Common teaching methods

? What are the common teaching methods?

? At present, the teaching methods commonly used in primary and secondary schools in China mainly include: the teaching method of obtaining indirect experience in the form of language, the teaching method of obtaining experience in the form of intuition, and the teaching method of forming skills and skills in the form of practical training. These teaching methods are often adopted, mainly because they have extremely important use value and play a specific role in improving teaching quality. However, no teaching method is omnipotent. It requires teachers to master the characteristics, functions, applicable scope and conditions of various common teaching methods, as well as the problems that should be paid attention to, so as to make them play an effective role in teaching practice.

(A) the method of obtaining indirect experience in the form of language.

? This teaching method refers to the teaching method mainly through oral language activities of teachers and students and students' independent reading of written language. It mainly includes: teaching method, talking method, discussion method and reading guide method.

1 teaching method

Teaching method is a teaching method in which teachers describe situations, tell facts, explain concepts, demonstrate principles and clarify laws to students in oral language.

2 Conversation method

Talk method, also known as answer method. It is a way to spread and learn knowledge through the conversation between teachers and students. Its characteristic is that teachers guide students to use existing experience and knowledge to answer teachers' questions, so as to acquire new knowledge or consolidate and check what they have learned.

3 discussion method

Discussion method is a way for the whole class or group to express their opinions, discuss with each other, inspire each other and brainstorm around a central issue under the guidance of teachers.

4 reading guidance method

Reading guidance method is a teaching method that teachers guide students to acquire knowledge by reading textbooks and reference materials independently.

(B) the method of obtaining direct experience in an intuitive form

This teaching method refers to the method that teachers organize students to get in touch with real things directly and gain perceptual knowledge through sensory perception, so as to understand what they have learned. It mainly includes demonstration method and visit method.

1 demonstration method

Demonstration is a teaching method in which teachers show physical objects or physical models to students for observation, or through demonstration experiments and modern teaching methods, so that students can acquire knowledge updates. It is an auxiliary teaching method, which is often used together with lectures, conversations and discussions.

2 access method

? According to the requirements of teaching purpose, visiting method is a method to organize students to certain off-campus places-nature, production site and other social life places, so that students can acquire new knowledge through observation and research on actual things and phenomena.

(3) Teaching methods form skills and skills in the form of practical training.

? This teaching method is a teaching method with the main task of forming students' skills, behavior habits and cultivating students' ability to solve problems. It mainly includes exercises, experiments and exercises.

1 exercise method

? Exercise method is a basic method for students to consolidate knowledge and cultivate various learning skills under the guidance of teachers, and it is also an important practical activity in the process of students' learning.

2 experimental methods

? Under the guidance of teachers, experimental method is a teaching method in which students use certain equipment and materials to control the operation of experimental objects and gain new knowledge or verify knowledge by observing these changes. It is also a common method in natural science.

3 practice method (or practice method)

Practice method is a teaching method in which students take part in certain practical work in a certain practice place in order to master certain skills and related direct knowledge, or verify indirect knowledge, and comprehensively apply what they have learned.

What are the common teaching methods?

The teaching methods commonly used in primary and secondary schools in China are:

1) teaching method

Teaching method is a way for teachers to impart knowledge to students through oral language. Teaching methods include telling, explaining, reading and speaking. When teachers use various teaching methods to teach, most of them are accompanied by teaching methods. This is the most commonly used teaching method in China.

2) Talking about the law

Talking is also called asking and answering. It is a way for teachers to ask students questions according to certain teaching requirements, ask students to answer them, and guide students to acquire or consolidate knowledge through questions and answers. Speaking is especially helpful to stimulate students' thinking, arouse their enthusiasm for learning and cultivate their ability of independent thinking and language expression. Conversation is a common method in junior high schools, especially in the lower grades of primary schools.

Conversation methods can be divided into retrospective conversation and enlightening conversation. Reviewing heart-to-heart talk is to ask a series of questions to students according to the textbooks they have learned, and to help students review, deepen and systematize what they have learned through questions and answers between teachers and students. Enlightening conversation is to guide students to think deeply and explore new knowledge step by step by asking them questions they have thought about.

3) Demonstration method

Demonstration teaching is a method for teachers to show students physical or visual teaching AIDS, or do demonstration experiments, and gain perceptual knowledge through actual observation to explain and confirm what they have taught.

Demonstration teaching can make students gain vivid and intuitive perceptual knowledge, deepen their impression of the learning object, connect the theoretical knowledge in books with practical things, and form correct and profound concepts; Can provide some vivid perceptual materials, stimulate students' interest in learning, concentrate students' attention, help students understand, remember and consolidate what they have learned; It can enable students to think through observation and thinking, and develop their abilities of observation, imagination and thinking.

