1. Memory: the cultural remains of Yuanmou people and Beijingers.

1) Yuanmou man in Yunnan was about 1.7 million years ago, and was the earliest known human in China.

2) Beijingers lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 700,000-200,000 years ago, and they are the most representative primitive people in China. Keep the physical characteristics of apes, walk upright, be able to make and use tools by hand for labor, use natural fire and live in groups.

2. Know the legends of Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu.

1) Yan Di: According to legend, the leader of the tribal alliance in the Yellow River valley, known as Shennong, was the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China. 2) Huangdi: According to legend, he is the leader of the tribal alliance in the Yellow River Valley and is considered as the founder of Chinese civilization. 3) Yan Di and Huangdi are known as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation. 4) Yao, Shun and Yu successively became the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River basin, and Yao and Shun elected their successors through the "abdication system"; So the hero of water control.

3. Know the historical facts of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty: Around 2070 BC, the first country in the history of China, the Xia Dynasty, was established, with Yangcheng as its capital. After Yu's death, his son Qi inherited his father's throne, and the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system.

4. Understand the social changes during the Warring States Period through Shang Yang's political reform.

Historical facts: In 356 BC, Shang Yang of Qin began to reform. The main contents are as follows: 1) compile household registration and strengthen punishment; 2) Reward production; 3) Reward the military industry; 4) admit that land is private; 5) county system; 6) Unified measurement.

Function: After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength increased greatly, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of six countries in the future.

5, know Chen Sheng, Guangwu uprising. In the summer of 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu led an uprising in osawa Township. The uprising failed, but it was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of our country, which dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.

6. The historical facts of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions. In BC 138 and BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice. Function: It opened the way to the Western Regions and strengthened the ties between the Han Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions.

7. Understand the role of the Silk Road in Sino-foreign exchanges.

The Silk Road is a famous ancient land trade passage across Eurasia, from Chang 'an to Central Asia, West Asia and Europe via Hexi Corridor and present-day Xinjiang. Function: The Silk Road is a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, which has effectively promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, enhanced mutual understanding and friendship between China and people of other countries, and played a positive role in promoting the prosperity of the Han Dynasty. This Silk Road is still an important channel for Sino-Western exchanges, and it still plays an important role in China's foreign economic and cultural exchanges today.

8. Understand the historical facts of Qin's annexation of six countries and explore the significance of establishing a unified country.

Historical facts: From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin destroyed six countries and established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in China history. Significance: Qin's reunification ended the long-term separatist war between countries since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, established the first unified centralized state in China's history, created a new situation of reunification, conformed to the historical trend, and was conducive to the people's livelihood and socio-economic and cultural development at that time, in line with the wishes of the broad masses of the people and played a role in promoting historical development; The unification of Qin laid the foundation for the establishment and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China, and the trend of great unification became the mainstream of China's historical development.

9. Understand the main historical facts of Qin Shihuang's strengthening of centralization and the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and evaluate Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

Project \ Emperor's Measures

Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization 1 stipulated that the supreme ruler of the country was called the emperor, which had supreme status; 2, in the central, set up the prime minister, qiu, suggestion, responsible for the emperor; 3, the local county system is implemented, and officials are directly appointed and removed by the court; 4, unified car shape, text, currency, weights and measures; (1) After the reunification of Qin Dynasty, seal script was adopted as the national standard, and later simpler official script became popular among the people. B currency: Qin copper coins with round square holes are used uniformly. 5. Organize the restoration of the Great Wall; 6. Burn books to bury Confucianism.

The unification measure of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was 1, and the "favor decree" was promulgated, which further weakened the power of the kingdom and strengthened the control of the central government over the localities; 2. Strengthen the supervision system; 3. Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"; Regard Confucianism as the orthodox thought of feudal rule; 4. Vigorously promote Confucian education, set up imperial academy in Chang 'an, and educate young children with Confucian classics. 5, vigorously counterattack the Huns, further developing and consolidating the national unity; 6. Zhang Sai was sent to the Western Regions, which opened up a commercial route to the Western Regions. We evaluate Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was an accomplished emperor in the Western Han Dynasty. On the basis of economic prosperity and political consolidation in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday. During his reign, a unified pattern appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. The unification of Liang Wudi conforms to the trend of establishing a unified country and the direction of historical development.

