1, female red (Western Zhou Dynasty, ominous year of birth and death, embroidery time about the tenth century BC)
Wang Tai, the king of Zhou Dynasty, has three sons, Taibo, Zhong Yong and Li Ji. Li Ji's son is called Ji Chang. Gu's father believed that Chang Youxing's talent was intentionally passed on, but according to the eldest son inheritance system, the throne could not be passed on to Ji Chang. After Taibo and Zhong Yong knew what this meant, they set off for Junwu (now Suzhou in the south of the Yangtze River, about the tenth century BC), and cut off their tattoos according to local customs, saying that they would never return to the north again. Later, Zhong Yong couldn't bear to let future generations carve patterns on him, so he called everyone together to discuss the matter one by one. This was heard by the little granddaughter who was bending her head to sew clothes in the room, and she carefully figured it out. She accidentally pricked her hand and stained her clothes with blood, which inspired her to come up with a wonderful method and try it on the clothes one by one according to the tattoo pattern. In order to express and distinguish the expression of the pattern, she dyed the silk colorful, and worked hard for seven days and seven nights according to the structure of her braid, and a colorful pattern dress was completed. The little girl showed her clothes to grandpa with both hands. When Zhong Yong unfolded the dress, it was colorful and dazzling. This pattern is much better than her tattoo. Zhong Yong will make a choice.
On a lucky day, put on this dress and gather everyone. From now on, make clothes this way, but you don't need tattoos. After Zhong Yong's advocacy, this kind of clothing replaced tattoos. Because the little girl's name is Nvhong, in order to commemorate her, later generations called this brilliant acupuncture process "Nvhong". Five colors are called embroidery, and this dress is called embroidery. This kind of embroidery is also called embroidery. According to legend, needlework is the inventor of embroidery.
2. Mrs. Zhao (in the Three Kingdoms period, the year of birth and death was ominous, and the embroidery was about 220-252 AD)
During the Three Kingdoms period, Mrs. Zhao (Sun Quan), the king of Wu, had "three unique skills"-machine skills, needle skills and silk skills. According to Zhang Yanyuan's "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties", Lady Zhao of the Prince of Wu is the sister of Prime Minister Zhao Da. He is good at calligraphy and painting, unique and unparalleled. He can weave colorful silk between his fingers into a brocade of dragons and phoenixes. The medium-sized palace is even more "unique". Sun Quan regrets that he thinks that a good painter can draw mountains and rivers, and his wife is in the mountains of Kyushu. My wife embroidered the terrain of Wuyue nationality on the square silk, and the name at that time was "Needle Jue". Glue is also used to attack the screen, which is called "Silk Jue". Therefore, Mrs. Zhao is also called "Mrs. San Jue". According to "Notes on the Collection", Mrs. Zhao said: "The color of Danqing is easy to be lost, but it can't last long. I can embroider, I can go to other countries, and I can become the shape of the Five Emperors River and Sea City. " After the map was embroidered, it was presented to Sun Quan, and Master Wu was overjoyed. People called it needlework at that time. Therefore, history has passed down, and embroidery was created by Mrs. Zhao in the Three Kingdoms period (about 220-252 AD). Unfortunately, this embroidery has not been preserved and can only be speculated by future generations.
3. Yu Mei Niang (Tang Shunzong Li Yong period, the year of birth and death is unknown, embroidered in the Tang Yongzhen period, that is, in 805 AD).
In the Tang Dynasty, Su E recorded in Reading Foreign Miscellaneous Books: "During the reign of Yongzhenyuan (AD 805), a servant girl in Nanhai was 14 years old. She is young, smart and skilled, and can embroider seven volumes of "Northern Territory" on a foot-long silk. The size of the word is only millet, but the stippling is clear and delicate ... ". Unfortunately, I can't see the original embroidery of Yu Mei Niang now.
4. Guan Zhongji (Song and Yuan Dynasties, A.D. 1262— 13 19)
Guan Zhongji, whose real name is Dao Sheng, was born in Wu Xing, Zhejiang Province, and was the wife of Zhao Meng, a painter and calligrapher in Yuan Dynasty. Yanyou was named "Mrs. Wei" in four years. Wife's calligraphy and lyrics can be learned without learning. "Book History" commented: "Zhong You writes well."
, and Meng (trillion pages) is almost neck and neck, and there is nothing to worry about after Mrs Wei. "Mrs. Wei, the teacher of Wang Xizhi, is a true book with ancient qualities and rich varieties, which is the first of its kind. Compared with Zhong You, later generations praised Guan Zhong's calligraphy.
