The leaning tower of Pisa will be officially opened to tourists in June+February, 5438 after ten years of rectification and rectification. 1990, the rickety leaning tower was closed. At that time, the tower deviated from 4.5 meters. Ten years' efforts have made it move back to the vertical direction by 43.8 cm, ensuring that it will not collapse within 300 years. Saving the Leaning Tower of Pisa is a contest between man and time, man and nature, which runs through the whole process of the "growth" of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the story behind it has aroused people's curiosity more and more.
Ten-year renovation 43 cm
The leaning tower of Pisa took nearly 200 years to build, and it was unlucky from the beginning. When it was built to 9 meters high, it began to tilt. Rescue and construction started almost at the same time, and several stops were made to repair. Now, the value of the leaning tower is getting higher and higher, and the task of saving it is becoming more and more urgent.
In 1980s, it was predicted that the Leaning Tower of Pisa would collapse in 2003-2004! Time is the most terrible enemy of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. It is like a patient with congenital deficiency, aging steadily year after year, succumbing to the gravity of the earth, as if unable to stand up unintentionally. The whole audience was in an uproar and the rescue Committee was at a loss. There are many ways to save the world, but we dare not try it easily, otherwise it will lead to irreparable losses.
1934 What happened is a lesson. At that time, in order to "rectify the deviation", cement was injected into the hypotenuse of the tower foundation. Unexpectedly, this not only did not help ease the tilt, but made it tilt 6 mm more in one year.
After 1990, the recovery work has kept a low profile. In fact, what method to adopt is controversial and the work pressure is great. Professor Piero Pierotti from the University of Pisa and Professor James Baker from the History Department of Columbia University strongly oppose some restoration plans. They say? Quot irresponsible and absurd behavior. "
"Pisa is full of criticism," Baker said. "From 1990 to 1998,150,000 dollars was spent on some so-called temporary measures, but this actually only brought more damage."
Pierrot Ti, who has worked in the history department of Pisa University for more than 40 years, expressed dissatisfaction with the extreme blockade of information about the restoration of the leaning tower. Recently, he published a book, which collected all kinds of strange restoration methods contributed by people all over the world in the past 50 years.
It is suggested that the leaning tower should be divided into blocks and reassembled after the foundation is compacted. A proposal suggests drilling 10 thousand small holes in the tower to reduce the weight; China engineers and technicians suggested that another leaning tower inclined in the opposite direction should be built next to the leaning tower to support the original leaning tower. Some people say that a transparent cover can be built to cover the leaning tower of Pisa; Others advocate hanging a helium balloon on the top of the leaning tower and sticking it on the top floor. At the same time, the grass around the leaning tower is built into a slope, which is consistent with the inclination direction of the bell tower, so that the leaning tower looks upright. This method will make millions of tourists get neck cramps under the leaning tower of Pisa every year.
At present, the "soil stabilization" method of "righting" the leaning tower of Pisa was invented by Dr. Fernando Lizzie, an engineer in Naples, Italy. This method is famous for using a large number of "small thin tubes" in the construction process. The main measure of the rectification project is to slowly extract the soil under the foundation on the north side of the south leaning tower foundation. Dr. Lizzie's invention has been widely used in the rectification of many ancient buildings all over the world and performed well: Winchester Castle, England, Lamberhurst Church in Santa Maria Novella; Memorial Avenue Bridge in Dublin, Ireland and Three Arch Bridges in Venice, Italy.
When the Leaning Tower of Pisa was calibrated to 65,438+0/2 degrees, Dr. Lizzie was very worried that the Leaning Tower Rescue Committee would stop working and had little effect. Perhaps he knows better than others that the leaning tower is very vulnerable to the further loosening and collapse of soil, and the possible external dangers are also worrying. Once an earthquake happens, the leaning tower seems to have no resistance. On June 23, 2000, Dr. Lizzie wrote to the Italian Minister of Public Affairs, expressing his concerns bluntly.
