Napoleon? Bonaparte (Napoléon Bonaparte,1769.8.15 ~1821.5.5), the first power of France (1799-/kloc-0). The emperor of the First Empire of France and the Hundred Days Dynasty (1804- 18 14, 18 15), a military strategist and politician, once occupied most of the territories in western and central Europe. A famous strategist and politician in modern French history.
Napoleon's early years
Napoleon was born in 1769 in ajaccio, Corsica. His family is an Italian aristocratic family. As soon as Corsica was sold to France, the French king admitted that his father was a French aristocrat. Under the arrangement of his father, Napoleon went to the French military academies in Brehon and China for education at the age of 9. 1784 After graduating with honors, he was sent to the Paris Military Academy.
Napoleon thought he was a foreigner at first, and he was bent on making Corsica independent from France. His father died at the age of 16. He dropped out of school and was awarded the title of second lieutenant in artillery. During his stay with the army in various places, he read many works of enlightenment thinkers, including Jean? Jacob. Rousseau's thoughts had a great influence on him. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to promote Corsica's independence, but was excluded by another pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, and finally the whole family fled to France and the United States.
1793 In July, Napoleon led troops to capture the royalist fortress of Toulon, so he was appreciated by jacobins. Napoleon was investigated for his close relationship with the robespierre brothers in the hot month coup of 1794, and was later removed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the infantry unit of the Italian legion. 1795, entrusted by ballas, the governor of Paris, successfully put down the armed rebellion of the royalist party, and was promoted to lieutenant general of the army and commander of the garrison in Paris overnight, making a name for himself in the military and political circles.
Napoleon was an excellent strategist, who had a deep study of military knowledge at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating the centralized use of artillery and giving full play to the mobile role of cavalry. 1796 On March 2, 26, Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian army in France. On March 9, he married his lover Josephine? Bohanas got married and hurried to the front. In Italy, Napoleon's army repeatedly repelled the first anti-French alliance between the Austrian Empire and Sa Ding, and finally forced the other side to sign an armistice treaty in favor of France.
The rise of Napoleon
After the victory of the Italian campaign, Napoleon gained more and more prestige and became a new hero of the French and China people. His rise made the governor feel threatened, so he was appointed as the commander of Arab Egypt and the national army and sent to the east to curb the expansion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the region. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also brought 175 scholars from various industries, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars walk in the middle of the team." Napoleon himself was proficient in mathematics and loved literature and religion very much, which was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment.
However, 1798' s expedition to Egypt itself was a great failure. Napoleon's fleet was completely destroyed by British Admiral Nelson, and his troops were trapped in Egypt. 1799 When returning to China, there were only two small boats left in the 400 warships, and the original plan to invade India was blocked and suffered heavy losses.
At this time, the European anti-French alliance was gradually formed, and the royalist forces in France and China were also gradually rising. 1799 In August, Napoleon finally decided to go back to Paris. 1799 In June, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed as the "savior". 1October 9 165438+ Napoleon staged a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, becoming the first ruler of the French Republic, actually a dictator.
By the end of 18 1 1, the relationship between France and Russia began to deteriorate. Russian czar Alexander I refused to continue to cooperate with France against Britain, and eventually the war broke out. Napoleon led an army of 500,000 people who spoke 12 languages into Russia. Russian troops retreated and did not resist until the French army entered Moscow after the Battle of Borodino on September 18 12 (70,000 French troops were killed and seriously injured). Napoleon thought Alexander I would compromise, but he was greeted by a sea of fire all over Moscow. At this time, another failed coup was planned in China, which forced him to return to France. Only 10000 people finally returned to France.
Defeat, Exile, Hundred Days Regime and Waterloo
18 13 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, Prussia and the Austrian Empire formed the sixth anti-French alliance, and the two sides fought fiercely in Germany many times. Although the French army won many victories, Napoleon was under increasing pressure. Until the battle of Leipzig in 10, the French army was defeated, the vassal state became independent from France, and the allies began to advance to Paris. 1865438+March 3 1, in 2004, Paris was occupied, the allies demanded the unconditional surrender of France, and Napoleon had to abdicate. 181April 13 Napoleon signed the abdication edict at Fontainebleau Palace in Paris, and two days later Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender. Napoleon himself was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba after he abdicated. Napoleon retained the title of "Emperor", but his territory was limited to that small island.
Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to the island of Elba and tried to commit suicide. In Paris, Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to France, became the king of France, and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored. Napoleon's wife and son were imprisoned in Austria, China and China, and it was rumored that Napoleon would be exiled to an island in the Atlantic Ocean. All these left Napoleon with no choice. In the end, he escaped from the island on February 26th of 18 15, and led 1000 people back to France on March 6th, 2000. The French * * * and China troops sent to stop him turned to continue to support Napoleon. On March 20th, Napoleon returned to Paris. By this time, his regular army10.4 million people, volunteers 200 thousand people. Louis Stanislas Xavier escaped and the Hundred Days Dynasty began.
However, the good times did not last long, and European countries quickly formed the seventh anti-French alliance. 18 15 June18 Napoleon's army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium, and he formally surrendered on July15. The First Empire of France fell, and Louis Stanislas Xavier was restored again. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena. 1821May 5, Napoleon died on the island. On May 8th, the conqueror was buried beside Tolbert Springs on St Helena and paid tribute to him. To this day, there are still different opinions about Napoleon's death. The autopsy report of a doctor in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shows that he died of a severe gastric ulcer, but new research holds that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning, and historians also found arsenic-containing minerals from the wallpaper loved by nobles in those days, presumably because the environment was humid and Shen infiltrated into the environment.
Nine years after his death, under the pressure of the people, the New Orleans dynasty erected a statue of Napoleon on the pillar of Vendom. 1840, Louis of the July dynasty in France? Philip sent his son to retrieve Napoleon's body. 65438+ February 65438+In May of that year, Napoleon's coffin was transported back to Paris, passed through the Arc de Triomphe, and was buried in the old disabled soldiers' retirement home (Honorary Military Hospital) on the banks of the Seine.
Another version of Napoleon
The famous French general and emperor Napoleon I was born in ajaccio, Corsica, on 1769. His original name was Napoleon? Biological bomb. The French Republic acquired Corsica about 15 months before his birth. Napoleon was a nationalist when he was young, and thought that the French and China were oppressors. However, Napoleon was sent to a military academy in France by his father. 1785 when he graduated, he was only sixteen years old and began to work as a second lieutenant in the army.
Four years later, the French Revolution broke out, and the newly established French government was involved in the torrent of war with several foreign powers within a few years. God gave Napoleon a chance to get ahead for the first time. He commanded the artillery units to recapture Toulon from the French and British troops in the siege of Toulon in 1793. At this point, he had given up his Corsican nationalism and thought he was French and China. He made a great contribution in the siege of Toulon. Promoted to brigade commander, 1796 promoted to commander of French army in Italy. From 1796 to 1797, Napoleon won a series of brilliant victories in Italy, and then returned to Paris as a hero.
1798, Napoleon led the French army to invade Egypt, and the expedition was a fiasco. Although Napoleon's army won a great victory on land, the navy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland under Nelson destroyed the French fleet. 1799 Napoleon gave up his troops in Arabia, Arabia, Egypt and France and returned to France.
When Napoleon returned to France, he found that what people remembered was his success in directing the Italian war, not his defeat in expeditions to Arabia, Arabia, Egypt and other countries. Napoleon took advantage of this, and a month later he and Abe? Xi Yu Ye and others staged a coup and announced the establishment of a new government-the executive government. He was the first ruling government. Although Napoleon presided over the formulation of a complete constitution and voted for the people, it was only a mask of his military dictatorship, and he quickly defeated other accomplices in the coup.
Therefore, the speed of Napoleon's career is amazing. 1793 Before the siege of Toulon in August, he was just a nobody, a 24-year-old young officer with incomplete French and China ancestry. Less than six years later, at the age of 30, he became the undisputed monarch of France, and his reign lasted more than 14 years.
