1. In the Shang Dynasty, there were good harnesses in China, and a complete set of harnesses was unearthed in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the development of iron smelting handicraft industry and the use of iron tools; There are more than 200 kinds of animal and plant names in The Book of Songs, and there are records of animal and plant morphology, habits, plant cultivation, animal feeding and so on, which shows that from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, China people have a very rich understanding of animals and plants. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, our people have used scales and weights. A large number of scales and weights were unearthed from Chu tombs in Changsha, Hunan Province from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Acupuncture is one of the important inventions of China people. In the primitive society, bian bian used stone needle, hot ironing and moxibustion to treat diseases. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin people's medical harmony (the date of birth and death is unknown) clearly put forward that the cause is "non-ghost", but a simple materialistic cause theory of "yin and yang, wind, rain, yin and Ming". Around the 5th century BC, Qin Yueren, a folk doctor (at that time, people called him Bian Que, whose date of birth and death is unknown), summed up the diagnosis methods of hope, smell, question and feeling. He is proficient in medical technology in internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, ENT and other disciplines, and can use acupuncture, massage, decoction and other therapies. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Bian Que, Qin Yueren insisted on materialism, opposed witchcraft and superstition, and regarded "believing witches but not doctors" as one of the principles of "six treatments"; The sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 5th century BC, was unearthed in Jinan City, Jiangling, Hubei Province and decorated with glass beads. Spring and Autumn Annals recorded 37 solar eclipses in China from 722 BC to 48 BC1year, of which 32 were calculated reliably, making it the most complete record of ancient solar eclipses in the world. In the 16th year of Chunqiugong, there was the earliest meteorite record in the world. "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Sixteen Years" more clearly pointed out that the meteorite falling into the territory of the Song Dynasty was a damaged star; In the 14th year of Lu Wengong in the Spring and Autumn Period, it was recorded that "a comet entered the Beidou" in the autumn and July of 6 13 BC, which was the earliest record of Halley's comet, more than 670 years earlier than the West. There are 3 1 records about Halley's comet in ancient China. In the 6th century BC, our country adopted the method of setting leap month in 19 years, which was more than 100 years earlier than the Greeks. There were primitive pens in the Shang Dynasty, and writing brushes could be made in the Spring and Autumn Period. A brush in the late Spring and Autumn Period was unearthed from Chu Tomb in Xinyang, Henan Province.
2. During the Warring States Period, agricultural production technology developed to intensive cultivation; Water conservancy construction has created favorable conditions for the further improvement of agricultural production in China. Smelting, casting and mechanical manufacturing technologies have played an important role in improving productivity; China's medical theory system represented by Neijing was initially formed; Great progress has also been made in astronomy, geoscience, mathematics and physics. Many thinkers and scientists have put forward some simple materialistic views on nature. Xun Kuang, a famous thinker, put forward the brilliant ideas of "knowing the difference between heaven and man" and "controlling the destiny and using it", which dealt a heavy blow to the slave owners' theory of destiny.
Guan Zi Yuan Di in the Warring States Period, through on-the-spot investigation, discussed the height of terrain, the depth of spring water and 18 kinds of plants suitable for growth in different soils, and pointed out the close relationship between plant growth and land. This is the world's earliest book on eco-geobotany. In 356 BC, Shang Yang reformed the State of Qin and implemented the policy of land to the tiller, which promoted animal husbandry and greatly improved agricultural productivity for the development of agricultural production. According to records, after the promotion of animal husbandry in Qin State, the mu cultivated by each agricultural labor force was about 1.9 times that of other countries. During the Warring States period, the tradition of intensive cultivation and fertilizer accumulation was initially laid.
During the Warring States Period, China's knowledge of agricultural production began to be systematized and theorized, and agricultural books such as Agricultural School, Shennong and Yelao appeared. Articles such as Rendi, Biantu and Shi's in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals preserve fragments of Qin Agronomy, the earliest extant monograph in China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the working people in China have been able to judge the physiological function characteristics and production skills of cattle and horses according to their shapes, and choose and raise breeding animals accordingly. The development of this identification technology has played a great role in improving the quality of livestock. An atmosphere/scene
Xia Zhengxiao in the Warring States Period preserved the phenological knowledge of the ancient working people in China, and recorded the natural phenomena and agricultural activities on a monthly basis. This is the earliest existing phenology book in the world. physics
The Book of Guan Di Zi says, "If there is a kind of stone (that is, a magnet) on the mountain, there must be copper and gold under it." This is one of the earliest records of magnets in the world, which shows that our people knew the nature of magnets in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Guanzi Yuan Di recorded the "three-point gain and loss method" created by ancient people in China in their musical practice, which was an important achievement in the history of ancient music laws in China.