Italy has issued relevant laws, authorizations and presidential decrees for the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Yes, the established pizza. ......
When will the leaning tower of Pisa fall down?
The leaning tower of Pisa will not fall down, because when it is tilted to a certain extent, the relevant departments will repair the leaning tower of Pisa so that it will not fall down.
Supported by sloping ground.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built in 1 173, and was presided over by the famous architect Nano Pisano. It is located on the right behind the Romanesque Cathedral and is a symbol of Pisa. At the beginning, the tower height was designed to be about 100 meters, but after five or six years of construction, the tower began to tilt from the third floor until it was completed. Before closing, the top of the tower has been tilted to the south (that is, the top of the tower deviates from the vertical line) by 3.5 meters. 1990, Italy * * * closed it down and began to transform it.
In practical work, many experts have fully studied the whole history of the leaning tower of Pisa, as well as its building materials, structure, geology and water source, and tested it with various advanced instruments and equipment. Professor Piroddi, a medieval historian in Pisa, believes that every Shi Zhuan in the tower is a masterpiece of stone carving, and the bonding between Shi Zhuan and stone bricks is very clever, which effectively prevents the tower from breaking due to inclination and becomes a factor that the leaning tower will not fall down. However, he still stressed that it is imperative to find out the secret of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Professor Gary, an expert who is engaged in observing the tower, speculates that the leaning tower of Pisa will collapse after 250 years, because the center of gravity of the tower exceeds the outer edge of the tower foundation. However, the relevant personnel of the Leaning Tower of Pisa Service Bureau of the Ministry of Public Affairs refuted Professor Gary's view that it is not reliable to calculate only by mathematical means, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa is "a comprehensive problem interwoven with many facts". Other researchers found that the leaning tower of Pisa once tilted to the east and then turned to the south. They also believe that the leaning tower of Pisa has been tilted for hundreds of years, and after 250 years, it may no longer be limited to simple assumptions and predictions.
Of course, Pisa people are most concerned about the fate of the leaning tower. Although they are also worried about the inclination of the leaning tower, they are more proud and proud. They are proud that there is a leaning tower in their hometown that they think can rival the world famous buildings. They firmly believe that it will not fall. They have a saying that the leaning tower of Pisa is as strong and strong as Pisa people and will never fall down. They hate the suggestion of righting the leaning tower again. For example 1934, 90 tons of cement was sprayed in and around the foundation, and the foundation waterproof project was implemented, but the tower became more unstable, moved around and tilted faster.
At present, it is difficult to predict the future fate of the leaning tower of Pisa, but people are still lamenting its spectacular sight of leaning but not falling.
Why doesn't the leaning tower of Pisa fall down?
As to why the leaning tower of Pisa leans but doesn't fall down, experts have given the answer: Pisano, the first architect, knew at that time that the tower, like the whole city of Pisa, was built on the alluvial land of a river valley, with clay and sand as the soil, then the phreatic layer, and the solid layer on the surface was very thin. So he didn't know nothing about the geological structure of the foundation. When he found the slope on the third floor, he stopped working and waited for the foundation to settle and stabilize, which effectively solved some problems.
When the second architect continued to build, he noticed that the tilt height was adjusted and took measures to reduce the weight of the tower.
The third architect built the bell tower between the seventh and eighth floors, and the eighth floor tilted to the north. When building the bell tower, he also absorbed some characteristics of the minaret of the * * * Hall, without a roof, so as to reduce the weight and balance of the tower. Architects' practices are similar to those of architecture and farming in other parts of Pisa.
In Florence, another Italian city, Santa Maria was built in 1420. Del Fei Aolei Cathedral, located in the swamp, has softer soil and greater risk of sinking, but it has never tilted for hundreds of years. Some experts and scholars speculate that the leaning tower of Pisa is expected by architects, and it has been tilted for hundreds of years because of designers and builders.