During his reign, Napoleon carried out major reforms in France's administrative and legal system. He reformed the financial structure and judicial system of France; Establishing the Bank of France and the University of France; France has a centralized administrative system. Although each of these reforms has had an important and lasting impact on France and the country itself, it has little impact on other countries in the world.
However, a reform carried out by Napoleon certainly went far beyond the border between France and China, that is, he created the civil codes of France and China, namely the famous Napoleonic Code. This code embodies the ideals of the French Revolution in many ways. For example, everyone has no blood privilege before the code, and everyone is equal before the code. At the same time, the code is close to the laws and customs of France and China in the past, which is acceptable to the public and legal circles in France and China. In short, the code is robust and moderate, clear and concise, and it is commendable. Therefore, the Code was not only implemented in France and the Republic of China (the civil laws of France and the Republic of China today are obviously similar to the original Napoleonic Code), but also adopted by many other countries after some modifications. Napoleon's consistent policy was to be a defender of the revolution. However, in 1804, Napoleon officially declared himself emperor of France and made his three brothers climb the pole in other European countries. What he did undoubtedly aroused the antipathy of some France * * * and France * * * and party member-they thought such behavior was a complete betrayal of France * * * and the ideal of the French revolution-but the only serious difficulty Napoleon faced was the war from abroad.
1802, Napoleon signed a peace treaty with Britain in Amiens in order to give France a breathing space after more than ten years of war. However, the peace treaty was torn up the following year, and a series of long-term wars broke out between France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and their allies. Although Napoleon's army kept winning on land, to conquer the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, it was necessary to defeat its navy. Napoleon 1805 is unlucky. In the decisive battle at Cape Tefara, the navy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was invincible and won a great victory. Since then, Britain has basically gained the right to control the sea. Although Napoleon defeated the Austrian-Russian Coalition forces only six weeks after the Battle of Cape Trafalgar and achieved a brilliant victory, it failed to really make up for the great defeat of his navy.
1808 Napoleon foolishly involved France in a protracted and aimless Iberian war, which left the French army in a dilemma for many years. But Napoleon's fatal mistake was his war against Russia. 1807, Napoleon met with the Russian czar and signed the Tilsit Agreement, vowing to establish permanent friendship. However, this alliance has gradually become vicious. 18 12, Napoleon invaded Russia.
The end of the war is well known. Russian troops usually avoid confrontation with Napoleon. Therefore, he was able to attack quickly and occupied Moscow in September. But the Russians lit a fire all over the sky and almost turned the whole city into ashes. Napoleon waited in Moscow for five weeks, but his hopes for peace were dashed, and he finally decided to withdraw, but it was too late. The Russian army, the ruthlessness of the Russian winter and the shortage of the French army suddenly made the soldiers of France * * * and China tremble, make a mess and trample on each other. As a result, less than 10% people can escape alive.
Other European countries, such as Austria and Prussia, have realized that this is an excellent opportunity and opportunity for them to get rid of French rule. They banded together to attack Napoleon. Napoleon suffered another devastating defeat in the battle of Leipzig. The following year, he announced his resignation and was exiled to the island of Elba on the Italian coast.
18 15 years, he fled from the island of elba to France, where he was very popular and successfully restored. Other European powers immediately declared war, and one hundred days after his restoration, he was finally defeated at Waterloo. After the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was imprisoned by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic, and died of cancer in 182 1.
Napoleon's military career was full of contradictions and unpredictability. His tactical command genius is amazing. If we only judge from this aspect, we may regard him as the greatest general who transcends time and space. But from a major strategic point of view, he is prone to make conspicuous blind mistakes, such as invading Arabia, Egypt, China and Russia. Napoleon's strategic mistakes were so serious that he was not a first-class general. Is such an evaluation unfair? I don't think so. There is no doubt that the criterion for evaluating whether a general is great depends on his ability to avoid causing heavy casualties. Therefore, it is not controversial to evaluate the greatest generals like Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan and Timur, because their troops have never lost a battle. Napoleon was finally defeated, so the territory he conquered abroad was like a cloud in the sky, drifting away with the wind. 18 15 After his final defeat, France occupied less territory than when the Great Revolution broke out in 1789.