10 1. The craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty used various minerals to burn blue, green and yellow colored pottery, so they were called Tang Sancai. Tang Sancai's works are mostly figures or animal figurines, all of which are lifelike and lifelike, and they are art treasures.

102. The style of painting in the Tang Dynasty paid great attention to the change of lines. Whether it is a common thing, a flying fairy in the clouds, or a geisha playing the lute, it gives people the aesthetic feeling of "the wind is flying in the sky and the walls are full of wind" and "the roots are strong".

103, the most accomplished astronomer in the Tang Dynasty was Monk and his party (formerly known as Zhang Sui). Through observation, he confirmed that the speed of the sun is uneven, fast and slow. The monk and his party also measured the meridian length on a large scale, which is the first time in the world.

104. There are "six ancient capitals" in the ancient history of China. They are Xi 'an in Shaanxi, Luoyang in Henan, Nanjing and Beijing in Jiangsu (the above four places are the capitals of many dynasties), Kaifeng in Henan and Hangzhou in Zhejiang (the capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty respectively).

105. During the Tang Dynasty, China was the most advanced country in the East. The Japanese have sent more than ten groups of Tang envoys to study in China, with a number of 500 to 600. After returning to China, these Japanese envoys actively spread China's social system and culture, and promoted the friendly relations and cultural exchanges between China and Japan.

In A.D. 106 and 907, Zhu Wen abolished the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and established the Liang Dynasty, which was called Houliang in history. In the following 50 years, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Friday Dynasty successively ruled the Yellow River Basin, collectively known as the Five Dynasties (907-960 AD). During the same period, there were various places in the south and Shanxi in the north, and a total of 10 was divided into political power, which was collectively called ten countries. By 960 AD, the Song Dynasty was established, and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries ended.

In A.D. 107 and 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the latter Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi (now the northeast of Kaifeng, Henan). His men dressed him in a yellow robe and made him emperor, with the title of "Song" and Kaifeng as its capital, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960- 1 127). Zhao Kuangyin is Song Taizu.

108. In order to consolidate its rule, Song Taizu adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Zhao Pu and strengthened centralization. He held a banquet to relieve Shi Shouxin and others of their military power. This is the famous "relieving the soldiers with a glass of wine" in history.

109, Wang Anshi was a famous writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. After he was appointed as prime minister by Song Shenzong, he carried out political reform and reorganized finance and military affairs, which was called "Wang Anshi's political reform". Later, due to the strong opposition of Sima Guang and others, the political reform ended in less than ten years.

1 10, Bao Zheng, an official in the Northern Song Dynasty, was an upright official. People regard him as a typical honest official, and respectfully call him, or Bao. China has many touching stories about Bao Gong, expressing people's admiration for him.

1 1 1 During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Buddhism prevailed everywhere. During the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu ordered the carving of the Tripitaka, which was the first large-scale printing of Buddhist scriptures in the history of China.

1 12. Science and technology in ancient China were quite developed. Gunpowder, papermaking, printing and compass are called four great inventions of ancient china.

1 13, Shen Kuo was a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, who was very proficient in astronomy, calendar, music, medicine and mathematics. He recorded his rich research results in On Meng Xi. In addition, he also recorded many inventions of working people at that time, such as movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng.

1 14. The invention and popularization of printing is known as the mother of world civilization. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing on the basis of block printing, which greatly improved the printing efficiency. About 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries and promoted the development of world civilization.

1 15. The invention of gunpowder is closely related to alchemy in ancient China. Because of its strong lethality, gunpowder was widely used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder technology was greatly improved. Later, the manufacturing method of gunpowder spread to Arabia, and from Arabia to European countries.

China invented the compass long ago. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people invented a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation career to a new era. During this period, China's shipbuilding technology was also the most advanced in the world.

1 17, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and other mineral deposits were mined during the Northern Song Dynasty. Copper coins were the standard currency at that time, and the amount of casting was very large. Today, they have been unearthed in vast areas as far east as Japan and west as Europe and Africa.

1 18, the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty was very developed. There are many kinds of porcelain in Song Dynasty, with exquisite designs, and a large number of them are exported overseas. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi has become a famous porcelain capital in China.

1 19. In the Song Dynasty, the main currencies circulating in the market were copper coins, iron coins and gold and silver. For the convenience of carrying, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan in the early Northern Song Dynasty, which was the earliest paper money in the world. The use of paper money provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity.