4) Practice methods

Exercise is a teaching method in which students repeatedly complete certain actions or activities under the guidance of teachers, relying on conscious control and correction, thus forming skills, skills or behavior habits. From the physiological mechanism, students can form a certain dynamic stereotype in the nervous system through practice, so as to successfully complete some activities. Exercises are widely used in the teaching of various disciplines, especially instrumental disciplines (such as Chinese, foreign languages, mathematics, etc.). ) and technical subjects (such as sports, music, art, etc. Practice plays an important role in consolidating knowledge, guiding students to apply knowledge to practice, developing students' ability and forming students' moral quality.

5) Reading instruction method

Reading guidance method is a method for teachers to guide students to acquire or consolidate knowledge by reading textbooks and reference books. Students master book knowledge, of course, depends on the teacher's teaching, but also depends on their own reading and understanding, in order to digest, consolidate and expand knowledge. In particular, only through independent reading can students master reading methods, improve their self-study ability and develop good reading habits.

6) Classroom discussion method

Under the guidance of teachers, classroom discussion is a teaching organization and teaching method that students discuss and debate together after thinking independently about the basic theories or major difficult problems in textbooks, which can be carried out in the whole class or large groups.

7) experimental methods

Under the guidance of teachers, experimental method is a teaching method in which students use certain equipment and materials to control the operation process of conditions, so as to make some changes in the experimental objects and gain new knowledge or verify knowledge from observing these changes. Experiment is an important method in the teaching of physics, chemistry, biology, geography and knowledge of nature. General experiments are conducted in laboratories, biological or agricultural experimental parks. Some experiments can also be done in the classroom. With the development of modern natural science, experimental methods have emerged. With the rapid development of modern science and technology and experimental means, experimental methods play an increasingly important role. Through experiments, students can connect some direct knowledge with book knowledge, thus obtaining complete knowledge and cultivating students' independent exploration ability, experimental operation ability and scientific research interest. It is an indispensable condition to improve the teaching quality of natural science related disciplines.

8) Heuristic method

Enlightening teaching can be embodied by questions and answers, lectures, exercises and other forms; It can also be realized through the vivid narration of teachers, which makes students associate and leave a deep impression. Therefore, inspiration is a kind of teaching thought that has guiding significance for all kinds of teaching methods and activities, and heuristic teaching method is a teaching method to carry out inspiring teaching thought. In other words, no matter what teaching method, as long as the idea of inspiring teaching is implemented, it is a heuristic teaching method, otherwise it is not a heuristic teaching method.

9) Practice methods

Practice is a teaching method that teachers organize students to carry out practical learning activities inside and outside the school and apply book knowledge to practice according to the requirements of the syllabus. This method can well embody the spirit of integrating theory with practice, and it is of great significance to cultivate students' ability to analyze and solve problems, especially their practical skills. Practice plays an important role in various disciplines of natural science and vocational education. Compared with the experimental method, this method has many similarities, but it plays a special role in enabling students to obtain direct knowledge, verifying and consolidating the book knowledge they have learned, and cultivating students' practical skills and abilities.

Chinese teaching methods

(1) Reading methods (reading aloud, reading silently, reciting)

(2) Teaching methods

(3) Dialogue method (question and answer, conversation, discussion and debate)

(4) Internship (observation, investigation, interview, visit, experiment, investigation, textual research, games, communication, tourism, internship, internship, homework, etc.). )

(5) Audio-visual education means (cameras, slide projectors, projectors, tape recorders, radio, television, movies, video recorders, voice experiments, computers, networks and multimedia).

(6) Research methods (problem-solution; Topic-inquiry type; Experimental demonstration type)

(7) Self-study method (self-study-counseling) (Lu Zhongheng, Wei Shusheng)

(8) Examples of other teaching methods:

1, Language Sense Teaching Method (Hong,)

2. Thinking teaching method

3. Emotional Teaching Method (Yu Yi)

4. Case teaching method (Genschein, Klafki)

5. Teaching Methods (Cai Clarification)

6. Situational teaching method (Li Jilin)

7. Teaching method of reading guidance (Qian Menglong)

8. Target Teaching Method (Bloom)

9. Feedback teaching method (Liu)

10, problem teaching method (Dewey, Makhmudov)

1 1, appreciation teaching method

12, activity teaching method (Dewey)

13, point-to-point teaching method

14, Happy Teaching Method (Primary School Attached to Shanghai First Normal University, etc. )

15, Successful Teaching Method (Shanghai Zhabei No.8 Middle School)

16, holistic teaching method (inspection beam)

17, cooperative teaching method (Slaven, USA, monash Willy, former Soviet Union)

18, Heuristic Teaching Method (Yukime, Bo Test Method Latu) (Qiu Xuehua)

19, Design Teaching Method (Keboqu)

20. Discovery teaching method (Bruner)

2 1, innovative teaching methods (Osborne, guildford, Tao Xingzhi)

22. Differential Teaching Method (China)

22. Unit teaching method

23. Comparative teaching method

24. Procedural teaching method (Skinner, plessy)

25. Intuitive teaching method

26. Graphic teaching method (Wang Songquan)

27. Hint teaching method (Lozanov)

28. Competition teaching method (Luo)

29. Chinese Teaching Method (Zhang Xiaochun)

30. Non-instructional teaching methods (Rogers)

3 1. Master the learning teaching method (Bloom)

32. Dalton Teaching Method (Burkhorst)

33. Teaching methods of meaningful learning (Ausubel)

34. Transfer teaching method (Ma Xinlan)

35. Try teaching methods (Qiu Xuehua)

36. Learning-guided teaching method (Xu)

Students' learning method: discussion method (cooperative learning method)? Practice method? Practice? Visiting methods? Independent inquiry method?

Discovery teaching method appreciation method

Discovery Teaching Method (Baidu Encyclopedia)

Discovery, as a strict teaching method, was put forward by American cognitive psychologist Jerome S. Bruner (19 15-) in his book "The Educational Process". This method requires students, under the careful guidance of teachers, to "discover" the causal relationship and internal relations of things through their own exploration and research, form concepts and obtain principles, just like scientists discover truth.

? Chinese name? Sponsor? Natural? Characteristics of discovery method

? How to find it? Educational process? Jerome S. Bruner? Teaching methods? Listen to the sound.

In this cognitive learning process, students can experience both the excitement of "discovering" knowledge and the confidence to complete the task. This kind of excitement and self-confidence can stimulate students' inner motivation to learn. Bruner said: "Discovery includes all forms of acquiring knowledge with one's own mind." Discovery method can correctly and comprehensively reflect the relationship between teaching and learning in development. Discovery method is also called exploration method, research method, modern heuristic or problem teaching method. It refers to a method that teachers only give students some facts (examples) and questions when they learn concepts and principles, so that students can actively think, explore independently, and discover and master the corresponding principles and conclusions by themselves. Its guiding ideology is to take students as the main body and realize the cognitive process independently, that is, to let students explore voluntarily under the inspiration of teachers; Methods and steps to scientifically understand and solve problems; Study the attributes of objective things; Find out the reasons for the development of things and the internal relations of things, find out the laws from them, and form your own concept.

? Find the background?

Discovery method is an ancient method in terms of its ideological origin. Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker, said in Emile: "As for me, I don't want to teach Emile geometry, on the contrary, he will teach me;" I looked for those relationships, and he found those relationships, because when I looked for those relationships, I used a method to enable him to find those relationships. "

? German bourgeois democratic educator Dostoevsky (1790- 1866) said: "Scientific knowledge should not be taught to students, but should guide students to discover them and master them independently". He added, "A bad teacher will reveal the truth, while a good teacher will teach people to discover the truth." Spencer in Britain also said, "In any case, it is not too much to insist on a person's personal development, that is, to encourage children as much as possible in education, guide them to explore and infer themselves, tell them as little as possible, and guide them to discover as much as possible." Dewey (1859- 1952), an American pragmatic educator, once thought: "The purpose of seeking knowledge in schools is not knowledge itself, but a method to enable students to acquire knowledge by themselves." These viewpoints are undoubtedly the ideological basis of discovery method.

Although the discovery method is an ancient method, it has not established a clear definition. Some people call it teaching method, others call it learning method, and some people advocate distinguishing "discovery learning" from "learning for the purpose of discovery". The former is a method of learning through the process of discovery, while the latter takes the method of learning discovery itself as the purpose of learning. However, some people often combine the two. Bruner, a contemporary American cognitive psychologist and professor at Harvard University, believes that to cultivate creative scientific and technological talents, students should not only master the basic concepts and principles of the subject, but also cultivate their exploratory attitude towards learning, thus vigorously promoting the wide use of discovery. He pointed out: "Discovery is not limited to seeking things that humans have not yet known. To be exact, he said, it includes all the ways to acquire knowledge by yourself with your own mind. " Because of his advocacy, people have paid more attention to and studied the discovery method.

Discover the learning process?

The basic and typical learning process of discovery method is: (1) mastering learning topics (creating problem situations); (2) Put forward assumptions (put forward various possible assumptions and answers to solve the problem; (3) Looking for supplements, modifications and summaries.

Bruner believes that the discovery method has the following advantages: (1) can improve students' wisdom and bring their potential into play; (2) It can stimulate students' intrinsic motivation and enhance their self-confidence; (3) To enable students to learn the inquiry methods of discovery, and to cultivate students' ability to ask and solve problems and their attitude of creating and inventing; (4) Because students systematize and structure their knowledge, they can better understand and consolidate the learning content and make better use of it.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of discovery?

