Li Yu, the monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigned from 96/kloc-0 to 975, with a strong word. His first name was Jia Cong, and he was named Zhong Yin and Lotus Peak layman. Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) was born. Li Jing, the sixth son of Southern Tang Dynasty, succeeded to the throne in the second year of Song Dynasty (96 1). In the eighth year of Kaibao, the country broke the Song Dynasty and was captured to Bianjing, where he became a general and disobeyed orders. Later he was poisoned by Song Taizong. Although Li Yu doesn't understand politics, his artistic talent is extraordinary. He is good at calligraphy, painting, melody, poetry and writing, especially at words. Famous works of past dynasties, such as, Langtaosha, Wu Yeti, etc. Known as the "Ci Emperor". "Li, formerly known as Li, is shigemitsu. Later, it was renamed Li Yu, which means "the day of the day is Yu, and the night of the month is Yu". According to historical records, he is the sixth son of Yuan Zong Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty. He is good at writing, painting and calligraphy, and is rich in forehead, teeth and eyes. Because the second to fifth sons of Li Jing all died early, Li Hongji, Li Yu's eldest brother, was actually the second son when he was the Crown Prince. Li Hongji was "suspicious". At that time, Li Yu, who was steady, was afraid of Li Hongji's suspicion and did not dare to participate in politics. During this period, he once called himself Zhong You, a hermit in Zhongfeng and a layman in Lianfeng, indicating that his interest lies in the beautiful mountains and rivers, and he has no intention of competing with his elder brother. In 959 AD, Li Hongji killed his uncle Li Jingsui (Li Jingsui said he would die with his brother at the beginning of his reign), and soon died suddenly. After Li Hongji's death, Li Jing wanted to make Li Yu a prince. Zhong Mo said, "I am timid and self-respecting, but I believe in explaining my family background, not my talents. Being kind, courageous and dignified, it is very suitable to be an heir. "Excavate was furious and made an excuse to demote Zhong You as imperial academy, demote him to Raozhou, and make Li Yu a prince, minister and politician, so that he could live in the East Palace. 96 1, in the second year of song dynasty, Li Jing moved to Nanchang, made Li Yu the crown prince, and left him in Jinling. Li Jing died in June and Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling. Li Yu is "sexually arrogant and extravagant, good at sensuality, and likes to show off. He talks loudly and doesn't care about political affairs." In 973, Song Taizu ordered Li Yu to go to Kaifeng, but he refused to go because of illness. Song Taizu then sent Cao Bin to attack Nantang. In 9741February, Cao Bin conquered Jinling. After fifteen years in office, he was called Li Houzhu and the Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty. In 975 AD, the queen came out naked, was captured in Bianjing, and was made an imperial army. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. In 978 AD (the third year of Taiping and Xingguo), Xu Xuan was ordered by Song Taizong to visit Li Yu. Li Yu sighed at Xu Xuan: "I regret killing Pan You and Li Ping by mistake!" Song Taizong smell of great anger. According to Wang Luo's memoirs in Song Dynasty, Li Yu was poisoned by Song Taizong for writing Yu Meiren. The medicine in the morning is Chinese medicine, nux vomica. After taking it, the central nervous system is destroyed, the whole body twitches, and the head and feet shrink together, which is extremely painful. After Li Yu's death, he was buried in North Mangshan, Luoyang. A few weeks later, he was heartbroken and died soon. Li Yu "was born in the palace and grew up in the hands of women", "sexual forgiveness and injustice", and he gave up killing. After his death, Jiangnan people heard that "all lanes are crying and fasting." Li Yu is brilliant, skillful in painting, good at poetry and ode, and is a generation of poets who have been told through the ages. I didn't intend to fight for power and profit, but I longed for seclusion. Ascending to the throne was a complete accident. He hates being born into a royal family. Merits and demerits have become the track of history. By the time he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo, paid tribute to the Song Dynasty many times and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing, where she will be sealed and not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), Qixi was his forty-second birthday, and he was poisoned by taking the morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang. He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, most of his poems were about the pleasure and quiet life in the palace, with a soft style, but this is not the life he yearns for, but mostly emptiness and helplessness; The later poems reflect the pain of national subjugation and enlarge the subject matter. It means that Li Yu's Weibei Ci [1] is profound and sincere, with fresh language and artistic appeal. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, during the house arrest of "Everyday Lacrimosa", the king of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Thorns"). It was after the capture that "the unfortunate poet of the country is lucky, and the words of vicissitudes of life only work" that he was named as the disobedient Hou of Kaifengfu and worshipped General Zuo. According to historical records, Zhao Kuangyi repeatedly forced Zhou Xiao to stay in the palace. Every time I go back after Xiao Zhou, I cry and scold. In pain and depression, Li Yu wrote famous songs such as Looking at the South of the Yangtze River, Midnight Song and Young Beauty. Ancient painters also painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky. In Ming Dynasty, Shen Defu wrote Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky: "In Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, with a hoe on his head, pale face and fat body. After worship, the limbs were delicate, and several imperial envoys held them and frowned after a week. "Yuan Man Feng Haisu wrote a poem on the map:" Li Huakai, left in Jiangnan, was also folded by Wang Qiang; The strange golden wind came to my face, and the royal garden was red and purple. " (Zhou Xiao's younger sister, later named Mrs. Zheng, entered the palace regularly. Zhou Xiao is a stunning beauty, and Song Taizong is drooling over her beauty. The style of Li Yu's ci can be divided into two periods, one before and the other after 975 AD. His early ci style was beautiful and soft, and he didn't break away from the habit of "flowers". According to the content, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to describe the magnificent court life and the affair between men and women, such as Bodhisattva Man and Ying Huan. Due to the great changes in life, his later poems made the king of national subjugation the "southern king" in the eternal ci world (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Ci"), which is precisely "the unfortunate poet of the country is blessed". These sad and tragic late ci poems have far-reaching artistic conception, which laid the foundation of the so-called "graceful school" such as Liu Yong and became a generation of masters in the history of ci poems. As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. For example, Yu Meiren, Langtaosha order ... Wang Guowei thinks: "Wen Feiqing's words are beautiful; Wei Duanji's words, bone show also; Li Shiguang's handwriting is also beautiful. " Moreover, he also said, "Ci has become a master's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word. Zhou Jie is stored under Wen Wei, which can be described as reversing black and white. " This last sentence is aimed at what Zhou Ji said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Xiecunzhai": "Heshi is a beauty on earth, who is good at strict makeup and light makeup, and rude does not hide the national color. Fei Qing, strict makeup; End yourself and make up lightly; Lord, rude and confused. " . Wang believes that this kind of comment is to promote literature and suppress Wei. There is also a view in academic circles that the original intention of Zhou Ji is that Li Yu is not as good as Wen Listening Cloud and Wei Zhuang in terms of words and phrases. However, as far as the vividness and fluency of ci poetry are concerned, the former is obviously more vigorous and natural, and "carelessly does not cover up the national color." Li Yu's ci got rid of Hua's frivolity. His words are true, his language is vivid, his image is vivid, his personality is distinct and his feelings are sincere. After the national subjugation, his ci poems have a wide range of themes and profound meanings, surpassing the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty and becoming the pioneer of the graceful ci school in the early Song Dynasty. Later generations respectfully called him "Ci Emperor". Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. Its main achievements are as follows: ① Expanding the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said: "When the word arrived in Li Houzhu, its vision began to widen and its feelings deepened, so it became a musician's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word." ("Tales on Earth") ② It has a high generality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. Famous sayings such as "The small building was easterly last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the moon" ([Yu Meiren]), "When the running water goes and spring comes, it's all in the world" ([Langtaosha]), "People naturally grow up and hate water" ([Meet each other]) and "Being far away from hate is like spring grass and living more" ([Qingpingle]) are all profound. Of course, there is also a poem about cheating, such as "rowing socks and walking golden shoes" (Bodhisattva Xia), which is also very famous. ③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature. (4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Yu Louchun's Hao Dang, Wu Ye Tiao, Langtaosha's and Bitterness are all men and women (see Tan Xian's Tang Fu, Yu Meiren and If a pony is born) (Zhou Ji, like Na Lanxingde, said, "Hua Jian Ci is like an ancient jade, which is valuable but not applicable, Song Ci is applicable but of little quality, and Li Houzhu has its beauty and makes people. Li Yuji has been lost. There are forty-four words. Only 38 works can be confirmed. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia. Complement the "colorful feathers" with big weeks. Appreciation of some poems

Yinghuan, also known as Tiao, went to the West Chamber alone without words, and the moon was like a hook, and the solitary phoenix tree deep courtyard locked the clear autumn. It is sad, especially the general taste in my heart. Some people say that in the history of our country, if there is no emperor like Li Yu, people may not be too

