The development and research of perspective is related to the development of science and people's aesthetic needs.
Modern painting perspective focuses on the research and application of linear perspective, while linear perspective focuses on focus perspective, which has a more complete and systematic theory and different painting methods. Linear perspective method refers to scientific perspective methods, such as linear perspective method, which has been gradually established since the Renaissance in14th century to depict objects and reproduce space. It is the product of the painter's demand for rational explanation of the world. Its characteristic is to reproduce the real relationship of things realistically, which is an important basis of sketch painting.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19), the most outstanding figure in the Italian humanistic movement in the Renaissance, applied the principles of painting and sculpture to perspective, and identified five factors that influenced the perception of distance, thus laying the cornerstone of modern scientific perspective. That is, line perspective (the farther the object is, the smaller the viewing angle is), procedural perspective (the farther the object is, the more blurred the details are), air perspective (the farther the mountain is, because the influence of air and smoke is bluer), moving perspective (the object moves in the same direction as the head when staring at a nearby object, and the head moves in the opposite direction when staring at a distant object), and binocular parallax (the left and right eyes look at the same object differently). Objects depicted in this perspective are closest to the truth felt by the eyes. These laws were drawn by our ancestors after countless studies, and now they can be easily understood from the photos.
Linear perspective (also known as line perspective and geometric perspective) is a science that uses lines to explain the spatial position, outline and light-dark projection of objects on the plane according to the principles of optics and mathematics. According to the different vanishing points, it can be divided into Parallel perspective (one vanishing point), angular perspective (two vanishing points) and oblique perspective (three vanishing points). Because the perspective phenomenon is far small and near big, it is also called "near-far method". Its performance is as follows: an object with the same volume has a large visual image when it is near and a small visual image when it is far away; When the distance is close, the visual image of the object with the same width is wider, and it is narrower when the distance is far. This is the law of the formation of human visual angle. Objects above the apparent horizon are nearly high and far low, while objects below the apparent horizon are nearly low and far high. In real life, the perspective laws of human eyes watching distant and near scenes are as follows: ① People feel different sizes of objects in the distance. The closer you get, the smaller the farthest point will disappear on the horizon; (2) Lines formed by regular arrangement or parallel lines, the farther away they are, the closer they are, the more they gather, and finally they converge into one point and disappear on the horizon. ③ The contour line of an object is clearer as it gets closer to the viewpoint, and more blurred as it gets farther away.
Before the establishment of linear perspective theory, due to the restriction of different cultures, various spontaneous expression methods of three-dimensional space have been formed around the world, and these methods have been used in Paleolithic cave murals 30 thousand years ago. These methods of reproducing space are the embodiment of the painter's understanding of the world through his senses:
○ 1 longitudinal perspective. Draw an object far away from the observer on the plane above the object close to the observer. In ancient China, the composition method was called "high method", that is, "near low and far high". It can often be seen in the early human painting art, the most typical one is the composition of Egyptian tomb murals, and the foreground is completely placed on the close-up horizontal belt as a horizontal belt. In children's paintings, it is also easy to see that all objects are placed on a plane, and there is no difference between distance and distance. The perspective effect is only reflected by the high and low positions of objects. Many modern painters often use this method, and the world they describe often brings us special feelings.
2 Oblique viewing angle. Objects far away from the observer extend upward along the oblique axis. In The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, we can clearly see such a technique of expression. This is different from oblique perspective in focus perspective.
○3 Overlapping method is also called occlusion method. The foreground object is above the background object, and the front object partially blocks the back object to express the sense of space. In children's paintings, children often use mixed painting space to express their cognition of the world. The main spatial expressions are "left-right up-and-down relationship" and "partial occlusion relationship". At the same time, the occlusion method also makes it possible to express more content in a limited picture.
○4 Near-large and Far-small method. Draw a distant object smaller than the equivalent object nearby. This is also an important theoretical basis of modern linear perspective.
○5 near shrinkage method. On the same object, in order to prevent the expression of distant objects from being hindered because the normal perspective of the near objects is too large, the near objects are deliberately reduced to obtain a complete picture effect. In Buddhist temples, it is common to shape the giant Buddha into a shape that gradually expands upwards. In fact, it is the application of the near-shrinking method, which allows people to avoid too much near-distance travel when looking down.