Why does the leaning tower of Pisa tilt but not fall?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built in 1 173, and was presided over by the famous architect Nano Pisano. It is located on the right behind the Romanesque Cathedral and is a symbol of Pisa. At the beginning, the tower height was designed to be about 100 meters, but after five or six years of construction, the tower began to tilt from the third floor until it was completed. Before closing, the top of the tower has been tilted to the south (that is, the top of the tower deviates from the vertical line) by 3.5 meters. 1990, Italy * * * closed it down and began to transform it.
In practical work, many experts have fully studied the whole history of the leaning tower of Pisa, as well as its building materials, structure, geology and water source, and tested it with various advanced instruments and equipment. Professor Piroddi, a medieval historian in Pisa, believes that every Shi Zhuan in the tower is a masterpiece of stone carving, and the bonding between Shi Zhuan and stone bricks is very clever, which effectively prevents the tower from breaking due to inclination and becomes a factor that the leaning tower will not fall down. However, he still stressed that it is imperative to find out the secret of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Professor Gary, an expert who is engaged in observing the tower, speculates that the leaning tower of Pisa will collapse after 250 years, because the center of gravity of the tower exceeds the outer edge of the tower foundation. However, the relevant personnel of the Leaning Tower of Pisa Service Bureau of the Ministry of Public Affairs refuted Professor Gary's view that it is not reliable to calculate only by mathematical means, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa is "a comprehensive problem interwoven with many facts". Other researchers found that the leaning tower of Pisa once tilted to the east and then turned to the south. They also believe that the leaning tower of Pisa has been tilted for hundreds of years, and after 250 years, it may no longer be limited to simple assumptions and predictions.
Of course, Pisa people are most concerned about the fate of the leaning tower. Although they are also worried about the inclination of the leaning tower, they are more proud and proud. They are proud that there is a leaning tower in their hometown that they think can rival the world famous buildings. They firmly believe that it will not fall. They have a saying that the leaning tower of Pisa is as strong and strong as Pisa people and will never fall down. They hate the suggestion of righting the leaning tower again. For example 1934, 90 tons of cement was sprayed in and around the foundation, and the foundation waterproof project was implemented, but the tower became more unstable, moved around and tilted faster.
At present, it is difficult to predict the future fate of the leaning tower of Pisa, but people are still lamenting its spectacular sight of leaning but not falling. The leaning tower of Pisa was built in 1 174, and finally completed in 1350 after 176. The leaning tower of Pisa is actually the bell tower of an ancient church, with eight floors and a height of 54.5 meters, all made of white marble, with a total weight of 1.42 million tons. The tower is circular, with 65,438+05 huge columns at the bottom, 30 columns on the second to seventh floors, 65,438+02 columns at the top and a clock at the top. There are 294 stairs in the tower, which can hover to the roof and overlook the panoramic view of Pisa. The leaning tower of Pisa is a typical Romanesque building. This tower is white, beautifully carved and magnificent. But the tower is tilted, which makes people feel shaky.
When the leaning tower of Pisa was first built, its body was straight, but when it was built on the third floor, its structure tilted. Why is it tilted?
There are three reasons: first, the tower is built on the plain where the ancient river channel is alluvial with sediment, and the geology is soft;
Second, the foundation treatment is too shallow, only 3 meters;
Third, the tower is made of huge stones, which is too heavy and the foundation load is too heavy. Therefore, when it was built to the third floor, it was abandoned halfway. This stop was 1994, and construction continued in the 95th year. This tower was built in 1350. After the tower is completed, the top of the tower deviates from the vertical center by 2. 1 m, becoming a leaning tower. According to the measurement, from 1829 to 19 10, the average annual inclination is 3.8 mm. After 600 years of wind and rain, the inclination of the tower reaches 5.3 degrees, and the deviation from the center reaches 4.4 meters, which is in jeopardy. However, after the local earthquake 1972, the tower still tilted and stood tall.
