15.3 nuclear energy mass-energy equation of nuclear reaction 1, the test site is mainly nuclear energy. Mass defect Einstein's mass-energy equation II requires nuclear reactor, nuclear power plant I requires heavy nuclear fission, chain reaction and light nuclear fusion I requires controllable thermonuclear reaction. I. requirement 2. Knowledge scanning 1. Nuclear reaction in nuclear physics, the process in which a nucleus produces a new nucleus under the bombardment of other particles. This is called a nuclear reaction. Typical Discovery Equation of Artificial Nuclear Transformation N+ He O+ H Proton H Rutherford Be+ He C+ n Neutron N Discovery Equation chadwick 2. The energy released in the nuclear reaction of nuclear energy (1) is called nuclear energy. (2) mass defect: The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent nuclei. Quality defects. (3) Mass-energy equation: The mass-energy relationship is e = mc2, and the binding energy is δ e = δ mc23. Fission splits the heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, and a typical fission reaction called fission is U+N Sr+Xe+ 10N4. Light nuclear fusion is the reaction of combining light nuclei into heavier nuclei, and the released nuclear energy is called light nuclear fusion. The fusion reaction releases more energy, and the typical light nuclear fusion is: H+He+N5. Chain reaction When a heavy nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits, it splits into two nuclei with medium mass and releases several neutrons at the same time. If these neutrons cause fission of other heavy nuclei, this fission reaction can continue. This reaction is called heavy nuclear fission's chain reaction. 3. 1 is a good example. Raymond davis won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on electron neutrinos (V) from the sun. The main body of the detector he used to detect neutrinos was a giant barrel filled with 6 15t tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) solution. Electron neutrinos can take a chlorine nuclear transformation as a hydrogen nucleus, and its nuclear reaction equation is as follows.

Independent variable e+3717cl → 3718arx10-1e

It is known that the mass of 37 17Cl core is 36.95658 u, that of 37 18ar core is 36.9569 1 u, that of 0- 1e is 0.00055 u, and that of 1 u is 93/.

(a) 0.82mev (b) 0.31mev (c)1.33mev (d) 0.51mev [analysis] According to the meaning of the question, the electron neutrino energy e = mc2-(mar+me-MCL) 93. When C is expressed in kg units and m/s, the unit is J, or the mass of 1 u can be used as in this question, and the corresponding energy is 931.5mev. 。