I care about meeting each other, but without a poet like Li Yu, I'm afraid I will leave some regrets for future generations. This seems to make sense. Li Yu was the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and her ci works were far more than those during her reign, especially after the national subjugation, which was quite painful, deep and sad. If we put aside the ideological content, most of his works have reached the highest level of words, especially poems. This song "Hui Huan", also known as "Night Cry", is his masterpiece describing life in prison and expressing his sadness. The first one of this word is about scenery, and the next one is lyrical, touching and touching. The first sentence "Nothing to say when going to the West Building alone" seems dull, but in fact it is extremely rich in meaning. "Silent" is not really speechless. As can be seen from the word "independence", no one spoke. Climbing the "West Building", the poet can look east at the old country. Only six words, all of a sudden concise out of the protagonist's sad, sad expression. Then, "the moon is like a hook, and the solitary phoenix tree locks the courtyard in autumn", and the phoenix tree in the moonlight highlights the loneliness of the environment. The word "deep" is extremely accurate and popular, which can be said to be the best of the realm. The last word 18 * * wrote four contents, namely, people, place, time and season. Although it is only a sketch, it is a beautiful painting with a broad background, which makes people feel immersive, just as Wang Guowei said in "Words on Earth": "All scenery words are love words." The next movie is about parting sadness, which is the original meaning of this word and the most profound place of this word. "Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, it is parting from sorrow", such as stormy waves, pushing the whole article to a climax. Sadness itself is an abstract thought and emotion, which can be felt, but can't be seen or touched. It's really difficult to describe it in detail. But in this poem, the poet makes it concrete and reasonable through metaphor, and expresses it so aptly and naturally that it becomes a famous sentence through the ages. "You always taste in your heart" uses another metaphor to write another realm of parting sorrow, that is, people's specific feelings about it. I can't describe this feeling, and I don't know what it is. It can neither be summarized as sour, sweet, bitter or spicy, nor can it be compared with the taste of any specific thing. It can only be understood, so it can only be called "unusual taste", which is what Jia Xuan called "I want to talk about it and have a rest", which shows the poet's deep understanding and pain. Ying Huan is widely circulated. The whole poem has only thirty-six words, which is almost the same as seven verses. However, in this short space, the poet wrote about those sad and lingering people who deeply left their worries. The sad, lonely and lonely mood was revealed and touching, which made readers call out: the wind returns to the yard. Liu Yanchun continued. For a long time, I was silent. It's still the sound of bamboo crescent moon, like that year. How much I hate "Looking at Jiangnan" in my dream last night. Just like swimming in the garden in the old days. In Ma Rulong, where cars are like flowing water, flowers and the moon are spring breeze. How many tears, broken face after crossing H. Don't talk to tears when you are worried. Shengfeng is sadder when he cries. These two sentences were written after the ancestors entered the Song Dynasty. Li Yu's handwriting and pen are free. He wrote a great tragedy in five short sentences, reflecting the desolation of today with Rong Sheng in the past. With superb artistic skills, he reveals the sadness and hatred of revisiting old dreams, which is hidden and obvious, shallow and profound. Suddenly, How Hate led to the whole article, which was shocking. It turned out that the source of sadness and hatred came from a dream last night. The prosperity and prosperity of the past reappeared in the dream, which made Li Yu particularly painful and even disgusted after waking up from the dream. In those days, there were amusement in the imperial garden, including phoenix and horse, car and BMW, attendants lined up, ladies-in-waiting were like clouds, and the phrase "Cars are like flowing water in Ma Rulong" was natural. After Li Yu, Song people had a lot of influence on this skill. "Looking at the South of the Yangtze River", the second song "How many tears, broken face after crossing H". Tears streamed down my face, and it was hard to stop. After the late Lord entered the Song Dynasty, he wrote to the people of Jinling Old Palace, saying, "On this day and night, I only want Lacrimosa." Proved by this word, it can be seen that it is true. Li Yu's little words, from the beginning of tears to the end of heartbroken, expressed his extreme sadness and hatred after being imprisoned. Young Beauty (When is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon) When is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon? How much do you know about the past? The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward. This is Li Yu's last masterpiece of compassion for the motherland. The author wrote the sadness of the fallen monarch with image metaphor, questioning tone, sorrowful feelings and radical style. Shang Xun's melody is high and sorrowful. Only when a writer has experienced a catastrophe can he study life so deeply and write poems with such depth and strength, which is full of the sad spirit of all mankind. Xia Tan used a curved pen, and Zhu Yan painted a dark picture of the country.

In Li Yu's Selected Poems, the word "change" points out the whole theme of the word: it is the root of sadness and resentment. Finally, the poet summed up all the inexplicable thoughts of national subjugation, the sadness of national subjugation and the hatred of national subjugation in one word "worry". "How much sadness can you have, just like a river flowing eastward." It's really a swan song. Wang Guowei said: "Nietzsche said that all literature loves to write with blood." The words of the late Lord can really be said to be written in blood. