Question 2: Zhuangzi's thought of advocating Zhuangzi can be divided into three main contents.
First, rule by doing nothing.
Zhuangzi's inaction is completely different from Lao Zi's. Laozi did nothing because he opposed the movement of Tao. In other words, in order to achieve truly great social achievements, you should follow the law rather than act rashly. Laozi's inaction means doing whatever he wants. Zhuangzi does nothing because happiness can only be approached when everything (including all people) is free. The more control and rules you have, the more you lose yourself, and the more you lose happiness. Therefore, any unnatural rules suppress people's happiness.
Second, carefree travel. On two ways of happiness.
First of all, Zhuangzi opposes etiquette and law and all "universal" social morality. Because Zhuangzi thinks that people are different from each other, the so-called universal morality is nothing more than cutting off the feet and suppressing people's natural nature. So the first level of carefree travel is called freedom of all kinds of weather in first frost (quoting Chairman's poem blindly). It doesn't matter that everything has its own nature. As long as they fully and freely exert their natural abilities, they are also happy. For example, the happiness of birds is the singing of branches, and the happiness of geese is the migration of thousands of miles. Everyone has his own happiness, but as long as everyone realizes freedom, they are equally happy.
The second level of carefree travel, advanced happiness. The former is low-level happiness, which is not the same. That kind of different happiness can't be complete, because everything can't really "follow one's inclinations" and everything is subject to various constraints. According to Xizhe, it is Nietzsche's superman to do what he wants, but later Heidegger pointed out that superman can't be realized because there are too many restrictions in the world, such as: people will die, and Kangxi will borrow it from heaven for another 500 years, but unfortunately he can't. Therefore, a higher level of happiness can only be the integration of heaven and earth. The so-called unity with heaven and earth is called the unity of heaven and man. This realm transcends the differences between all things and between people and the world, and I can't feel it myself. Man is completely integrated with heaven and earth, so he gets eternal happiness.
Third, homogeneity theory. On the three levels of knowledge, this represents the highest state of Zhuangzi. The first level of knowledge is Hui Shi's theory of relativity. Everyone has only one-sided knowledge, trying to influence others and gain recognition with his own definition of one-sided knowledge. Zhuangzi said, suppose I argue with you. I won, which means I must be right? If you win, you must be right, right? Not necessarily. We'll find a third person to judge. The third person supports me, which means I must be right? The third person supports you, which means you must be right, right? Not necessarily. Everything is relative. You can't get the truth by discussing people and taking sides. As the saying goes: Fang Sheng must die before he dies. We can't do it. We can't do it. Cause is cause, not cause, not cause. This is the first stage of knowledge.
The second stage of knowledge: shine the sky. This stage is roughly equivalent to Hui Shi's so-called freshman, and the small difference rises to the same. However, Hui Shi only put this forward as the highest ideal, and did not discuss it in depth. The highest stage of Zhuangzi is not this stage, which is discussed in detail. Everything, that is, all kinds of knowledge, comes from "one", that is, the only "existence" of the mother of all things. From the point of view of Tao, everything is the appearance of everything. Although everything is different, it is unified into a whole, which is one. When the Tao becomes, it becomes nature, so does the division, and the achievement dies, and everything is unified and immortal.
The third stage of knowledge: chaos and forgetting. Now that we have called one, are we speechless? One plus one equals two, two plus one equals three. Unlike Hui Shi. Zhuangzi thinks "one" is incredible. If it is incredible, then at least words and thoughts are beyond this, and it is not true. So the truth is unspeakable. So it can only be chaos. Only when it comes to chaos can we truly master absolute knowledge. Why abandon wisdom? Because relative understanding leads to differences, and forgetting can really be the same as heaven. However, primitive ignorance does not mean knowing and then forgetting. The two are completely different.
Question 3: What laws does Zhuangzi advocate? Zhuangzi's Four Laws.
One is to be private.
He believes that "selfishness" is the root of all evils and the root of all diseases. If a person is full of egoism, he will haggle over everything when he meets things, be swayed by considerations of gain and loss, and be insane all day. Over time, he will be exhausted and exhausted, and he will be "almost". Only by getting rid of the desire for fame and fortune can the spirit be freed. "You can keep in good health, you can keep in good health, and you can spend your old age safely."