6 aerial perspective. Because of the air barrier, the brain in the air once again tries to bite porcelain first: the so-called "far people have no eyes, far water has no waves" is partly due to this. At the same time, there is another color phenomenon. Because water vapor is pregnant in the air, objects appear blue at a certain distance. The farther the distance is, the more obvious this tendency is, which can also be attributed to color perspective. This method is often used to create the authenticity of altar paintings in the late Gothic style.
7 color perspective method. Due to the barrier of air, objects of the same color are bright when they are near and pale when they are far away.
○8 Circular perspective, characterized by unfixed viewpoint and circular motion around the object, can display all sides and back of the object in all directions. This kind of circular perspective is the most common in traditional folk art, for example, when Chang 'an Little Wild Goose Pagoda rebuilt its monument in the Tang Dynasty, it carved a quadrangle on the yinxian line, and also spread halls and corridors on the upper, lower, left and right sides, facing the center of the picture, hunting bronze statues during the Warring States Period and rock paintings of Yinshan clan society in Inner Mongolia. Also spread the car flat, put Soma flat, with four feet facing the outside of the picture.
9 transparent perspective, transparent perspective is the inside and outside of the depicted object or overlapping before and after, not covering each other. For example, through the bellies of tigers and cows, we can see the babies in their bellies. You can see the inside of the house through the wall of the house. This expression is the longest seen in folk art. The reason why folk art can break through the limitation of perspective is that folk art abandons the substantive reality of natural objects, that is, the three-dimensional reality that occupies a certain space, but comprehensively expresses objects with all perceptual and rational understanding, and the truth of watching gives way to the truth of ideas and the truth of objects gives way to the truth of mental images. Although you can't see things on the back of the wall or the abdomen of animals from one perspective, they exist. Children's paintings will often see this kind of spatial expression that only focuses on expressing inner feelings.
○ 10 scatter perspective is different from focus perspective, which only depicts the scenery seen by one eye in one direction. Its focus is not one but many. The organization of viewpoints has no focus, but a set of scattered viewpoints as wide as the picture. There are countless parallel lines of sight perpendicular to the picture between the picture and the viewpoint group, which form a head-up effect for each part of the picture. If you look at the whole picture from one point, it does not conform to the perspective method, but when the audience moves to appreciate the picture, each part looks like a scene of life. This perspective is conducive to fully expressing people and parts. Because the viewpoint of the picture is not centralized, but scattered to a large area like a picture, it has become countless scattered viewpoints, hence the name. Scattered perspective has the painting method of vertical lifting and unfolding, which is called sublime method in Chinese painting theory; The painting method of horizontal expansion is called plain method; There is also the painting method of far and near distance expansion, which is called far method.
In addition to the above rational perspective and perceptual perspective, there is also a spatial expression technique that the painter creates independently and deliberately violates the law of perspective.
○ 1 1 anti-perspective is a deliberate violation of the general perspective law. It is generally believed that Cezanne, known as the "father of modern painting", is the pioneer of anti-perspective. Cezanne has forgotten the technique of creating three-dimensional illusion with linear perspective since the Renaissance. He created an "anti-perspective method". He did not create the depth of the viewer's entry into the painting, but created an impression that the objects and people he described came out to the viewer. He has no intention to make his works "lifelike" or to express the three-dimensional sense of objects, but to express the structure, relationship and color of objects. He wants to achieve an artistic truth, which depends on the artist's rationality rather than the truth that the eyes can grasp.
Due to the development of science and technology and practical needs
○ 12 wide-angle perspective, also known as fisheye perspective, is named after imitating the shooting effect of fisheye lens. Distorted and exaggerated perspective effect. Comic scenes that are often used to express visual impact can also show a vast space in a small picture.
○ 13 overlooking Parallel perspective, a flexible way of overlooking Parallel perspective without vanishing point, which is often used in game scenes.
From the above introduction, the so-called "perspective" is a way to express the spatial or positional relationship between various objects in the picture and build a sense of space and three-dimensional sense on the plane. All perspective methods are subject to the artist's requirements for picture performance. We can also choose to use the most appropriate expression to learn or create our own paintings according to our own needs. Learning perspective does not need to be created in strict accordance with the principle of perspective. If you create in strict accordance with the perspective principle, the result is often a rigid painting. Observation and feeling are enough to master basic painting skills. The biggest advantage of drawing perspective relationship by feeling is that it can be applied to various theme expressions.