During the Warring States period, famous scholars put forward a simple concept of limit and the idea that matter is infinitely separable: "One foot pestle, half a day, is inexhaustible." Famous experts also put forward the dialectical relationship between moving objects and inanimate objects. In the third century BC, Mozi, a Mohist work, made many important achievements in physics. Discussion on the balance of Mo's force, force system and simple machinery such as lever and inclined plane: The observation and research on pinhole imaging and plane mirror, concave mirror and convex mirror imaging are recorded. Firstly, the viewpoint that light propagates along a straight line is put forward, which is one of the earliest works on geometric optics in the world. Mozi Beixue also contains acoustic knowledge such as solid sound transmission and the application of * * * phenomenon. Mohist classics put forward the simple concepts of atom ("end") and time ("length", that is, week) and space ("remainder") in ancient China.
Zhuangzi Xu Wugui in the Warring States Period recorded the phenomenon of sound vibration.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there appeared some simple materialistic thoughts about the origin of material unity in the world. Guanzi Shuidi puts forward that water is the source of all things. Xun Kuang believes that the total root of all things in the world is "Qi". The theory of material "Qi" had a great influence on the development of China's ancient view of nature. Xun Kuang also put forward the viewpoint that "Heaven has its laws" (that is, all movements in nature have their objective laws) and the brilliant idea of "controlling destiny and using it", sharply criticizing the theory of destiny. At the end of the Warring States Period, Han Feizi's Journey to the Capital contained "the southern end of Wang Lisi will seize the sky", which was the earliest record of Sina. There is also a record in Guiguzi Mou that "Zheng people take jade to carry the South Locomotive, so they are not confused". "Sina" is a tool to indicate the direction. In 239 BC, there was a record in China that a magnet attracted iron: "cishi called iron, or led it." This is one of the earliest records about magnets absorbing iron in the world.
water conservancy
Guan Zi Du Die is an important water conservancy document in ancient China. It summed up the technical experience of irrigation and dike engineering of ancient working people, put forward the ideal of transforming rivers, and pointed out: "For the country, the five evils must be eliminated first." "Among the five evils, water is the biggest." Around 597 BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Shuai (the date of birth and death is unknown) presided over the construction of Shaobei Water Storage Irrigation Project (now Anfengtang, Shouxian County, Anhui Province), which was the earliest large reservoir in China. Since the Han Dynasty, many city gates and other facilities have been built in Shaobei. In the 5th century BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period, people from Chu and Wu dug four canals, including Hangou.
During the Warring States Period, Ximen Bao, an atheist of Wei State (the date of birth and death is unknown), presided over the leaf construction project and dug twelve passages. Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi records the story of Ximen Bao's wit defeating the forces of religious superstition and digging canals. Since 360 BC, wei ren has dug a gap to connect the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yangtze River, which is beneficial to navigation and irrigation.
Since 246 BC, Zheng Guo, a water conservancy engineer (date of birth and death is unknown), has presided over the construction of Zheng Guoqu in Guanzhong area, diverting water from Jinghe River to Luoshui, with a canal length of "more than 300 Li" and "irrigating more than 40,000 hectares of brine", and also adopted the method of silt pressure alkali to improve the soil. During the Warring States period, our people's skills in building dikes on the Yellow River have reached a fairly high level. According to "Not Made by Lao", Bai Dan (whose date of birth and death is unknown), an expert on dike construction in Wei State, noticed that "the dike of thousands of feet was broken by a wormhole" and put forward the method of blocking the ant hole to reinforce the dike. Medicine and pharmacology
In 597 BC, it was known that yeast could treat abdominal diseases. Yeast is still a universal stomach tonic in the world.
The Classic of Mountains and Seas in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period contains 100 kinds of plants, animals and minerals. It has been recognized that these drugs can treat or prevent dozens of diseases.