It can be seen. Wang Qian, a famous plum blossom painter in the Ming Dynasty, once said: "Zhao Weiguo respects the Buddha statue, and his brushwork is intended to be on a par with (Zhao Meng (Zhao Page))." In addition, he is particularly good at embroidery. His works, such as "Embroidered Buddha's Picture on the Mountain Building" and "Picture of Changming Temple", are all recorded in Historical Records. In the second year of Emperor Dade's reign in Ming Dynasty (1299), Guan Zhongji converted to Zen master Zhongfeng, lived in a temple and wrote scriptures, embroidering 18 statues for the temple 16. At the end of the embroidery album, Zen master Zhong Feng wrote: "Mrs. Zhao's empty face to the Tathagata is the good fruit of the Vatican Palace and shows the world. Twenty statues of gods were embroidered with gold needles, and the servant monk King Kong Wei Tuo was like a robe. They are extremely prepared to worship dragons and tigers, and the clouds are strange, making a permanent sacrifice for the mountain temple and pushing their wishes. It's really good. " This work appeared in the auction of Beijing Hanhai Auction Company in 2003.
5. Han Ximeng (born and died in an ominous year of the Ming Dynasty, living in the Wanli and Chongzhen years of the Ming Dynasty about 1573- 1644).
In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, Jinshi Gu lived in Luxiang Garden in Shanghai. It is said that he reclaimed the sea here for gardening and got a stone with the words "Luxiangchi" engraved on it by Zhao Ziang, which is the name of the garden. Gu Sunzi's daughter-in-law is Han Ximeng, a native of Hunan. She paints flowers, is good at embroidery and has vivid charm. At that time, she was called "Korean Won Embroidery". Her husband, Gu Shouqian, once studied painting with Dong Qichang as a teacher and was nicknamed the Master of Embroidery Buddha. Han Ximeng himself is also engaged in flower work, trying to copy the famous works of Song and Yuan Dynasties into embroidery, moving the needle like a pen, so that painting theory and embroidery can be integrated into one, and the book "Book of Famous Works of Song and Yuan Dynasties" can be combined. Dong Qichang happily wrote an inscription on the embroidered book after reading it. Gu Shouqian also described the creative process in the inscription. Han Ximeng embroidered Dong Qichang's inscription, seal, and Gu Shouqian's postscript one by one, reaching the realm of excellent poetry, calligraphy, painting, printing and embroidery, and becoming a much-told story in Yilin. The embroidered books of Song and Yuan Dynasties are now in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Embroidery in the harem at home is internationally called Gu Embroidery. Cao Yin, the ancestor of Cao Xueqin, was appointed as the Weaver Girl of Jiangning, and ordered the embroidery to rely on Gu embroidery.
6. Ni (Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1607— 1685)
Ni, whose real name is Xin Hui, is Ningxiangzi. His father, Ni, was a scholar in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. During the Wanli period of Ming Shenzong (1573- 1602), Ni was transferred from Guangdong and Guangxi to Jiangxi for tongzhi. Ni, male, 1607, born in Ji 'an, whose father's name is Renji. Ni is famous for his mastery of literature and history, painting and calligraphy, embroidery and temperament. At that time, she was a female artist after Han Ximeng in the Ming Dynasty.
The book Jinhua Zheng praised Ni's embroidery art cloud: "Dyeing is not only a work, but also a needle." His posthumous works include Map of Five Blessingg and Map of Planting Trees. Ni was especially good at embroidering Buddha statues, and was once famous. Embroidering the Buddha statue can eliminate the traces of needle and thread and make it look picturesque. She once embroidered a scroll of heart sutra, with plain silk as the quality and dark blue silk thread. If a wisp of gold cuts jade, autumn is wonderful, and her embroidery skills are also a must. Many people praised her embroidery skills. The most amazing thing is Ni's hair embroidery. Her representative work, The Portrait of a Master with Hair Embroidery, is dignified and quiet, conveying the supreme spiritual realm and divine temperament. This is Ni's meticulous embroidery of the statue of loyalty and filial piety. It is the most rigorous, delicate and steady work among her embroidered Buddha statues. 1957 was discovered in Yiwu in February, and now it is treasured in Jimei Garden in Yiwu. Ni lived in a lonely room, drilled needles and threads, engaged in embroidery and reached a high artistic level. In order to sum up her embroidery experience, she compiled a book called Ningxiang Embroidery Spectrum.
