Atomic structure and electron distribution
An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons moving around it. According to the theory of quantum mechanics, the motion of electrons is no longer a classical orbit, but there are a series of spatial regions in atoms, and the distribution of electrons is described by atomic orbits.
Wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics
According to the wave-particle duality theory, electrons have both particles and fluctuations. Quantum mechanics describes the motion and behavior of microscopic particles through wave functions. Atomic orbit is the solution of wave function, which describes the possible position of electrons in atoms.
Classification and Representation of Atomic Orbits
Atomic orbits are classified according to principal quantum number, angular quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number. Principal quantum number determines the energy level, angular quantum number determines the orbital shape, the magnetic quantum number determines the orbital direction, and the spin quantum number indicates the electron spin direction. Different orbits can be expressed by mathematical expressions such as spherical harmonic function.
Energy levels and filling order of atomic orbitals
The energy level of atomic orbit determines the energy of electrons. According to Pauli's exclusion principle and Okta's law, electrons will try their best to occupy the lower energy level orbit when filling the orbit, and follow the spin pairing principle to make the system energy the lowest.
The shape and distribution of atomic orbits
The shape of the atomic orbit is determined by angular quantum number. The S orbit is spherically symmetric, the P orbit presents two mutually perpendicular nodes, the D orbit has four nodes and the F orbit has seven nodes, and each node represents a possible electron position. The distribution of orbits is represented by probability density diagram.
Relationship between Atomic Orbits and Chemical Properties
Atomic orbital and electron distribution determine the chemical properties of atoms. The energy level difference between orbits affects the transition and absorption spectrum of electrons. The spatial distribution of different orbits leads to the formation of valence bonds and the existence of anti-bonds. The mixing of orbitals can explain the geometric configuration of molecules.
Summary:
Atomic orbit is a concept to describe the movement of electrons around the nucleus, which is used to describe the distribution and possible position of electrons. According to wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics theory, atomic orbit describes the fluctuation of electrons through wave function.
Atomic orbits are classified by principal quantum number, angular quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin quantum number and expressed by mathematical expressions. The energy level, filling order, shape and distribution of atomic orbitals determine the energy, position and chemical properties of electrons. By studying atomic orbits, we can deeply understand the nature of atoms, molecules and chemical reactions.