. If equipment is needed for performance measurement and monitoring, the organization shall establish and maintain procedures for calibration and maintenance of such equipment, and keep records of calibration and maintenance activities and their results. 4.5.2 The organization of accidents, incidents, nonconformities, corrective and preventive measures shall establish and maintain procedures to determine relevant responsibilities and authorities, so as to: (a) handle and investigate:-accidents; -Events; -Not in conformity; (b) Take measures to reduce the impact of accidents, incidents or nonconformities; (c) Take and complete corrective and preventive measures; (d) Confirm the effectiveness of the corrective and preventive measures taken. These procedures should require that all recommended corrective and preventive measures should be reviewed through a risk assessment process before implementation. Corrective and preventive measures taken to eliminate the actual and potential causes of nonconformity shall be reviewed through risk assessment before implementation. Any corrective or preventive measures taken to eliminate the actual and potential causes of nonconformity should be commensurate with the seriousness of the problem and the occupational health and safety risks faced. The organization shall record any changes in documented procedures caused by corrective and preventive measures. 4.5.3 Records and records management organizations shall establish and maintain procedures for identifying, preserving and disposing occupational health and safety records, as well as auditing and reviewing results. Occupational health and safety records shall be clearly identifiable, clearly marked and traceable to related activities. The storage and management of occupational health and safety records should be easy to consult and avoid damage, deterioration or loss. The shelf life shall be specified and recorded. Records shall be kept in a manner suitable for the system and organization to verify compliance with the requirements of this standard. 4.5.4 The auditing organization shall establish and maintain the auditing scheme and procedures, and regularly audit the occupational health and safety management system to: (a) determine whether the occupational health and safety management system: 1) conforms to the planning arrangement of occupational health and safety management, including meeting the requirements of this standard; 2) It has been correctly implemented and maintained; 3) Effectively meet the organization's policies and objectives. (b) Review the results of previous audits; (c) Providing information on audit results to managers. The audit plan, including the timetable, should be based on the risk assessment results of the organization's activities and the results of previous audits. Audit procedures should include not only the scope, frequency, methods and capabilities of the audit, but also the responsibilities and requirements for implementing the audit and reporting the audit results. If possible, the audit shall be conducted by personnel who are not directly responsible for the audited activities. Note: The "person who has no direct responsibility" here does not mean that it must come from outside the organization. 4.6 The top management of the management review organization shall review the occupational health and safety management system at specified intervals to ensure the continuous suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the system. The management review process should ensure that the necessary information is collected for managers' evaluation. Management review should be documented. The management review should point out that the policies, objectives and other elements of the occupational health and safety management system may need to be revised according to the audit results of the occupational health and safety management system, changes in the environment and commitment to continuous improvement.