Five Great Scientists in Ancient China
1, Zhang Heng (AD 78- 139), born in Nanyang (now Shiqiaoxia Village, Nanyang City, Henan Province). Zhang Heng observed and recorded 2500 stars, created the world's first celestial globe with air leakage, the first instrument to detect earthquakes-the seismograph with waiting wind, and also made. Zhang Heng * * * is the author of 32 scientific, philosophical and literary works, among which astronomical works include Ling Xian and Ling Xian Tu. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, people named the crater on the back of the moon as "Zhang Heng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 as "Zhang Heng Asteroid". Guo Moruo's evaluation of Zhang Heng is: "Such an all-round development figure is also rare in world history and admirable for thousands of years."
2. Shen Kuo (1033- 1097) was born in Qiantang, Hangzhou, and was a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo's scientific contributions cover astronomy, mathematics, physics, geology, meteorology, biology, medicine and other fields. Meng Qian Bi Tan comprehensively summarizes China's scientific and technological achievements before the Song Dynasty and enjoys a high reputation in the world. Mathematically, he invented "gap product" and "convergence", which was more than 500 years earlier than foreign formulas for calculating higher-order arithmetic progression, and "convergence" laid the foundation for the development of China's ball science. The existence of geomagnetic declination proposed by Shen Kuo was 400 years earlier than the "first discovery" of Columbus 1492 crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Professor Needham called Shen Kuo the most outstanding figure in the whole history of science in China. Praise his book Meng Qian Bi Tan as a milestone in the history of science in China.
3. Guo Shoujing (1231-1316) is a native of Xingtai, Shunde. Astronomers and water conservancy experts in Yuan Dynasty. Nearly 20 kinds of astronomical instruments, such as simple instruments, altimeters and upright instruments. , manufactured one after another, many instruments were scientifically designed and accurately used, and were also in the leading position in the world at that time. The observation accuracy was greatly improved, which had a far-reaching impact on astronomical research in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Guo Shoujing led a nationwide astronomical survey. According to the observation results, Guo Shoujing made an accurate and precise new calendar "Chronograph" in March 1280. This new calendar sets a year to 365.2425 days, which is only 26 seconds shorter than the actual time when the earth moves around the sun. The International Astronomical Society named a crater discovered by the United States on the moon and an asteroid with the international number 20 12 in the solar system after Guo Shoujing.
4. Xu Guangqi (1562- 1633) was given the prefix "Hu Xuanshi Wen Ding". Shanghai (now Shanghai) Xujiahui was a famous scientist in the late Ming Dynasty. He was the first to introduce advanced European scientific knowledge, especially astronomy, to China. He studied astronomy, calendar, water conservancy, surveying, mathematics and agriculture all his life. He was an early contact and accommodator of western culture. His works, such as The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, have been translated into the almanac of Chongzhen and the Elements of Geometry, which can be described as pioneers of modern science in China.
5. Song Yingxing (A.D.1587-about 1666) was born in Fengxin Beixiang (now Songbu Township). China was a famous scientist and poet in Ming Dynasty. He is the author of Heavenly Creations. Tiangong Wu Kai consists of three volumes, including Nai (cultivation of grain crops), Jing (grain processing), Salt (salt making), Gan (sugar making), Cream (oil pressing), Nai clothing (sericulture and textile), (printing and dyeing), hardware, smelting and casting. This book discusses the technology of almost all industrial and agricultural sectors, and reflects many advanced production technologies and experiences in China at that time. It is of great value to the study of science and technology and social production in Ming Dynasty, and is called "technical encyclopedia" by European scholars.
Five modern scientists
1, Liang Sicheng (1901-1972), a native of Xinhui, Guangdong, is the eldest son of Liang Qichao. 65438-0924 entered the Department of Architecture of the University of Pennsylvania, USA, and obtained a master's degree in architecture and a bachelor's degree in fine arts. He designed the United Nations building on behalf of China and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Princeton University. He used to be deputy director of Beijing Planning Commission, vice chairman of China Architecture Society and chairman of Beijing Civil Engineering Society. He founded Northeastern University and Tsinghua University Department of Architecture, and has been engaged in the education and research of architectural history in China for a long time. He has participated in the design of the national emblem, the monument to the people's heroes, and the top ten buildings in Beijing. The English version of "Architectural History of Image China" written by him won the title of "Best Publication in America".
2. Qian Xuesen (1911-) is a modern scientist in China. Originally from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, he was born in Shanghai. Studying in America, engaged in rocket research under the guidance of Carmen, the founder of modern mechanics. After returning to China, 65438-0955 devoted himself to the establishment of China's mechanics and space industry. Member of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences, researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, the first director, and the first director of the theoretical and applied mechanics Society of China. From 65438 to 0958, he served as the deputy director of the National Defense Science and Technology Committee of China People's Liberation Army, and did a lot of work for the scientific and technological development of our army.
3. Li Siguang (1889? 97 1) geologist. Huanggang, Hubei. This word is a bit interesting. Join the league at an early age. Participated in the Revolution of 1911. 19 19 graduated from Birmingham university with a master's degree. 1920 Return to China. Professor Peking University, Director of Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Engaged in paleontology, glaciology and geomechanics research.
4. Deng Jiaxian, 1924, from Huaining County, Anhui Province. 1950 In August, nine days after receiving his doctorate in the United States, Deng Jiaxian declined the detention of his tutor and friends at the same school and decided to return to China. In the same year 10, Deng Jiaxian came to the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences as a researcher. In the following eight years, he studied China's nuclear theory. 1964 10, China successfully exploded the first atomic bomb, and finally he signed the design scheme. He also led the researchers to quickly enter the explosion site to take samples after the test to confirm the effect. He studied hydrogen bombs with Yu Min and others. According to the "Deng Yu Plan", the hydrogen bomb was finally built and successfully tested two years and eight months after the atomic bomb exploded. Compared with 8 years in France, 7 years in the United States and 4 years in the Soviet Union, this has created the fastest speed in the world. 1986 In July, Deng Jiaxian died on July 29th of the same year.
5. Qian Sanqiang, 19 13, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Since the founding of New China, Qian Sanqiang has devoted itself to the development of atomic energy. 1960, after the central government decided to develop the atomic bomb entirely by self-reliance, Qian Sanqiang, who has concurrently served as the deputy minister of the Second Machinery Department, served as the chief technical officer and chief designer. He tried his best to train a new generation of academic leaders, just as the Curies trained themselves. In the tough battle of "two bombs and one satellite", a large number of outstanding nuclear experts emerged, creating the fastest development speed in this field in the world. Later, people not only praised Qian Sanqiang for coordinating and using all kinds of complex scientific and technological fields and talents, but also thought that the Atomic Energy Institute he led was a "loyal" science and technology base camp. In his later years, Qian Sanqiang's health declined day by day, and he still served as vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, chairman of Chinese Physical Society and honorary chairman of China Nuclear Society. He has always been concerned about the development of China's nuclear cause, stressing that the nuclear cause should be used not only for military purposes, but also for civilian purposes. 1992 died at the age of 79. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the National Day, the Central Committee of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission posthumously awarded Qian Sanqiang the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal" made of 5 15g pure gold, in recognition of this leading scientist's great contribution.