Neijing, which appeared during the Warring States Period, summed up the valuable experience of China people in fighting diseases for a long time. From the point of view of simple materialism, it summarizes the theory of zang-fu organs and meridians and the theory of etiology on the basis of practice, which lays the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. China's earliest knowledge of human anatomy was recorded in Neijing, and the concept of blood circulation was put forward. Neijing devoted a lot of space to acupuncture, and recorded nine kinds of needles used in acupuncture, indicating that acupuncture therapy had reached a high level at that time. Neijing holds that diseases are caused by "evil spirits", and all diseases have objective reasons. Neijing also put forward the idea of active prevention and treatment. geography
Guanzi summarizes many important achievements of ancient geosciences in China. Among them, the article Geodesy records simple knowledge of mineral deposits, such as "there is ochre on the mountain and iron under it;" There is lead on top and silver on the bottom. " Du Di scientifically discusses the erosion of rivers and the formation process of meanders. Map discusses the military use of maps and points out the importance of topography, distance and city to the military. It is an important document of cartography in the pre-Qin period. Mountain Scenery in Jason Wu, written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, is the earliest geological geography work in China, which records the main mountains, rivers and minerals in all parts of China, including more than 70 kinds of minerals and 170 metal mineral producing areas. Shangshu Gong Yu, written in the Warring States Period, is an important geographical work in ancient China, which describes all kinds of soil, minerals, animal and plant resources in Kyushu.
According to the Records of Huayang National Records, there is the earliest record about digging salt wells.
Chemical engineering chemistry
Glazed brick walls and glazed beads were unearthed from the Chu Tomb of the Warring States Period in Changsha, Hunan Province, indicating that glazed ware could be made during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
architecture
Archaeology discovered the pottery well built by China working people in Beijing during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Its construction method is similar to modern open caisson construction pier, which is a creation of construction technology.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, Lu Ban, a native of the State of Lu, was defeated, about 507 BC. ) was a famous architect in ancient China. According to legend, he invented many woodworking tools, and also created ladders and some exquisite instruments for siege. The excavation of Yanxiadu and other sites in Yixian County, Hebei Province shows that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, pavilions were built on the rammed earth platform, ceramic drainage pipes were installed on the rammed earth platform, and flat bricks and non-load-bearing hollow bricks were quickly used. In 257 BC, Qin became king and built a pontoon bridge on the Yellow River-Pujin Bridge, which was the first bridge across the Yellow River in history.
astronomy
From 722 BC to AD 19 10, China recorded the main branch day without interruption, which is by far the longest and most complete record in the world.
During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan (about 340 BC-278 BC) challenged the traditional ideas of the slave owners about the formation and structure of the universe in Tianwen, which had a certain influence on the development of China's ancient scientific thought. Shijiao in the Warring States period (about 390- 330 BC) put forward a simple idea of earth movement, and the famous Hui Shi (370-3 BC10 BC) put forward a simple idea of earth circle.
From about 360 BC to 350 BC, during the Warring States Period, the astrology written by Gander of Chu State (the year of birth and death is unknown) and the astrology written by Shen Shi of Wei State (the year of birth and death is unknown) recorded the positions of hundreds of constant stars. This is the earliest catalogue in the world, which is better than the earliest catalogue in Europe. In the 4th century BC, during the Warring States Period, China adopted the quarter calendar with the tropic year of 36514, which was more than 300 years earlier than julian calendar with the same data published by the European Romans in 46 BC. During the Warring States period, it was found that Jupiter runs every twelve years (the modern measured value is 1 1.86) and the chronology is based on Jupiter's position in the sky, that is, the chronology of stars.
mathematics
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, working people in China created a simple computing tool-computing chip, which was the main computing method in ancient China.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China people had the concept of fractions, four integer operations and nine tables. The application of fractions is recorded in the Art of War of Sun Tzu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. There are 99 records in Guanzi Yuan Di and Xunzi Outline. During the Warring States period, the working people in our country already had the concept of angle in the practice of manufacturing farm tools, vehicles and weapons. There are many names in The Examiner.
In the 3rd century before 4 1 year BC, there were some geometric concepts such as point, line, surface, square and circle in Mohist works.
metallurgy
Many beautifully cast bronze drums have been unearthed in Guangxi since the Spring and Autumn Period, which reflects that people of all ethnic groups in southwest China had a high bronze casting technology a long time ago.