In order to rescue the leaning tower, the tower foundation was reinforced by grouting at 1930, with little effect. 1965 and 1973, Italy * * collected rectification plans from all countries in the world at a high price of 1 10,000 to 25,000 pounds. 1990 In order to ensure the safety of tourists, Italy closed the leaning tower. After that, we continued to collect plans, and finally the clever China people won the bid for construction. Take measures such as digging out 65,438+000 tons of soil for foundation treatment. After the measuring tower did not tilt again, it was also righted by 5 mm, so in recent years, the leaning tower was opened to tourists, who could climb the tower for sightseeing. As a tourist from China, I feel extremely proud and proud. ......
Why doesn't the leaning tower of Pisa fall down?
It is when the leaning tower is tilted to a certain extent that the relevant departments will renovate the leaning tower of Pisa so that it will not collapse.
Supported by sloping ground.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built in 1 173, and was presided over by the famous architect Nano Pisano. It is located on the right behind the Romanesque Cathedral and is a symbol of Pisa. At the beginning, the tower height was designed to be about 100 meters, but after five or six years of construction, the tower began to tilt from the third floor until it was completed. Before closing, the top of the tower has been tilted to the south (that is, the top of the tower deviates from the vertical line) by 3.5 meters. 1990, Italy * * * closed it down and started the renovation.
In practical work, many experts have fully studied the whole history of the leaning tower of Pisa, as well as its building materials, structure, geology and water source, and tested it with various advanced instruments and equipment. Professor Piroddi, a medieval historian in Pisa, believes that every Shi Zhuan in the tower is a masterpiece of stone carving, and the bonding between Shi Zhuan and stone bricks is very clever, which effectively prevents the tower from breaking due to inclination and becomes a factor that the leaning tower will not fall down. However, he still stressed that it is imperative to find out the secret of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Professor Gary, an expert who is engaged in observing the tower, speculates that the leaning tower of Pisa will collapse after 250 years, because the center of gravity of the tower exceeds the outer edge of the tower foundation. However, the relevant personnel of the Leaning Tower of Pisa Service Bureau of the Ministry of Public Affairs refuted Professor Gary's view that it is not reliable to calculate only by mathematical means, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa is "a comprehensive problem interwoven with many facts". Other researchers found that the leaning tower of Pisa once tilted to the east and then turned to the south. They also believe that the leaning tower of Pisa has been tilted for hundreds of years, and after 250 years, it may no longer be limited to simple assumptions and predictions.
Of course, Pisa people are most concerned about the fate of the leaning tower. Although they are also worried about the inclination of the leaning tower, they are more proud and proud. They are proud that there is a leaning tower in their hometown that they think can rival the world famous buildings. They firmly believe that it will not fall. They have a saying that the leaning tower of Pisa is as strong and strong as Pisa people and will never fall down. They hate the suggestion of righting the leaning tower again. For example 1934, 90 tons of cement was sprayed in and around the foundation, and the foundation waterproof project was implemented, but the tower became more unstable, moved around and tilted faster.
At present, it is difficult to predict the future fate of the leaning tower of Pisa, but people are still lamenting its spectacular sight of leaning but not falling.
References:
Transferred from China. com
The leaning tower of Pisa is inclined. Why won't it fall?
Shixia Township, Shan County, Henan Province: Shixia Township is located in the east of Shan County, 26 kilometers away from Sanmenxia City, with 13 administrative villages, 107 villagers' groups and 2,802 households, 106 1 person, with a total area of 765 square kilometers. Shixia Town, Haining City, Zhejiang Province: Shixia Town is the seat of Haining people and the political, economic and cultural center of the city. It is 65km away from Hangzhou, the provincial capital, and 0/25km away from Shanghai/KLOC. The city is long and narrow from east to west, and it is key-shaped parallel to Qiantang River. The maximum distance between east and west is 5 1.8km, and the maximum distance between north and south is 28.6km The city has a total area of 68 1.5 km2 and a population of 630,000. The main ethnic group is the Han nationality.
