2. Compatibility of arithmetic axioms The compatibility of Euclidean geometry can be attributed to the compatibility of arithmetic axioms. Hilbert once put forward the proof theory method of formalism plan to prove it. The incompleteness theorem published in 2008+093 1 godel denies this view. In 2008+0936, the German mathematician gnc proved the compatibility of arithmetic axioms under the condition of using transfinite induction. 49860 . 4886888868 1
The Mathematical Volume of Encyclopedia of China published by 1988 points out that the problem of mathematical compatibility has not been solved.
3. The volumes of two tetrahedrons with equal bases and equal heights are equal.
The problem is that there are two tetrahedrons with equal sides and equal heights, which cannot be decomposed into finite small tetrahedrons to make the two tetrahedrons congruent. M.W. Dean gave a positive answer to this question in 1900.
The problem of taking a straight line as the shortest distance between two points is too general. There are many geometries that satisfy this property, so you need to add some restrictions. 1973, the Soviet mathematician Pogrelov announced that this problem was solved under the condition of symmetrical distance.
Encyclopedia of China says that after Hilbert, there has been a lot of progress in the construction and discussion of various special metric geometries, but the problems have not been solved.
5. Lie concept of continuous transformation group. The function defining this group is not assumed to be a differentiable problem, but simply called the analyticity of continuous groups, that is, is every local Euclidean group necessarily a Lie group? Through von Neumann (1933 for compact groups), Bandelli Jin Ya (1939 for commutative groups) and Sheva Bode (194 1 for solvable groups),/kloc-0.
6. Axiomatization of physics Hilbert suggested that all physics should be deduced through mathematical axiomatization, first of all probability and mechanics. 1933, the Soviet mathematician Andrei Andrey Kolmogorov realized the axiomatization of probability theory, and later achieved great success in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. However, many people doubt whether physics can be completely axiomatized.
7. The irrationality and transcendence of some numbers 1934, A.O. Gelfond and T. Schneider independently solved the latter part of the problem, that is, they proved the transcendence of α β for any algebraic number α≠0, 1 and any algebraic irrational number β.
8. Prime number problems include Riemann conjecture, Goldbach conjecture and twin prime number problems. Generally speaking, Riemann conjecture still needs to be solved. The best result of Goldbach's conjecture belongs to Chen Jingrun (1966), but it is far from being solved. At present, the best achievement of twin prime number problem also belongs to Chen Jingrun.
9. Prove the most general law of reciprocity in any number field. This problem has been solved by Japanese mathematician Masaji Takagi (192 1) and German mathematician Aiding (1927).
10. Solvability of Diophantine equation can find the integer root of an integral coefficient equation, which is called solvability of Diophantine equation. Hilbert asked, can a general algorithm composed of finite steps be used to judge the solvability of a Diophantine equation? At 1970, Io. B Matiyasevich of the Soviet Union proved that Hilbert's expected algorithm did not exist.
1 1. Quadratic H. Hasse (1929) and C. L. Siegel (1936, 195 1) with arbitrary algebraic coefficients have obtained important results on this problem.
12. The problem of extending Crocker's theorem in Abelian field to arbitrary algebraic rational number field has only some sporadic results, which is far from being completely solved.
13. It is impossible to solve the general seventh-degree equation with a function with only two variables. The root of the seventh equation depends on three parameters a, b and c, that is, x=x (a, b, c). Can this function be represented by a binary function? Arnold, a Soviet mathematician, solved the case of continuous function (1957), and Vishkin extended it to the case of continuously differentiable function (1964). However, if you need to parse the function, the problem has not been solved.
14. Prove the finiteness of a complete function system, which is related to algebraic invariants. 1958, Japanese mathematician Masayoshi Nagata gave a counterexample.
15. The strict basis of Schubert's counting calculus is a typical problem: there are four straight lines in three-dimensional space. How many straight lines can intersect all four? Schubert gave an intuitive solution. Hilbert asked to generalize the problem and give a strict basis. Now there are some computable methods, which are not closely related to algebraic geometry. But the strict foundation has not been established.
16. The topological problems of algebraic curves and algebraic curves and surfaces are divided into two parts. The first part deals with the maximum number of closed bifurcation curves in algebraic curves. In the second part, it is required to discuss the maximum number and relative position of limit cycles, where X and Y are polynomials of degree n of X and Y. Petrovsky of the Soviet Union claims to prove that the number of limit cycles does not exceed 3 when n=2, but this conclusion is wrong, and a mathematician in China has given a counterexample.
17. The sum of squares in semi-positive definite form means that a polynomial with real coefficient n is for all arrays (x 1, x2, ..., xn). Can it be written in the form of sum of squares? 1927 Atin proves that this is correct.
18. German mathematicians Biebermach (19 10) and Albert Einstein (1928) partially solved the problem of constructing space with congruent polyhedron.
19. Few people have studied whether the solution of the regular variational problem is necessarily analytical. Bernstein and Petrovsky have obtained some results.
20. The general boundary value problem has developed rapidly and has become a major branch of mathematics. It is still under study.
2 1.Hilbert himself (1905) and H. Rolle (1957) have proved the existence of solutions of linear differential equations for a given single-valued group.
22. The univalence of analytic functions composed of automorphism functions involves the theory of hard Riemannian surfaces. P. Cobb has made an important breakthrough in 1907, but other aspects have not been solved.
23. The further development of variational method is not a clear mathematical problem, but a general view of variational method, which has made great progress since the 20th century.
These 23 questions involve the most important fields of modern mathematics and promote the development of mathematics in the 20th century.