? Although discovery method has certain advantages, it is not the only teaching method or learning method, and it must be combined with other methods to achieve good results. Some studies have pointed out that students' learning methods cannot be completely equivalent to scientists' discovery methods; Because the discovery method needs to reveal what students must learn, it takes a lot of time and is uneconomical; Discovery method is suitable for those mathematical disciplines that can lead to a variety of assumptions and principles and can be clearly developed, but it is not effective for all disciplines; Because the discovery method requires students to have considerable knowledge and experience and a certain level of thinking development, it is not suitable for any stage of children's development. At the same time, the application of discovery method also needs teaching materials with strict logic and high-level teachers who are familiar with the scientific system of this subject.

? What are the steps of discovery teaching method? ? There are six!

Step 1: Let the students have a clear purpose. Thinking comes from problems, and problems lead to discovery. The teaching of applied discovery needs to define the task and goal of "discovery" first.

Step 2: Make assumptions for students to think clearly.

Step 3: Create scenarios to let students face contradictions. Only inner contradictions can stimulate students' motivation to seek knowledge and explore, so after making demands and giving assumptions, it is necessary to further set up situations to stimulate students' contradictions.

Step 4: Guide students to sort out materials, list evidence, find conclusions and summarize according to cases.

Step 5: Combine the survey results with factual materials to deepen understanding. Students will be overjoyed once they find that their conclusions are consistent with the "answers". If there is any inconsistency, the teacher should give guidance.

Step 6: Apply the knowledge gained from discovery to practice. This link is the sublimation of discovery teaching method and the follow-up requirement.

Discovery method

? Discovery method is a comprehensive teaching method put forward by American psychologist Bruner, which aims at developing inquiry thinking, takes the basic structure of the subject as the content and rediscovery as the learning step. In terms of research methods, experiments, investigations, discussions and self-study are integrated, emphasizing that students are discoverers, participate in the process of knowledge building, and care more about the learning process than the learning results. Students discover the changes and internal relations of things through their own exploration and study, thus gaining regular knowledge.

? What are the teaching methods?

Teaching method is the general name of the ways and means used by teachers and students to achieve the same teaching goal and complete the same teaching task in the teaching process.

Teaching methods are teaching AIDS used only in the teaching process, including modern teaching methods and traditional teaching methods, such as slides, tape recorders, small blackboards, multimedia, physical exhibition tables and so on.

Teaching methods are the means used in teaching, such as internet, watching video courseware, communicating with teachers and classmates through BBS and chat rooms.

Teaching mode is a stable structural form of teaching activities under the guidance of certain educational ideas, teaching theories and learning theories, a set of methodology system of teaching activities, and a relatively stable framework and procedure of teaching activities based on certain teaching theories.

Teaching method is the general name of the ways and means used by teachers and students to achieve the same teaching goal and complete the same teaching task in the teaching process. This can be understood from the following three aspects.

(1) First, it refers to specific teaching methods, which are subordinate to teaching methodology and a level of teaching methodology. Teaching methodology includes four levels: the guiding ideology of teaching methods, basic methods, specific methods and teaching methods.

(2) Teaching methods include two aspects: teachers' teaching methods (teaching methods) and students' learning methods (learning methods), which are the unity of teaching methods and learning methods. Teaching methods must be based on learning methods, otherwise, due to the lack of pertinence and feasibility, the expected goals can not be effectively achieved. However, because teachers are in a dominant position in the teaching process, teaching methods are in a dominant position in teaching methods and learning methods.

(3) Teaching methods are different from teaching methods, but they are closely related to teaching methods. Teaching method is the detail of teaching method, and it is the technology of using various teaching methods. Any teaching method is composed of a series of teaching methods, and these teaching methods can be decomposed into many teaching methods; On the other hand, teaching method is a series of purposeful activities, which can accomplish certain teaching tasks independently. However, teaching methods are only used in teaching methods to serve the teaching tasks to be completed by teaching methods, and they cannot complete a teaching task by themselves.

Concepts closely related to teaching methods include teaching mode and teaching means. Teaching mode is a relatively stable teaching method, procedure and strategy system established to complete a certain teaching topic under the guidance of certain teaching ideas. It consists of several teaching methods with fixed procedures. Each teaching mode has its own guiding ideology and unique functions. They have great influence on the application of teaching methods and the development of teaching practice. The most representative teaching modes in modern teaching are the mode of being taught and the mode of finding problems.

Second, the guiding ideology of using teaching methods

1. Injection type

2. Exploration method

Advocate heuristic, send injection.

Three Teaching Methods Commonly Used in China

1. Teaching methods

talk with each other

3. Discussion method

4. Demonstration method

practise

6. Experimental method

Fourth, the choice of teaching methods.