There is no doubt that Napoleon was an extreme egoist. People often compare him with Hitler, but there is an extremely important difference between them. Hitler was to a great extent the crash of Xie Sidi, while Napoleon was an ambitious opportunist who had no special interest in the sensational massacre. Napoleon's rule is no match for Nazi concentration camps.
Napoleon is so famous that people often overestimate his influence. His influence in the short term is indeed great, perhaps even greater than that of Alexander the Great, although far less than that of Hitler (it is estimated that nearly 500,000 French soldiers died in the Napoleonic Wars and 8 million German soldiers died in the Second World War). In any case, Napoleon's activities are far less than Hitler's in quantity and influence on the life of his contemporaries.
In the long run, Napoleon seems more important than Hitler, but not as important as Alexander. Napoleon carried out extensive political reforms in France, but the population of France is less than one-seventieth of the world, so we must treat such political reforms realistically. Judging from his influence on personal life in France and China, his reform is far less than the unprecedented political reform in the last two centuries.
It is said that the Napoleonic era provided an opportunity to consolidate the achievements of the French Revolution and ensure the vested interests of the French bourgeoisie. Therefore, when France finally restored the monarchy in 18 15, these changes were so deeply rooted in the hearts of the people that it was impossible to restore the social order of the old system. But the most important change happened before Napoleon. 1799 When Napoleon came to power, it seemed that it was too late to restore the original state. Although Napoleon had his own ambition to establish a monarchy, he played a role in spreading the ideals of the French Revolution and the China Revolution throughout Europe.
Napoleon also had a great indirect influence on the history of Latin America. His invasion of Spain weakened the Spanish government and made it unable to control its colonies in Latin America for several years. It was during this period of de facto autonomy that the independence movement in Latin America began.
Napoleon made a deal, which seemed to have nothing to do with his main intention, but it became the most lasting and meaningful event in his life. That is, Napoleon sold a large piece of land to the United States in 1803. He realized that it must be very difficult to defend the land occupied by France in North America from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and he lacked funds. The Louisiana Contract is perhaps the largest land transfer in the whole history, making the United States a country with an area close to a continent. Without the Louisiana contract, it is difficult to predict what the United States would be like, and it will definitely be very different from today's America. In fact, if there is no Louisiana contract, it is hard to say whether the United States can become a powerful country.
Of course, Napoleon was not the only factor that contributed to the signing of the Louisiana contract. Obviously, the US government has also played a role. However, the asking prices in France and the United States are very low. It seems that no matter which American government is willing to do this business, the decision of France and the United States to sell Louisiana territory is made by Napoleon alone.
Napoleon souvenir
1769 August 15 was born in a poor aristocratic family in ajaccio, Corsica.
1April 25th, 779, studied military affairs at Brenney Military Academy in France.
1784 10, was ordered to transfer to the Royal Military Academy in Paris.
1In September 785, Napoleon graduated with the rank of second lieutenant.
In June, 1785, 1 1, began to serve in the "Rafer Artillery Regiment" in Vallance.
1789, the French bourgeois revolution broke out, and Napoleon sympathized with the revolution and once became a supporter of jacobins. He returned to his hometown of Corsica three times and actively carried out activities for the autonomy and freedom of Corsica. Due to the exclusion of the local pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, the family was forced to move to France and China.
1793 In July, Napoleon led an army to capture Toulon, the fortress of the royalist party, which was deeply appreciated by Augustus robespierre of jacobins. 1794 In June, Napoleon was appointed as Major General and Artillery Brigade Commander. After the hot month coup, jacobins 103 people were killed, and Napoleon was also implicated and arrested on August 5. After trial, he was acquitted, but was removed from the rank of major general and artillery brigade commander. Napoleon was trapped in Paris for some time.
