C stands for constant capital consumed in producing goods.

V is variable capital.

M is surplus value. In a certain sense, the extended information political economy can be called "mathematics" in the politics of postgraduate entrance examination. The formulas explicitly required in the postgraduate entrance examination outline are mainly the following three types:

1, organic composition of capital = constant capital/variable capital (c:v)

2. Surplus value rate = Surplus value/variable capital (m'= m/v)

3. Commodity value = constant capital+variable capital+surplus value (w=c+v+m)

Political economics is a traditional discipline, from which economics is derived, and political science is also closely related. However, political economy is not fully understood in China.

In the west (especially in the United States), although political economy is not an independent discipline, it can develop steadily in political science, so its development trend is also directly related to the development trend of political science.

Political economy research has the following characteristics:

1. Diversity of research perspectives

From the perspective of individual-centered theory to the perspective of national-centered theory, there are many models. For example, from the theoretical perspective centered on the state, there is nationalism at the domestic level. The context of nationalism research is mainly based on the concepts of state, national autonomy and national ability, and discusses the influence of government on economy through the relationship between state and society.

2. Diversity of research level

From individuals to countries to international research level. For example, the concept of national ownership is directly related to the individual, national and international levels. Because national autonomy is often related to the country's ability to guide economic development in political economy.

If the country lacks autonomy, its intervention in the national economy is often destructive, while if the country has strong autonomy, it may formulate and implement an all-round development plan for the country.

3. Diversity of research methods.

Rules and Taxation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ) published in 1988 to make political and economic analysis from the perspective of rational choice.

4. Pay attention to the political and economic interaction behind the policy.

The study of political economy is generally the study of policies, but political economists never think that policies are formed by several experts and scholars who study them and then make suggestions to the government. Political economists believe that policies, especially economic policies, will inevitably involve the competition of different interest groups, whether inside or outside the government.