The material world in the eyes of chemists
1)NH4Cl+NaOH NaCl+NH3 ↑+ H2O
2) NH4Cl+AgNO3=AgCl↓+ NH4NO3
3) (NH4)SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4↓+2NH4Cl
Topic 2 Chemicals obtained from seawater
Unit 1 Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Their Compounds
1)2 NaCl+2H2O 2 NaOH+H2 ↑+ Cl2↑
2) Manganese dioxide+Tetrahydrochloric acid (concentrated) Manganese dichloride+chlorine gas =+2h2o
3) 2Fe+3Cl2 2FeCl3 (brown smoke)
4) Cu+Cl2 CuCl2 (brown smoke)
5) 2na+Cl2 = 2 NaCl (white smoke)
6) H2+Cl2 2 HCl (shallow flame)
7) Cl2+H2O HCl+HCLO (only a small amount of Cl2 reacts with water,
A large amount of Cl2 exists in aqueous solution in molecular form, so chlorine water is yellow-green).
8) 2HClO 2HCl+O2↑
9) Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O
10) 2cl2+2ca (oh) 2 = CaCl2+ca (clo) 2+2h2o (industrial bleaching powder)
1 1)Ca(ClO)2+2 HCl = CaCl 2+2 hclo
12)Ca(ClO)2+H2O+CO2 = CaCO3↓+2 hclo
13) Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2
14) Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2
15) Br2+2KI=2KBr+I2
16)NaBr+agno 3 = AgBr↓+nano 3
17) KI+AgNO3=AgI↓+ KNO3
Unit 2 Sodium, Magnesium and Their Compounds
1) 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑
2) 4Na+O？ 2=2Na？ 2O
3) 2Na+O？ 2 Na？ Dioxide
4) 2Na+Cl？ 2 = 2 = 2 Sodium chloride (white smoke)
5) 4Na+TiCl4 Ti+4NaCl
6) 2NaCl 2Na+Cl2↑
7) Na？ 2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O+CO2
8) na? Bicarbonate+hydrochloric acid = sodium chloride +H2O+ carbon dioxide
9) Na？ 2CO3+ Ca(OH)2=CaCO3↓+2NaOH
10) Na？ 2CO3+BaCl2=BaCO3↓+2NaCl
1 1) 2Na？ Sodium bicarbonate+sodium carbonate +H2O+ carbon dioxide
12) carbon dioxide +H2O+ sodium carbonate = sodium bicarbonate
13) CaCO3 CaO+ CO2↑
14) CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2
15) Ca(OH)2+MgCl？ 2? =Mg(OH)2↓+CaCl？ 2?
16) magnesium hydroxide +2 hydrochloric acid = magnesium chloride? 2? +2H2O
17) magnesium chloride
18) 3mg +N2 Mg3N2
19) 2mg+CO2 2mg+Celsius
Theme 3 From minerals to basic materials
The first unit is from bauxite to aluminum alloy.
1)al2o 3+2 NaOH = 2 NAA lo 2+H2O
2) NaAlO2+2H2O+CO2 (excess) = Al (OH) 3 ↓+nahco3.
3)2Al(OH)3·al2o 3+3H2O
4)2al2o 3·4Al+3 O2↑
5) 2Al+6HCl= 2AlCl3+3H2↑
6) 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O = 2NALO2+3H2 = Al is passivated with cold concentrated sulfuric acid and cold concentrated nitric acid.
7) The aluminothermic reaction of 2Al+Fe2O3+2Fe can also be reduced from their oxides (such as MnO2, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, V2O5, etc.). ).
8) Aluminum hydroxide +3 hydrochloric acid = aluminum trichloride +3H2O
9) aluminum hydroxide+sodium hydroxide = sodium aluminate +2H2O
10)ALC L3+3 NaOH = Al(OH)3↓+3 NaCl
1 1)Al(OH)3+NaOH = NAA lo 2+2H2O
Unit 2 Acquisition and Application of Iron and Copper
1) CaCO3 CaO+ CO2↑
2) silica+calcium oxide
3) Iron+iron sulfide
4) 2Cu+S Cu2S
5) 2Fe+3Cl2 2FeCl3
6) copper+cuprous chloride
7) FeCl3+3KSCN=3KCl+Fe(SCN)3
Fe3++3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3
8) 2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3
9)2 febr 2+Br2 = 2 febr 3 2fe 2 ++ X2 = 2fe 3 ++ 2X-(X = Cl、Br)
10)2 ferric chloride+iron = 2 ferric chloride
1 1)2 FeCl 3+Cu = 2 FeCl 2+cuc L2
Unit 3 Silicon-bearing minerals and information materials
1) silica+calcium oxide
2) silica +2 sodium hydroxide = sodium silicate +H2O
3) SiO2+4hf = SiF4 ↑+2h2o (used for carving glass) hydrofluoric acid reacts with glass, and hydrofluoric acid is stored in plastic bottles.