17951On October 4th, a royalist armed rebellion took place in Paris. Governor ballas invited Napoleon to help quell the rebellion. Napoleon defeated the rebels with artillery and saved the crisis. The governor promoted Napoleon to lieutenant general and commander of the Paris garrison. Overnight, Napoleon, down and out, became a big shot in military and political circles.
1796 On March 2, Napoleon, who was only 26 years old, was appointed as the commander of the Italian army in France and China, and began his independent combat career. On March 9th, Napoleon and Josephine Beauharnais, a famous Paris socialite, got married in a hurry. Two days later, he bid farewell to his new wife and rushed to the Italian legion to take office. He commanded tens of thousands of troops to March into Italy, and fought continuously with the Austrian Army and Sardinian Army, the first anti-French Coalition, in a favorable position, and achieved a series of brilliant victories. When he triumphed in Paris from Italy, he made up his mind to be the leader of the country that unified the whole country. The rising Napoleon made the governor feel threatened, and the governor officials decided to move him away from Paris.
1on April 2, 798, Napoleon was appointed commander of French, Arabian, Egyptian, China and the national army (Oriental Army). On May 18, 2008, Napoleon sent troops to March eastward to Arabia, Arabia, Egypt and the Republic. He hopes to realize his ideal with the help of new victories.
1799 On August 22nd, Napoleon secretly left Arabia, Egypt and the Republic of China and returned to Paris.
1799165438+1October 9, (foggy month 18) Napoleon launched a coup to overthrow the prefect government and establish a three-person rule.
On June 1800 and 14, Napoleon defeated Austria * * * and China * * * and the national army in marengo, forcing the second anti-French alliance to disintegrate. Napoleon took advantage of the short-lived peace on the European continent and vigorously developed national strength. At that time, the French Republic was thriving.
1802 On August 4th, France * * * promulgated the * * * and ten-year constitution, and Napoleon ruled France * * * all his life.
On March 2 1, 1804, Napoleon officially promulgated the French Civil Code.
1804, 18 in may * * * and the twelfth year constitution was promulgated, declaring France * * * as the French empire and Napoleon as the emperor of the empire.
1February 2, 804, Napoleon held a coronation ceremony in Notre Dame de Paris, known as Napoleon I.
1August 9, 805, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance. Napoleon led his army eastward and won the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz. The Russian emperor and the Austrian emperor fled in panic. Napoleon used his victory to form the "Rhine Union" in the vassal states of South Germany and China and Germany, and put it under his own protection. 1in the autumn of 806, Britain, Russia and Belgium formed the fourth anti-French alliance. 1 0/0/month/day, Prussia took the lead in declaring war on France. 14 during the day, the French army fought two beautiful battles in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Pujun army was almost completely annihilated. 10 year1October 27th, the French army invaded Berlin. Heine once exaggerated: "Napoleon blew Prussia in one breath." Then, France and the country attacked the Russian army in the east.
Napoleon brought glory to France * * and China, and the people of France * * and China always loved this French soldier (interestingly, he always thought that France * * and China were not his motherland before 18 years old). After his body arrived in Paris on February 1840, 900,000 Parisians braved the cold to meet him. Years later, Napoleon also won the respect of his opponent. 1855 Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland took the Crown Prince (later Edward VII) to the old disabled soldiers' hospital, and the queen asked the prince to "kneel at the grave of the great Napoleon".
philology
Emile (Germany)? Translated by emil ludwig/Mei Tuo, etc. Biography of Napoleon, 1999 Guangzhou: Huacheng Publishing House, ISBN 75360264 1.
(France) Briante/translated by Yu Fei: Biography of Napoleon, 1996 Tianjin: Tianjin People's Publishing House, ISBN 72011072.
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appendix
Smart and brave people are fearless,
The road to the throne quickly,
Climb up knowing that there are many obstacles;
The crown weighs 1000 pounds, but he doesn't weigh it.
Firm and calm, rush to the head,
Feel at ease and regard it as a laurel.
This is what you did:
Beyond Pengshan, it is unattainable,
But you can quietly take it for yourself;
There are many obstacles in the future.