Example 2: The masses of proton, neutron and deuteron are m 1, m2 and m3 respectively. When protons and neutrons combine to form deuterium, they emit gamma rays. Given that Planck's constant is H and the speed of light in vacuum is C, the frequency of gamma rays is υ = _ _ _ _. [Resolution] The energy Δ e = Δ e =Δmc2 released in the nuclear reaction is released in the form of photons. According to the law of conservation of energy, we can know that hυ=δmc2 can be used to calculate the frequency of photons. Protons and neutrons combine to form deuterium: H+ n H+γ. The mass defect of this nuclear reaction is: δm = m 1+m2-m3. According to Einstein's equation of mass and energy, Δ e = Δ mc2, the energy released by this nuclear reaction is Δ e = (m1+m2-m release, and by E = Hυυ=[ Note], mass defect is investigated and calculated, and nuclear energy is determined according to Einstein's equation of mass and energy. The key is to understand and determine the quality defects. Example 3 As shown in the figure, the magnetic induction intensity of the bounded uniform magnetic field is B, the area is large enough, and the direction is perpendicular to the paper. The y axis of the cartesian coordinate system xoy is the left boundary of the magnetic field, and a is the radioactive source fixed on the x axis. The built-in radium core () releases a particle along the included angle with +x and decays into radon core (). Particles fly away from the magnetic field along the direction of N point on the Y axis, and the distance from N point to O point is L. Given the distance between OA, the particle mass is M, the charge quantity is Q, and the radon core mass is. (1), write the decay equation of radium nucleus. (2) If all the energy released during the decay of radium nucleus is converted into kinetic energy of particles and radon nucleus, find the energy released during the decay of an original stationary radium nucleus. [Analysis] (1) Radium nuclear decay equation is as follows: (2) Radium nuclear decay, which releases particles and radon nuclei respectively, and makes uniform circular motion in the magnetic field, and the particles are received by the particle receiver when they are emitted from the axis. Let the orbital radius of the particles in the magnetic field be r, and the center position is as shown in the figure. Then ① the particles move in a uniform circular motion in the magnetic field, that is, ② the kinetic energy of particles in the process of decay is ∴ momentum conservation, ④ the kinetic energy of radon nuclear recoil is ⑤ ∴⑤ [Comment] It is necessary to master the nuclear reaction equation and the law of momentum conservation skillfully. Comprehensive application of circular motion law of charged particles in uniform magnetic field. Example 4. Nuclear fusion energy is a new energy source with superior economic performance, safety and reliability, and no environmental pollution. In recent years, the scientific feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion has been verified, and the key technologies are being broken through, and eventually a commercial nuclear fusion power station will be built. The common nuclear fusion reaction is the polymerization of hydrogen isotopes deuterium (also called heavy hydrogen) and tritium (also called superheavy hydrogen) into helium. Released a neutron. If the deuterium atomic mass is 2.0 14 1u, the tritium atomic mass is 3.0 160u, the helium atomic mass is 4.0026u, and the neutron mass is 1.0087u,1u =1u. (1) Write the reaction equation of deuterium and tritium polymerization. (2) Try to calculate the energy released by this nuclear reaction. (3) If a nuclear fusion power station with a power of 3.0× 105kW is built, how much deuterium mass will be consumed each year, assuming that half of the energy generated by fusion becomes electric energy? (According to the calculation of 3.2× 107s a year, the speed of light c=3.00× 108m/s, and the result is taken as two significant figures) [analysis] (1) (2) δ e = δ mc2 = (2.014. Based on the knowledge learned, this paper tries to explain the changing trend of the period of revolution of the Earth, the average distance between the sun and the earth and the surface temperature of the Earth with time. [Analysis] There is a fierce thermonuclear reaction inside the sun, and huge energy is released outward during the reaction. These energies are released in the form of photons. According to Einstein's mass-energy relationship: Δ e =Δmc2, we know that the mass of the sun is decreasing. The rotation of the earth around the sun provides centripetal force G =mω2R. Now, due to the reduction of m, that is, the provided centripetal force is reduced, the required centripetal force cannot be met. The earth will slowly make centrifugal movement outward, which will enlarge the orbital radius and the average distance between the sun and the earth. From the above formula, it can be seen that the gravitational force G on the left decreases and the radius R increases, which causes the angular velocity of the earth's revolution to change, so that the period of revolution changes G = m R and T2=, that is, T increases. On the one hand, because the mass of the sun becomes smaller, the luminous power becomes smaller; On the other hand, the distance between the sun and the earth becomes larger, which leads to the decrease of energy radiated to the surface of the earth and the decrease of the surface temperature of the earth. [Comment] This topic combines atomic physics and mechanics, and its concept is novel. It is a good problem to apply what you have learned, examine your ability step by step and reflect your quality. Fourthly, the U core still in the uniform magnetic field has migrated to 1. The velocity direction of decaying particles is perpendicular to The direction of magnetic field, so the following conclusion is correct: (1) The decay equation can be expressed as follows: after the decay of U th+He 2, the trajectories of Th core and particles are two inscribed circles. The ratio of orbital radius is1:45 ③ The ratio of kinetic energy of Th nucleus to particle is 2: 17 ④ If the particle rotates 1 17, the Th nucleus rotates 90 times. A.13b.24cd.342. In the following nuclear reaction or nuclear decay equation, the.