4) SiO2+2csi+2co = (industrial coarse silicon)
5) silicon+silicon dichloride and silicon tetrachloride
6) SiCl4+2H2 Si+4HCl
7) Silicon+oxysilica
Topic 4 Sulfur, Nitrogen and Sustainable Development
Properties and applications of sulfur-containing compounds
1) SO2+H2O H2SO3
2) SO2+2NaOH=Na2SO3+H2O
3) Sulfur dioxide+sulfur dioxide
4)SO3+H2O = sulfuric acid
5)* SO2+X2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HX (X=Cl、Br、I)
6) 2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4
7) 2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4
8) Copper +2H2SO4 (concentrated) copper sulfate +SO2 =+2H2O
9) C+2H2SO4 (concentrated) CO2 =+2SO2 =+2H2O
10)* 4 Fe S2+ 1 1O2 2 fe2o 3+8so 2↑
H2 H2S
Sulfur+iron FeS
The second unit produces nitrogen compounds in life.
1) N2+3H2H2H3 (industrial synthetic ammonia)
2) N2+O2 2NO
3) 2NO+O2 = 2NO2 (reddish brown gas)
4) nitric acid +H2O= nitric acid+nitric acid
5) NH3+H2O NH3？ H2O
6) NH3+HCl = NH4Cl (a lot of white smoke)
7)4nh 3+5o 2·4NO+6H2O
(Catalytic oxidation of ammonia, the basis of industrial nitric acid production)
8) 2NH3 +H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4
9) NH4Cl NH3↑+HCl↑
10) 4HNO3 4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O
1 1) Cu+4HNO3 (concentrated) = Cu (NO3) 2+2NO2 =+2H2O
12) 3Cu+8HNO3 (diluted) = 3cu (NO3) 2+2no =+4h2o.
13) C+4HNO3 (concentrated) = 4NO2 =+CO2 =+2H2O.
Non-metallic elements (fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, sulfur, N2, phosphorus, carbon, silicon)
1, oxidizability:
F2 + H2 === 2HF
F2 +Xe (excess) = = XeF2
2F2 (excess) +Xe = = XeF4
NF2+2m = = 2mfn (for most metals)
2F2 +2H2O===4HF+O2
2F2 +2NaOH===2NaF+OF2 +H2O
F2 +2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2 +2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI ===2NaF+I2
F2 +Cl2 (equal volume) = = 2clf
3F2 (excess) +Cl2===2ClF3
7F2 (excess) +I2 ===2IF7
Cl2 +H2 ===2HCl
3Cl2 +2P===2PCl3
Cl2 +PCl3 ===PCl5
Cl2 +2Na===2NaCl
3Cl2 +2Fe===2FeCl3
Cl2 +2FeCl2 ===2FeCl3
Cl2+Cu===CuCl2
2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2
Cl2 +2NaI ===2NaCl+I2
5cl 2+I2+6H2O = = = 2hi O3+ 10 HCl
Cl2 +Na2S===2NaCl+S
Cl2 +H2S===2HCl+S
Cl2+SO2 +2H2O===H2SO4 +2HCl
Cl2 +H2O2 ===2HCl+O2
2O2 +3Fe===Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
s+H2 = = H2S
2S+C===CS2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2Cu===Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3
S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3
N2+3Mg===Mg3N2
N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
N2+6Na===2Na3N
N2+6K===2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P2+6H2===4PH3
P+3Na===Na3P
2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2. Reducing ability
S+O2===SO2
S+O2===SO2
Sulfur +6HNO3 (concentrated) = = sulfuric acid +6NO2+2H2O
3S+4 HNO3 (diluted) = = 3so2+4NO+2h2o
N2+ oxygen = = 2no
4p+5o2 = = p4o 10 (often written as P2O5)
2p+3x2 = = 2px3 (X represents F2, Cl2, Br2)
PX3+X2===PX5
4h2o nitric acid (concentrated) = = 4h3po4+20no2+4h2o
C+2F2===CF4
C+2Cl2===CCl4
2C+O2 (small amount) = = 2co
C+O2 (sufficient) = = CO2
Carbon+carbon dioxide = = carbon dioxide
C+H2O = = Co+H2 (generating water gas)
2c+SiO2 = = Si+2co (producing crude silicon)
Si (coarse) +2cl = = sicl4
(sicl4+2h2 = = Si (pure) +4HCl)
Silicon (powder)+oxygen = = silicon dioxide
Silicon+carbon = = silicon carbide (emery)
Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3. Disproportionation (in alkali)
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(Adding acid to inhibit disproportionation, adding alkali or light to promote disproportionation)
Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2cl 2+2Ca(OH)2 = = = CaCl 2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH (hot, concentrated) = = 5kcl+kclo3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH (concentrated) +3H2O = = PH3+3K2PO2
1 1P+ 15 cuso 4+24H2O = = = 5Cu3P+6h3po 4+ 15 h2so 4
3C+ Cao = = = calcium chloride+carbon monoxide
3C+ silica = = = silicon carbide+carbon dioxide
Secondly, the reducibility of metal elements (sodium, magnesium, aluminum, iron).