You argue, you think, you know everything,
When the time came, you appeared, and all this happened. ...
The enemy attacked from home and abroad with war and death,
Internal and external troubles are still frequent, but you are alone. ...
All the people in the world are surprised and talk about it.
They are full of fantasies,
What do they care about besides wanting to make a fool of themselves? ……
The world requires us to do so.
Begging for wealth, grace and status,
Even if you give it to someone you love,
Love is insatiable, they will swallow up the whole kingdom.
He did the same thing to this man. -Let's widely announce,
I don't care even if I give my life.
Anyone, no matter who,
Its happiness always has an end, and the ending will surely come.
-Goethe
Napoleon, an important historical figure in the world, entered the military school at the age of 1784 15, launched a coup in 1799, established the first empire of France, and then abdicated in 18 15 and exiled to St. Helena. He spent almost all his life in the war.
Napoléon Bonaparte,1August, 76915th, was born into a declining aristocratic family in ajaccio, Corsica, Mediterranean. How to evaluate his merits and demerits as a historical figure? As Soble, a famous French historian, said, "The history of Napoleon, like the history of the French Revolution, will never be completed and written completely. Generation after generation, it will constantly arouse people's thinking and stimulate people's enthusiasm.
However, I have the following opinions when evaluating Napoleon:
First, he is a man, not a fairy. History is the history of the people. Great men in every historical period, no matter how brilliant, are not suspense, but live in society; He is greater than the average person, not only because he has outstanding talent in a certain aspect, but also because he has higher experience and power than the average person, but in any case, his foothold must be on the same level as that of his contemporaries. The history of each era cannot be the history of a hero. The history of Napoleon's time is not Napoleon's personal heroic history, and he cannot be deified. However, over the past 100 years, historians all over the world have made many deified comments on him, such as "century giant", "western emperor", "god of war" and "master of fate". Instead, it is anger, disgust and abuse. For example, he is a monster of Corsica, a tyrant who destroys freedom, a shameless villain, a rogue and so on.
Second, times make heroes, not heroes make times. The law of history shows that whenever there is a great change in society, it is an era in which heroes come forth in large numbers and great historical figures are bound to be created. Napoleon was great because of the French Revolution, a great event that shocked the world. As Engels pointed out, "Napoleon, a Corsican, happened to be the military dictator needed by France exhausted by the war." Without Napoleon, his role would be played by another person. " Therefore, we must put him in the history of the French Revolution in order to better understand him.
Third, we must look at the mainstream and dominant aspects, and we cannot replace the whole with one side. Historical figures, especially great historical figures, have complicated life experiences. So it depends on whether he moves against the historical trend, not the trend of the times.
Fourth, Napoleon commanded about 60 battles in his life, more than the sum of the famous military commanders Alexander, Hannibal and Caesar in history. The Napoleonic War, which lasted for about 20 years, mainly resisted foreign aggression in the early stage and national oppression in the later stage. However, the war has become obviously aggressive, with the nature of plundering other peoples and annexing other countries' territories, which has brought great disasters to the people of Europe and France.
In a word, the evaluation of Napoleon should put him in the history of the French Revolution and comprehensively examine all his activities. In this way, we can see that Napoleon, as a military strategist and politician of the emerging bourgeoisie, suppressed the rebellion, shattered the repeated armed interference of the "anti-French alliance" in Europe, disrupted the feudal order in Europe, promoted the awakening of the people of all European countries, and stabilized the social achievements of France's evil deeds. This is the main aspect of his activities and his main achievement. Of course, a great historical figure can't be perfect. Everyone has his shortcomings, mistakes or crimes. Napoleon, as a bourgeois strategist and politician, was even more so. Engels once pointed out: "Napoleon's biggest mistake was to marry the daughter of the Austrian emperor and form an alliance with the old counter-revolutionary dynasty." At the same time, it is pointed out that Napoleon's main mistake is to "crawl before the orthodox principle"
Looking at all the activities in Napoleon's life, the activities he led played a certain role in the development of society and human history at that time, and he was a historical figure who should be affirmed.
height
1.69 m