120, the Song Dynasty made outstanding achievements in acupuncture and forensic medicine. Yi Yuan Ji is the first systematic work of forensic medicine in China, which is more than 300 years earlier than similar works in the West.

12 1, Sima Guang was a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. It took him 19 years to compile Zi Tongzhi Jian, which is a well-known chronological general history, covering more than 300 years from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties19.

122. At the end of the Song Dynasty, a group of people led by Song Jiang revolted in Liangshan, Shandong. Later, The Water Margin, one of China's classical Four Great Classical Novels, was written under this background.

123. During the Song Dynasty, some regimes established by other nationalities appeared in China, such as Liao established by Qidan, Jin established by Jurchen nationality and Xixia established by Tangut. In A.D. 1 127, the Jin army attacked Kaifeng and captured the Northern Song emperors Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. Zhao Gou, another son of Hui Zong, proclaimed himself emperor. He fled to the south and established political power in Hangzhou, becoming the Southern Song Dynasty in history (A.D. 1 127- 1279).

124, Yue Fei was a famous gold fighter in the Southern Song Dynasty. He led the army to the north to recover the territory of Song State occupied by Jin Jun, but was killed by others on trumped-up charges. Yue Fei was buried by the West Lake in Hangzhou. In order to commemorate him, later generations put a kneeling statue of Qin Gui and others cast with pig iron in front of his grave, expressing their strong hatred for the traitor.

125, 127 1 year. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he attacked the Southern Song Dynasty on a large scale. Wen Tianxiang, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, organized military and civilian resistance and was captured after his failure. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty used various methods to persuade him to surrender. He would rather die than surrender, and wrote poems such as Song Zhengqi and Crossing the Ocean, which showed indomitable national integrity. The phrase "Who has never died in life since ancient times? In Zero Zero and Ding Yang, "Keep the heart of Dan and shine on history" has become a famous saying throughout the ages.

20 1 and 1898, Russia forcibly "leased" Lushun and Dalian, taking the north of the Great Wall and Xinjiang as its sphere of influence.

In 2002, 1898, France forcibly "leased" Guangzhou Bay, taking Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan as its sphere of influence.

In 2003, 1898, Britain forcibly "leased" the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula, south of Shenzhen River and nearby islands (collectively referred to as the New Territories), and took the Yangtze River valley 10 province as its sphere of influence.

204. After Japan occupied Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands, it seized Fujian as its sphere of influence in 1898.

At the end of 205 19, when imperialism started to carve up China, the United States was busy competing with Spain for the Philippines. In order to expand its aggressive rights and interests in China, 1899 put forward an aggressive policy of "open door". Since then, although the United States has not occupied or leased the territory of China or divided its sphere of influence in China, it has expanded its aggression against China in a more cunning way.

206. The monograph on the expansion of Hong Kong's border sites was the Kowloon Treaty on Lease signed by Britain against the Qing court, and 1898 was signed in Beijing on 9 June. The main content is: Kowloon (excluding Kowloon City) was leased to Britain for 99 years.

In 2007, 1898, Britain forced the Qing court to "lease" Kowloon Peninsula, which aroused the indignation of Kowloon people. 1898 April 15 16, Kowloon people armed thousands of people to stop the British invasion in Tai Po Market. Later, under the suppression of the British and Qing armies, the struggle failed.

208. The Sino-US Treaty on Chinese Workers is a treaty that the Qing court was forced to conclude by the United States to restrict workers in China. 1concluded in Washington in March, 894. The main content is that China people are not allowed to enter the United States.

209. The Sino-Portuguese Beijing Treaty is an unequal treaty that Portugal forced the Qing court to conclude with the support of Britain. Signed in Beijing on June 1 887+February1. The main contents are as follows: China allows Portuguese to live and manage Macao and its land permanently.

2 10, 1895 On May 2, Kang Youwei mobilized 1300 people in Beijing to take the exam, and wrote to Emperor Guangxu, opposing the signing of the treaty of shimonoseki, proposing to move the capital to resist Japan and demanding political reform, which was called "writing by bus" (in ancient China, the imperial court used horses and chariots to transport Jinshi to Beijing to take the exam, and later people used it for personal use.

A political reform movement took place in China. At that time, Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty accepted the political reform ideas put forward by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, promulgated a series of political reform letters, carried out the New Deal, and reformed the country's politics, economy, culture and military. Cultural Knowledge of Overseas Chinese in China Cultural Knowledge of Overseas Chinese in China However, the Reform Movement of 1898 only lasted 103 days and failed under the suppression of Empress Dowager Cixi.