15.5-3 multiple choice questions 1. The following statements about atomic structure and nucleus are correct. () a Rutherford put forward the nuclear structure of atoms on the basis of particle scattering experiments. B the charge and mass of natural radioactive elements are conserved in the decay process, and their radiation does not deflect in the magnetic field. According to figure 15.3-3 and figure 15.3-3, nuclear energy D will be released when nucleus A splits into nuclei B and C. It can be seen that nuclear energy 2 will be absorbed when nuclei D and E merge into nucleus F. Two neutrons and two protons combine to form a particle, which will release 28.30MeV of energy, and three particles combine to form a carbon core, which will release 7.26MeV of energy. Six neutrons and six protons combine to form a carbon nucleus, and the energy released is about () A 21.04 MeV B 35.56 MeV C 77.64 MeV D 92.16 MeV 3. The following statements are correct: a, the energy radiated by the sun mainly comes from the fission reaction inside the sun; B, Rutherford's particle scattering experiment can estimate the size of the nucleus C, Bohr's theory is based on the analysis of a particle scattering experiment. When electrons outside D and hydrogen nuclei jump from orbits with smaller radius to orbits with larger radius, the kinetic energy of electrons decreases, the potential energy increases and the total energy increases. 4. The mystery of neutrino disappearance is a problem that has been puzzling scientists. It turns out that neutrinos oscillate when ions move from the sun to the earth. Through the observation and theoretical analysis of neutrinos, scientists finally figured out the reasons for the disappearance of neutrinos and became one of the "top ten scientific and technological breakthroughs in the world in 200 1 year". If neutrinos are only converted into a neutron and a moving neutron, and it is known that the direction of neutrinos is the same as the original direction of neutrinos, then the direction of neutron () A must be the same as that of neutrinos, and B must be opposite to that of neutrinos. C may not be in a line with the direction of neutrinos, and D can only be in a line with the direction of neutrinos. 5. Under certain conditions, let protons get enough speed. When two protons P collide with each other at the same speed, the following reaction will occur: P+P→ P+P+where P is an antiproton (antiproton and proton have the same mass, both of which are mp with unit negative charge), then the following statement about this reaction is correct: A. The total momentum of the system before and after the reaction is 0b. Energy conservation of the system during the reaction C. According to Einstein's mass-energy equation, the minimum energy of each proton before the reaction is 2mpc2: d. According to Einstein's mass-energy equation. After the reaction, the energy of a single proton may Be less than that of mpc26 ... When particles bombard beryllium nucleus (Be) to produce carbon nucleus (C) and particles, particles () (a) are positively charged and can be deflected in the magnetic field (b) are not deflected in any direction of the magnetic field (c) have strong ionization ability. It is one of the components of the nucleus. (d) The bombardment of uranium -235 will cause uranium fission. 7. Assume that Pu, the isotope ion of plutonium, is stationary in a uniform magnetic field. It is assumed that the ions emit particles in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, which become isotope ions of uranium, and at the same time emit photons with energy of E = 0.09 MeV. (1) Try to write the equation of this nuclear reaction process. (2) Photons. (3) If the momentum of photons is not considered, what is the ratio of the cyclotron radius of uranium core and particles in a uniform magnetic field? 8. As shown in the figure below, the magnetic induction intensity of the bounded uniform magnetic field is B=0.50T, the direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the paper surface, and MN is the left boundary of the magnetic field. Put a radioactive source in a magnetic field, which contains radium, and emit some rays and then decay into Rn (radon). Try to write the decay equation, if the distance from A to the left boundary of magnetic field MN is OA = 65438+. The particle receiver placed on the left side of MN receives particles with smaller mass emitted in the direction perpendicular to the boundary MN. At this time, the distance between the position of the receiver and the stRaight line passing through OA is 1.0m, from which we can infer how much energy is released when a stationary radium nucleus ra decays. Two significant digits are reserved (take1u =1.6×10-27kg, and the electronic quantity e =1.6×19c).

?

× × × ×× × × ×× × × ×× × × ×

A

O

ordinary

M

9. Objects in nature will constantly radiate electromagnetic waves due to a certain temperature. This kind of radiation is called thermal radiation because it is related to temperature. Thermal radiation has the following characteristics: (1) The radiated energy contains electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths; (2) The higher the temperature of the object, the greater the energy radiated by the surface of the object per unit area in unit time; (3) In the total radiation energy, the percentages of various wavelengths are different. Objects at a certain temperature should absorb electromagnetic energy radiated by other objects while radiating outward. If it is in equilibrium, the energy will not change. If we don't consider the influence of surface properties on radiation and absorption, we define an ideal object, which can absorb electromagnetic radiation incident on its surface 100%. Such an object is called a black body. The total energy of electromagnetic waves radiated by the blackbody surface per unit area per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the blackbody absolute temperature, that is, P0=σT4, where the constant σ=5 .67× 10-8W/(m? K4) In the following questions, the research object is simply regarded as bold. Relevant data and mathematical formulas: solar radius Rs = 696000Km, solar surface temperature T = 5770K, and Mars radius r = 3395Km. It is known that the spherical surface area S = 4πR2, where r is the radius of the spherical surface. (1) Most of the solar thermal radiation energy is concentrated in the wavelength range of 2×10-7 ~1×10-5m. Find the corresponding frequency range. (2) What is the total energy radiated by the surface of the sun per hour? (3) Mars is radiated by the sun and can be considered as perpendicular to a disk with an area of πr2(r is the radius of Mars). As we all know, the distance from the sun to Mars is about 400 times the radius of the sun. Ignoring the radiation from other celestial bodies and space, try to estimate the average temperature of Mars. 10. Nuclear fusion energy is a new energy with superior economic performance, safety and reliability, and no environmental pollution. In recent years, the scientific feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion has been verified. At present, we are breaking through key technologies and will eventually build a commercial nuclear fusion power station. A common nuclear fusion reaction is that hydrogen isotopes deuterium (also called heavy hydrogen) and tritium (also called superheavy hydrogen) polymerize into helium and release a neutron. If the mass of deuterium atom is known to be 2.05438+04 1U, the mass of tritium atom is 3.0 160u. The atomic mass of helium is 4.0026u, and the neutron mass is 1.0087 u,1u =1.66×10-27 kg. (1) Write the reaction equation of deuterium and tritium polymerization. (2) Try to calculate the energy released by this nuclear reaction. (3) If the power of 3.0× 65438 is constructed. (According to the calculation of 3.2× 107s a year, the speed of light c=3.00× 108m/s, and the result is taken as two significant figures) Reference answer ability change 1 D 2 communication ability training1abc2d3bd45a6bcd78.2.0×/. J9,3×103 ~1.5×10/5hz, 1.38× 1030J, 204k10 (.