The Colosseum The Colosseum of Death in Rome.

Constantine Arc de Triomphe

Pompeii city

celebrity

Latin letters have become the basis for many ethnic groups to create words. Roman law and jurisprudence have had a far-reaching impact on all countries in the world. Latin prose represented by Caesar and Cicero, and Roman poetry represented by Virgil, Horace and Ovid are the objects of study by scholars all over the world. Christianity, which came into being and developed in the Roman Empire, has had a far-reaching impact on the development of the whole mankind, especially the European culture.

Tacitus, a famous historian, has immortal works such as Chronicle, General History and Germanic Annals. Li Wei is the author of History of Rome. Appiah, the former governor of Egypt in the Roman Empire, also wrote the famous history of Rome. At the same time, Julius Caesar himself wrote a series of wars described in the third person, such as the war in Gaul. The philosopher Lucretius's On Physical Properties is the only book that has been handed down so far to expound the ancient atomism, and the famous scholar Pliny the Old is an important document to study the history of science and technology in ancient Rome.

law

One of the most important contributions of ancient Rome to western civilization is its complete legal system, including civil law (only applicable to Roman citizens), natural law (applicable to everyone) and state relations law (used to adjust the relationship between Romans and other nationalities). From the second century to the sixth century, Roman law experienced a process of continuous supplement and perfection, and was compiled and promulgated in 534 under the auspices of Justinian, king of the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, it was called "the encyclopedia of civil law" and "the ladder of law". The influence of this code on western civilization is considered to be second only to the Bible, and its basic ideas and principles have been integrated into the laws of western countries and even countries around the world.

The origin and development of Roman law;

In the early Roman countries, there were only customary laws and no written laws. The symbol of the birth of written law is the promulgation of the twelve bronze tables law.

Civil law: Roman law, which is limited to Roman citizens and used to adjust the relations between Roman citizens, is called civil law.

Law of nations: In the process of Rome's external expansion, it gradually formed a law that is generally applicable to all free people within the scope of Roman rule, that is, the law of nations.

In the 6th century, The Complete Book of Civil Law marked the final completion of the Roman law system.

education

The education in ancient Rome is mainly divided into * * (6th century BC-BC 1 century) and imperial (BC 1 century-5th century) education. Here is an introduction to the education in Rome during the * * * period. In the * * * and early days, Rome's economy was dominated by agriculture, and wars with neighboring countries were frequent. Therefore, Roman education in this period was characterized by the education of peasants and soldiers, and family education was the main form of education. * * * and later, Roman industry and commerce developed, and reformed in the process of absorbing and digesting Greek culture and education, which promoted the development of Roman school education. At that time, there were two school systems in Rome, namely the Greek school and the Latin school. Greek schools are divided into Greek law schools in secondary schools and Greek rhetoric schools in higher education. At the same time, Latin schools are also different from Latin law schools in secondary education and Latin rhetoric schools in higher education. Among them, Latin Rhetoric School enrolls 16~ 18-year-old grammar school graduates, the main purpose of which is to train speakers. The main content of study is the works and rhetoric of ancient writers, as well as dialectics, history, law, mathematics, astronomy, geometry, ethics and music. Greek culture and education had an influence on later Europe after the transformation of Rome.

literature

Most of the early literary creations were folk songs, and few of them were handed down. Real literary works appeared in the 3rd century BC, and the first poet in Roman history was Androni Cous. Roman drama flourished in the 2nd century BC, including tragedies and comedies. The famous tragic writer is Akzius, and the famous comic writer is Protas. Latin prose is also gradually emerging, with Cato as the pioneer. Octavian's period was a prosperous period of Roman literature. Famous poets are Virgil, Horace and Ovid. Virgil's early pastoral poems are called pastoral poems, which show deep feelings for Italian pastoral scenery. Virgil's epic Aeneas praised Rome, and the first six volumes described the story of Aeneas leading Trouvat to Italy. The last six volumes are the entrepreneurial process of Aeneas' conquest of Latin America and the establishment of Rome. The theme is to emphasize the greatness of the Roman Empire established by Augustus. Horace is good at lyric poetry, and his masterpiece is ode. His works either praise the traditional spirit of the Romans or praise the "achievements" of Augustus. Ovid's works are mostly about love. His early three volumes of love poems are about his love story with his imaginary lover Corinna. Ovid's masterpiece is Metamorphosis, which retells the fairy tales of ancient Greece and Rome. From the creation of the universe to Caesar's ultimate transformation into a god, the plot is full of joy and fantasy. In 8 BC, Ovid was exiled to the Black Sea coast. In the desolate years, he wrote an elegy and a book from Ben Du, expressing his yearning for his hometown.

Historical science

The earliest historical work in ancient Rome was Chronicle, which was produced in the middle of the 5th century BC. The first Roman historian was Fabius Picto. The real founder of Roman historiography is Cato, who wrote founding ceremony. In the 2nd century AD, the Greek historian Polibbi wrote A General History, which described the Punic War and the Roman conquest in the eastern Mediterranean. The first five volumes exist, and the others are just fragments. * * * and the last historian Eustace wrote the Catalina Conspiracy and the Battle of Juguda, which recorded the important historical facts of * * * and Rome in the later period. Famous historians in the imperial era include Li Yu, Tacitus and Appiah.

natural science

The most famous representative of natural science is Pliny Sr who wrote natural history. Agricultural science in ancient Rome was also relatively developed. Cato and Varo are the main representatives of the * * * and the period, and they write about agriculture respectively. In the 1 century, an agricultural scientist, Crumela, appeared, and his masterpiece was also called On Agriculture. In terms of geography, Octavian compiled a map, and Strappo, a Greek, compiled Geography in the 1 th century BC, summed up the geographical knowledge accumulated by the West at that time and drew a map of the world including Europe, Africa and Asia. In astronomy, Ptolemy wrote "Astronomy Encyclopedia" in the 2nd century A.D., which contributed to astronomy, but mainly inherited and perfected the geocentric theory, and its fallacy was later used by the church to rule Europe for thousands of years. In medicine, Celsus wrote a medical paper in Tiberius era, but only some fragments were left. Galen made great achievements in anatomy, biology, pathology and medicine in the era of Kyle Aurelio, and his works have long been regarded as classics by western medical circles.