Only a selfless person can be broad-minded, broad-minded, regardless of fame and fortune, and "take what he likes" in life, so that he can be content with happiness, open-minded and live a long life. "Live long, have less privacy" is the rule of keeping in good health summarized by Zhuangzi.
The second is the lack of desire.
"People's desires are endless and cannot be vertical." Indulgence can lead to trouble and disease. If a person suppresses his lust, he will not bully men and women, damaging his kidney and respect; If you have an appetite, you won't commit suicide for money, and overeating will hurt your health; If you want less power, you won't speculate and get hurt.
"Many unjust acts will lead to the loss of life." Only those who know their own honor, keep their own shame, live in peace, pursue their own ambitions, start their own businesses and live a clean and honest life can be called courageous and great people. "Want less and live longer" is the way of keeping in good health advocated by Zhuangzi.
The third is silence.
Zhuangzi believes that silence cures diseases. If a person is restless all day and his thoughts can't escape, he will be exhausted and sick. He advocates that anyone who is interested in keeping fit should exercise self-control ability and be good at keeping himself relaxed, stable and relaxed in a chaotic environment. "Quiet and long life" is the way of keeping in good health advocated by Zhuangzi.
The fourth is open-minded.
Zhuangzi believes that "harmony is the most important thing, and sorrow and joy are not allowed". Zhuangzi advocates an optimistic life. He once vividly said that the wild cranes in Shui Ze peck once every ten steps and drink once every hundred steps, enjoying themselves and being carefree, so they can save their lives; Although caged birds have enough food, it is difficult for them to fly with their wings, can't jump, bow their heads all day, and are listless, so it is difficult to live all over.
A person who has been locked in the mental shackles set by himself for a long time will inevitably be sad and distressed. "The disease starts from the heart." "Open-minded and Longevity" is Zhuangzi's personal experience on health and life.
Excerpted from Baidu netizens, thank you.
Question 4: Brief introduction of Zhuangzi and his proposition Zhuangzi (about 369 BC-286 BC), Han nationality. Zhou was born in the Song Dynasty (now Mengcheng County, Anhui Province, and in the northeast of Shangqiu City, Henan Province) during the Warring States Period. A famous thinker, philosopher and writer, a representative of Taoist school, the successor and developer of Laozi's philosophical thought, and the founder of Zhuangzi school in pre-Qin. His theory covered all aspects of social life at that time, but the fundamental spirit still belonged to Laozi's philosophy. Later generations called him and Laozi "Laozi", and their philosophy was "Laozi's philosophy".
His thought contains simple dialectical factors and thinks that everything is changing. He believes that "Tao" is a "natural place" and it is closed from the beginning of "Tao" (that is, "Tao" has no boundaries). Advocate "inaction" and give up all the struggles in life. He also believes that everything is relative, so he denies knowledge, denies the essential difference of everything, denies reality, fantasizes about a subjective spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me", and turns to relativism and fatalism.
Zhuangzi's articles are rich in imagination, changeable in style, full of romanticism, humorous and satirical in the form of fables, which have a great influence on the literary language of later generations. Zhuang Zhou, his disciples and later scholars wrote Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, which is one of the Taoist classics. There are 52 Zhuangzi articles recorded in the Records of Han Shu Literature and Art, and only 33 exist. Among them, there are seven chapters, which are generally designated as Zhuangzi; Foreign essays may be mixed with his disciples and later Taoist works.
Zhuangzi is of great philosophical and literary research value. Famous articles include Happy Travel, Theory of Everything, Master of Health, etc. Among them, My Clever Understanding of Cattle is especially popular in later generations.
Question 5: What Confucianism does Zhuangzi advocate? The representative figures are Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi.
Taoism, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.
Mohism, the representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi
Legalists, representatives: Han Fei and Li Si. Works: Han Feizi
Famous artists and representatives: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
Yin and Yang, the representative: Zou Yan.
Strategists and strategists, representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
Saint, representative figure: Lv Buwei.
Farmhouse,
Novelist,
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocating "no class for all" means educating both the rulers and the ruled, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life" and emphasizes self-reliance.
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples are having a debate, which is called "Mo Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its strict discipline, it is said that "the law of ink, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu? Turn private ").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Shu" and combined the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
Hanshu? There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Yiwenzhi, and nearly half of them exist, the most important of which is Shu He's Han Feizi.
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain things ...