Why doesn't the leaning tower of Pisa fall down?
Although the tower is inclined, its center of gravity is still vertically above the foundation, so the foundation can bear the gravity of the tower and prevent the tower from falling down.
However, the tower is gradually tilting. When the vertical line with the center of gravity facing the grain surface falls outside the foundation, the tower really falls down.
Will the leaning tower of Pisa fall down in the future?
It is when the leaning tower of Pisa is tilted to a certain extent that the relevant departments will renovate the leaning tower of Pisa so that it will not collapse. The leaning tower of Pisa, Italy, supported by sloping ground, was built in 1 173, and was presided over by the famous architect Nano Bisano. It is located on the right behind the Romanesque Cathedral and is a symbol of Pisa. At the beginning, the tower height was designed to be about 100 meters, but after five or six years of construction, the tower began to tilt from the third floor until it was completed. Before closing, the top of the tower has been tilted to the south (that is, the top of the tower deviates from the vertical line) by 3.5 meters. 1990, Italy * * * closed it down and began to transform it. In practical work, many experts have fully studied the whole history of the leaning tower of Pisa, as well as its building materials, structure, geology and water source, and tested it with various advanced instruments and equipment. Professor Piroddi, a medieval historian in Pisa, believes that every Shi Zhuan in the tower is a masterpiece of stone carving, and the bonding between Shi Zhuan and stone bricks is very clever, which effectively prevents the tower from breaking due to inclination and becomes a factor that the leaning tower will not fall down. However, he still stressed that it is imperative to find out the secret of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Professor Gary, an expert who is engaged in observing the tower, speculates that the leaning tower of Pisa will collapse after 250 years, because the center of gravity of the tower exceeds the outer edge of the tower foundation. However, the relevant personnel of the Leaning Tower of Pisa Service Bureau of the Ministry of Public Affairs refuted Professor Gary's view that it is not reliable to calculate only by mathematical means, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa is "a comprehensive problem interwoven with many facts". Other researchers found that the leaning tower of Pisa once tilted to the east and then turned to the south. They also believe that the leaning tower of Pisa has been tilted for hundreds of years, and after 250 years, it may no longer be limited to simple assumptions and predictions. Of course, Pisa people are most concerned about the fate of the leaning tower. Although they are also worried about the inclination of the leaning tower, they are more proud and proud. They are proud that there is a leaning tower in their hometown that they think can rival the world famous buildings. They firmly believe that it will not fall. They have a saying that the leaning tower of Pisa is as strong and strong as Pisa people and will never fall down. They hate the suggestion of righting the leaning tower again. For example 1934, 90 tons of cement was sprayed in and around the foundation, and the foundation waterproof project was implemented, but the tower became more unstable, moved around and tilted faster. At present, it is difficult to predict the future fate of the leaning tower of Pisa, but people are still lamenting its spectacular sight of leaning but not falling.
Why doesn't the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy fall down?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy is world-famous, but the fact that it keeps tilting has attracted the attention of tourists all over the world. In order to prevent the leaning tower of Pisa from collapsing, Italy invested 20 million pounds to rectify it. On the 27th of this month, experts from the Restoration Committee of the Leaning Tower of Pisa declared that the restoration work was successful, and the tower body was corrected by 18 inch (45cm), so there was no danger of collapse.
It is reported that in order to prevent the leaning tower from continuing to tilt south, engineers placed a 600-ton lead block under the tower foundation on the north side of the leaning tower, pulled it from the waist of the leaning tower to the north side with a steel wire rope, and then took away 70 tons of soil on the north side of the leaning tower to make the tower return to the north side.
1990, the leaning tower of Pisa was on the verge of collapse and its internal structure became loose. Experts believe that if no measures are taken, the leaning tower of Pisa may collapse between 2030 and 2040. * * * forced to stop work for renovation. After more than ten years of renovation, the leaning tower of Pisa was finally repaired. □ Author: Sheng Yuhong