7. Ding Pei (active in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, date of birth and death unknown)
Ding Pei, a native of Songjiang, Jiangsu Province, was named Bushan. She has been engaged in embroidery creation and research for a long time, constantly summing up experience in her spare time, and occasionally learning something, that is, writing a record, "accumulating over time." Later, she compiled these embroidery art theories into an embroidery monograph, Embroidery Spectrum, which was published in the first year of Daoguang (182 1). In this 9,000-word book, Ding Pei first put forward the seven-character formula of "Qi, light, straightness, uniformity, thinness, smoothness and density", which summarized the basic characteristics and creative laws of Chinese embroidery and became the theoretical basis for future generations to study embroidery. Embroidery Manual compares painting, calligraphy, poetry, architecture and other arts with embroidery, and explains the rules of embroidery technology in a simple way. This book is divided into six parts. (1) land selection part. The environment of embroidery must be leisurely, quiet, bright and clean. ② Select parts. When describing the selected embroidery manuscript, we should pay attention to the requirements of trial, measurement, cutting, embellishment, elegance and vividness, and avoid being too clever and too simple. (3) materials. Describe the importance of materials and tools such as silk thread, brocade, leno, embroidery needle, scissors and tension frame. 4 color discrimination part. Describe the characteristics and usage of 18 color. ⑤ Engineering part. Describe the techniques and standards of embroidery, such as uniformity, smoothness, straightness, uniformity, fineness, smoothness and density. ⑥ Discussion about products. This paper describes five levels of embroidery, such as ability, dexterity, subtlety, spirit and ease, and four qualities of accuracy, richness, beauty and superb. Embroidery Manual is informative and detailed, summarizing the techniques and aesthetic characteristics of embroidery technology, which still has guiding significance and reference value for today's embroidery.
8. Shenshou (1874 ~ 192 1 year).
Shen Shou, female, formerly known as Coriolus versicolor, later named Shou, was appointed as the night ambassador. Wuxian people. Born in an antique dealer in Suzhou. When I was 7 years old, my sister Shen Li and I studied embroidery together. At the age of 16 or 17, he has gained a good reputation in the local area. In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), Tongli embroidery school was founded in Suzhou. Married to Jue in nineteen years. Jade is good at poetry and painting, and husband and wife painting and embroidery complement each other. Shen Shou began to study embroidery stitches and created nearly 10 new stitches. In 29 years, Shen Shou was absorbed.
The principle of light and shade in painting pays attention to the vividness of objects, expresses the three-dimensional sense of objects, and creates simulated embroidery, which has become the most basic and main form of appreciating embroidery. She is a master of spreading Chinese embroidery abroad, an embroidery artist and an embroidery educator. 19 14 the director of Nantong women's normal school applied for a job, and died in may 8 years later at the age of 48. "
Shen Shou's posthumous work "Snow Ring Embroidery Spectrum" is an important theoretical work on embroidery in China, which was written by Zhang Jian after his second serious illness. 19 18. The book is divided into eight chapters, introducing various techniques and attaching a "line color table". For example, 94 colors such as old vegetable green and sky blue. Yellow has apricot yellow, bright yellow and goose yellow 104 colors; There are 88 colors such as red, vermilion and blood tooth red. There are 353 colors such as * * * green, purple, ochre and gray, which is a record of his practice experience for more than 30 years. along with
Such colorful colors, innovative stitches, portraits or objects are all carried by themselves. It is really a "beautiful kaleidoscope." Yu Yue, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, praised her as a "needle god".
9. Huada (A.D. 1869— 1939).
Huada, a native of Dangkou Town, Wuxi, is the owner of Jialing Pavilion. Born into a clan family. His father was a famous landscape painter at that time and his uncle Hua was a famous mathematician in modern China. I grew up in a scholarly family, influenced by China traditional culture, and like painting, calligraphy and embroidery. 19 15, the cock picture of Huada embroidery won the gold medal of Panama Pacific World Expo. 1939 died of illness. One year before her death, she cooperated with Xu Boyun in embroidery. This is another technical monograph in the history of Chinese embroidery after Ni's Ningxiang embroidery, Su embroidery and Shen Shou's Snow Ring embroidery.
10, Yang Shouyu (modern, AD 1885 ~ 198 1).
Yang Shouyu, a native of Wujin, Jiangsu, was the founder of random needle embroidery. Born in a famous family, after graduating from Changzhou Women's Normal School at the age of 20, she was hired by Lv Fengzi, then the head teacher of graphic engineering, and worked as a painting and embroidery teacher in Zheng Zheng Women's Vocational Middle School. While drawing graphic colors, she tried new embroidery expression methods, and embodied the artistic effect of western painting with new line organization forms. The seemingly messy long and short intersecting lines give people a refreshing feeling through layering and coloring. This embroidery method has changed the traditional method of closely connecting needles and arranging lines, created a new unique style and caused a sensation. Seeing that Yang Shouyu lived up to expectations, Lv Fengzi was very excited and named this embroidery "Yang Embroidery". Yang Shouyu later named it "Random Needle Embroidery" according to its characteristics. Because she teaches in a regular women's vocational middle school, some people call it "formal embroidery".