Most people know Newton's absolute view of time and space and Einstein's relativistic view of time and space. But most people have never seen how Newton himself expressed time and space. In fact, Newton put forward two concepts, absolute space-time and relative space-time. Somehow, Newton's relative space-time is not mentioned in the current textbooks of our school. The following is Newton's description of time and space in the book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (translated by Wang Kedi). Note that here, I define these little-known terms and explain their meanings in order to understand them in the future discussion. I didn't define time, space, place and movement, because they are known to people. The only thing that must be explained is that ordinary people can't imagine these quantities except sensible objects, which will lead to misunderstanding. In order to eliminate misunderstanding, these quantities can be conveniently divided into absolute and relative, real and representation, mathematics and ordinary. ⅰ. Absolute, real and mathematical time, determined by its characteristics, passes evenly by itself, which has nothing to do with all external things, and is also called continuation; Relative representation and ordinary time are perceptual and external (whether accurate or uneven) measures of motion continuity, and are often used instead of real time, such as one hour, one day, one month and one year. Two. Absolute space: its own characteristics have nothing to do with all external things, and it is uniform everywhere and never moves. Relative space is some structures that can move in absolute space, or a measure of absolute space. We perceive it through its relative position with objects. Generally speaking, it is considered as an immovable space, such as the space below the surface, the space in the atmosphere or the space in the sky, which is determined by its relationship with the earth. Absolute space and relative space are the same in shape and size, but not always the same in value. For example, the earth is moving, and the space of the atmosphere is always constant relative to the earth, but at one moment the atmosphere passes through one part of the absolute space, and at another moment it passes through another part of the absolute space. Therefore, in an absolute sense, it is constantly changing. Three. Place is a part of space, occupied by objects. It can be absolute or relative, depending on the nature of space. What I'm talking about here is a part of space, not the position of the object in space, nor the outer surface of the object. Because isosolids are always equal, but because of different shapes, their surfaces are often unequal. There are really no positions at all. They are at most the attributes of this place, not the place itself. The movement of the whole is equal to the sum of the movements of its parts, that is, the movement of the whole from its position is equal to the sum of the movements of its parts from their respective positions. So the whole place is equal to the sum of some places. Therefore, it is internal, within the whole object. Ⅳ. Absolute motion is the movement of an object from one absolute position to another; Relative motion is the migration from one relative position to another. On a sailboat, the relative position of an object is a part of the ship it occupies, or the part of the object that is filled in the cabin and moves with the ship; The so-called relative rest means that the object stays in the same part of the ship or cabin. But in fact, absolute rest should mean that the object is stuck in the same part of a fixed space, while the ship, cabin and the things it carries are moving relative to it. Therefore, if the earth is really at rest, then objects that are at rest relative to the ship will move truly and absolutely at the speed of the ship relative to the earth. But if the earth is also moving, then the real absolute motion of objects should be partly the motion of the earth in still space and partly the motion of ships on the earth; If an object also moves relative to the ship, its real motion comes partly from the real motion of the earth in the immobile space, partly from the relative motion of the ship on the earth and the motion of the object relative to the ship. These relative motions determine the relative motion of objects on the earth. For example, on the earth, the part where the ship is located does move eastward at the speed of 100 10, while the ship sails westward at the speed of 10 in strong wind, and the sailors walk eastward at the speed of 1, so the sailors actually move eastward in a still space. In astronomy, absolute time and relative time are distinguished by the average difference or errata of apparent time, because natural days are not really equal, although they are usually considered equal and used to measure time. Astronomers corrected this inequality in order to measure the motion of celestial bodies with more accurate time. Isokinetic motion, which can be used to accurately measure time, may not exist. All movements may accelerate or decelerate, but the passage of absolute time does not accommodate any changes. The existence of things stubbornly remains unchanged, no matter whether the movement is fast or slow or stops; Therefore, this continuation is different from the time that can only be measured by senses, from which we can calculate it by astronomical time difference. The necessity of this time difference has been shown in the time measurement of phenomena, such as pendulum clock experiment and the time loss of Jupiter satellite. Just as the order of time intervals is not reciprocal, so is the order of space parts. If a part of the imaginary space is moved out of its position, then they will also be moved out of themselves (if allowed to say so). Because time and space are and have always been places for themselves and other things. Everything is placed in chronological order and placed in the space discharge position. It is unreasonable to say that time and space are places in essence or characteristics, and the basic place of things can be moved. Therefore, these are absolute places, and the movement away from these places is the only absolute movement. But because this part of the space is invisible and cannot be distinguished from other parts through the senses, we use a sensible scale instead. All places are defined by the position of things and their distance from objects that we think are immobile, and then all movements relative to these places are measured according to the movements of objects from some places to others. In this way, we use relative position and motion instead of absolute position and motion, and generally there will be no inconvenience. However, in the study of philosophy, we should abstract things from the senses and think only from the appearance of perception. Because in fact, a stationary object that marks the position and motion of other objects may not exist. . . . . . . From Newton's description in the article, we can clearly see that Newton's absolute time has nothing to do with space or matter. Newton's relative view of time and space is closely related to the movement of matter, so our current textbooks only emphasize that Newton's absolute view of time and space is biased. Although Newton did not calculate the relationship between time, space and motion as Einstein did, we can still think that the so-called relativistic view of time and space has no essential breakthrough compared with Newton's relative view of time and space, and there may be great problems in the calculation of relativistic view of time and space. Therefore, when we understand the concept of space, we should look at this problem from two aspects: absolute space and relative space. Perhaps this is a more comprehensive understanding of space. Based on the above understanding, we can adopt the following methods to define space. 1. Absolute space Absolute space is the place where matter exists and moves. It has the following properties: 1, continuous everywhere and uniform everywhere. 2. Isotropy. 3. Absolute space is infinite. 4. Absolute space is a three-dimensional space with a specified surname, length, width and height. From any point in space, three perpendicular straight lines can and can only be drawn. 5. Don't move. Second, the relative space The space we can usually observe is the relative space. Relative space is a kind of spatial structure, which consists of absolute space and structure. We can understand the concept of relative space from the following aspects. 1. Relative space includes absolute space and structure. 2. Structure in relative space refers to matter. 3. Material structure is the manifestation of absolute space, and we perceive the existence of absolute space through the existence of material. 4. Relative space is the measure of absolute space, and we measure absolute space through relative space. 5. When the structural part in the relative space moves, its absolute space part does not move. The moving structure always forms a relative space with its absolute space. Because the absolute space is the same everywhere, there is absolutely no difference between the absolute space of structural movement and that before movement. In this sense, we can say that the relative space is movable. 6. Absolute space cannot be changed, let alone bent. The so-called space bending in relativity actually refers to relative space. Third, the concept of space we talk about everyday is a general concept, sometimes referring to absolute space, sometimes referring to relative space, and sometimes referring to matter. In fact, it may be difficult to define space in this way, because the definition of space also depends on our understanding of matter. Then we will discuss the concept of matter further. With the deepening of our understanding of the concept of matter, perhaps we will have a clearer understanding of the concept of space.