2 12, Shi Jing University Hall is the earliest university in modern China. 1898 opened in Beijing, which was one of the "New Deal" measures of the Reform Movement of 1898. 1900 was forced to close down due to Eight-Nation Alliance's occupation of Beijing. After the Revolution of 1911, it was changed to Peking University.

2 13, Tan Sitong, an important figure in the Reform Movement of 1898. After Empress Dowager Cixi put down the coup, Tan didn't want to escape. He said that he was willing to shed blood and sacrifice for the reform, and then he died generously, leaving a famous sentence of "I laugh at the sky with a horizontal knife, and I keep two Kunlun mountains in my heart".

2 14 Boxer Rebels, formerly known as the Boxer Rebels, were anti-imperialist armed forces spontaneously organized by poor peasants and urban poor in North China and Northeast China, and developed to Beijing and Tianjin in 1900. The Boxer Rebellion bravely resisted Eight-Nation Alliance's aggression, forcing the invading army to retreat many times, and finally failed under the joint suppression of Eight-Nation Alliance and the Qing army.

2 15, Eight-Nation Alliance refers to the joint forces of eight imperialist countries, namely Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, Italy and Austria, which invaded China. 1900, in order to suppress the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle of the Boxer Rebellion and expand its aggression, Eight-Nation Alliance attacked China on a large scale, captured Tianjin and Peiping, burned and looted everywhere, and committed heinous crimes against the people of China.

2 16, 1900 (in the year of boxer), Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, forcing the Qing court to conclude the "Xin Chou Treaty" the following year, stipulating that China should compensate more than 454 million taels of silver, and use tariffs and other taxes as collateral. This kind of compensation is called "boxer indemnity".

2 17, the "Xin Chou Treaty" was a humiliating treaty that Eight-Nation Alliance forced the Qing court to sign after it captured Beijing. 190 1 year (the year of Xin Chou) In July, the Qing court signed with representatives from eleven countries including Britain, the United States, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium.

2 18. The main contents of the "Xin Chou Treaty" are: China compensated silver for more than 450 million yuan, with customs duties and other taxes as the guarantee; The Qing court promised to prohibit people from participating in anti-imperialist activities; The Qing court demolished Dagu Fort and allowed imperialist countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. Dongjiaomin Lane is designated as the "embassy boundary", which allows all countries to station troops for protection, but does not allow China people to live. This treaty further strengthened the imperialist rule over China, indicating that the Qing court was completely reduced to an instrument of imperialist rule over China.

2 19, Hailan artillery and the sixty-four villages massacre in Jiangdong: 1900 In July, Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Tianjin, and Russia dispatched170,000 troops to invade the three northeastern provinces in six ways. 16 years, Russian invaders suddenly surrounded the Hailanpao on the east coast of Heilongjiang, killing more than 6,000 people in China or driving them to Heilongjiang with a knife and gun, and drowned them alive. The next day, he seized 64 villages in Jiangdong and brutally slaughtered local residents by the same means.

Empress Dowager Cixi was the actual ruler of Tongzhi and Guangxu dynasties in the late Qing Dynasty. China has been ruled for nearly half a century since the 186 1 coup.

22 1 and 1905, the Qing court announced the abolition of the imperial examination system, and new schools began to be established throughout China.

In 222, 1905, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changsha, Hankou, Tianjin and other cities launched a patriotic campaign to boycott American goods, and Japanese students and overseas Chinese in China also responded.

In 223, 1903, 19-year-old Zou Rong, a student studying in China, wrote the book Revolutionary Army in Shanghai, calling on's 400 million compatriots to rise up, overthrow the Qing court and establish an independent, democratic and free "Republic of China". The book sold more than 6,543,800 copies, which caused a sensation among intellectuals and overseas Chinese.

In 224, 1903, Chen Tianhua, who was studying in Japan, wrote two books: Looking Back Suddenly and Jing Shi Zhong. In the form of popular words and lyrics, he pointed out that China was in danger of national subjugation, and called on the people to wake up and shoulder the responsibility of saving the country. These two books had a great influence on the propaganda revolution at that time.

225. Sun Yat-sen, whose real name is Yixian, was born in Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province (now Zhongshan City) and was a great democratic revolutionary. He led the Revolution of 1911 which overthrew the rule of Qing Dynasty and feudal monarchy.