Some large bronzes unearthed in Luoyang, Henan Province from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period have been cast separately from the accessories of the body, and then welded into a whole with alloys (possibly lead-copper alloys). Six kinds of Cu-Sn alloys with different compositions and uses were recorded in the Warring States Period's Flower King Gongji, and the specifications are basically the same as those of modern tin bronze. This is the earliest research record of alloy composition in the world. At the latest in the Spring and Autumn Period, our people have mastered the technology of smelting iron. Iron wares in the Spring and Autumn Period were unearthed in Chengqiao, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province and Longdongpo, Changsha, Hunan Province. Cast iron technology was invented at the beginning of the Warring States period or earlier, which is a great contribution of working people in China to metallurgical technology, about 1800 years earlier than foreign countries. A large number of iron molds in the Warring States period were unearthed from the tomb of Shouwang in Xinglong County, Hebei Province, including complex compound molds and double cavities, and difficult metal cores were used, which reflected that the casting technology at that time had reached a high level. The technology of softening and annealing to make malleable castings and the technology of multi-tube blast invented in the Warring States period are important achievements of metallurgical technology, which are about 2000 years earlier than those in Europe. During the Warring States period, he also mastered the solid carburizing method and quenching technology of block ironmaking.
Other technologies
Archaeological findings show that copper plows were used in China before the Spring and Autumn Period, and small iron farm tools were available at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Since the mid-Warring States period, iron farm tools have become quite common. A complete set of iron farming tools has been unearthed from Wei Tomb of Warring States Period in Guwei Village, Huiju, Henan Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the working people in our country have invented jieg-ao (a tool to lift water by leverage). In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang recorded Deng Xi (? -50 1 BC) The story of teaching people to use oranges. In the 5th century BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period, China had invented a kind of riprapper (cannon), which used a lever to riprap and kill the enemy.
The ancient mine site discovered in Tonglushan, Daye, Hubei Province from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to the beginning of the Warring States Period shows that the multi-stage development mode of vertical shaft, inclined shaft, inclined roadway and drift was effectively adopted at that time. The deepest vertical shaft is more than 50 meters deep, and the shaft and roadway are supported by the sun-jointed or overlapping derrick, and hoisting tools such as hoists are used. At the same time, gravity beneficiation method can be used to analyze the grade of the deposit and determine the heading direction of the roadway, reflecting that the mining technology at that time was quite developed. Kao Gong Ji, written in wartime, is an important work of ancient engineering technology in China. It records the production specifications of production tools, household appliances, musical instruments and weapons, as well as the setting specifications of buildings such as cities and houses. Lacquer manufacturing was quite developed during the Warring States period. A large number of exquisite lacquerware were unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha, Hunan.
During the Warring States period, the harness of horses was quite perfect, with saddles and stirrups to facilitate riding.
During the Warring States Period, China was able to produce quite exquisite carriages, and a number of chariots were found at the Warring States Site in Huixian County, Henan Province. Zhuangzi Tiandao records the story that the car maker Lun Bian laughed at Qi Huangong's The Book of the Saints with fearless spirit, which shows the contempt of the ancient working people for the "saints". Around 256 BC, during the Warring States Period, the working people adopted "accumulated firewood burning" in the construction of cutting mountains and splitting ridges when building Dujiangyan project, which caused the rocks to crack on their own due to uneven thermal expansion and cold contraction. This is a creation in architectural technology.
3. The Qin Dynasty was relatively short, and its scientific achievements were generally related to the Han Dynasty:
The scientific and technological achievements in Qin and Han Dynasties ranked first in the world: Li Bing (date of birth is unknown) and his son led Sichuanese to build the famous Dujiangyan water conservancy project, built dams and weirs near guanxian, cleverly set up a "fish mouth" to divide the Minjiang River into Neijiang and Waijiang, and set up a stone man on Neijiang as a water gauge to measure the water level. The principle of weir flow under a certain head is successfully applied to control the diversion flow, which not only relieves the flood in Minjiang River, but also ". Dujiangyan project has a high scientific level and creativity in planning, design and construction. It is an outstanding achievement of ancient water conservancy projects and still plays a beneficial role today.
Astronomy, the invention of papermaking, the publication of Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, the construction of medical theoretical system, etc.