2Na+H2===2NaH
4Na+O2===2Na2O
2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
2Na+O2===Na2O2
2na+s = = Na2S (explosion)
2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
2Na+2h 3 = = = 2n H2+H2
4Na+TiCl4 (melting) ===4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
Mg+Br2===MgBr2
2 mg+oxygen = = 2 mg
Mg+S===MgS
Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2 senior high school chemical equation daquan
2 mg+titanium tetrachloride (molten) = = = titanium +2 mg titanium chloride
Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb
2 mg+CO2 = = = 2 mg+CO2
2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S===MgS+H2
Magnesium+sulfuric acid = = = magnesium sulfate +H2
2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
4al+3o2 = = 2al2o3 (passivation)
4Al(Hg)+3o 2+2xH2O = = = 2(al2o 3·xh2o)+4Hg
4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr
2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2SO4 (concentrated) = = Al2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O
(Aluminum and iron are passivated in cold concentrated H2SO4 HNO3 HNO3)
Al+4HNO (dilution) = = Al (NO3) 3+NO+2h2o
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3
Fe+I2===FeI2
Fe+S===FeS
3Fe+4H2O (g) ===Fe3O4+4H2
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
(Iron can't completely dissolve tin tetrachloride in acidic environment.
Reduction to elemental tin Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
Third, nonmetallic hydrides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, H2O, H2S, ammonia).
1, reducibility:
4HCl (concentrated) +MnO2 = = mncl2+Cl2+2h2o
4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
16 HCl+2 kmno 4 = = = 2 KCl+2 mncl 2+5cl 2+8H2O
14 HCl+k2 Cr 2 o 7 = = = 2 KCl+2 rcl 3+3c L2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2H2S+3O2 (sufficient amount) = ===2SO2+2H2O
2H2S+O2 (small amount) = = 2s+2h2o
2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
H2SO4 sulfuric acid (concentrated) = = sulfur+sulfur dioxide +2H2O
3H2S+2HNO (dilution) = = 3s+2no+4h2o
5H2S+2 kmno 4+3h2so 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+5S+8H2O
3H2S+k2cr 2 o 7+4h2so 4 = = = Cr2(SO4)3+k2so 4+3S+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
2h 3+3c uo = = = 3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
4NH3+3O2 (pure oxygen) = ===2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O
4NH3+6NO = = 5N2+6HO (NO is removed by ammonia water)
Na +H2O = = = sodium hydroxide +H2
4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2. Acidity:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
This reaction is widely used to determine the content of silicon dioxide in ore or steel samples.
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl
H2S+Fe===FeS+H2
H2S+ copper chloride = ===CuS+2HCl
H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3
H2S+ mercuric chloride = = mercury +2 hydrogen chloride
H2S+ lead nitrate = = PBS+lead nitrate
H2S+FeCl2===
2n H3+2Na = = 2n H2+H2
(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3. Alkalinity:
NH3+HCl===NH4Cl
NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2 = = nah co 3+NH4Cl
(This reaction is used to prepare baking soda and soda in industry)
4. Instability:
2HF===H2+F2
2HCl===H2+Cl2
2H2O===2H2+O2
2H2O2===2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S
2h 3 = = = N2+3h 2
Fourth, nonmetallic oxides.
Reducibility of low valence state:
2SO2+O2===2SO3
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4
(This is an environmental chemical reaction, and SO2 occurs slowly in the atmosphere.)
SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr
SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI
SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2
(used to absorb NO and NO2 in nitric acid industrial tail gas)
2CO+O2===2CO2
CO+CuO===Cu+CO2
3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2
Carbon monoxide +H2O = = carbon dioxide+H2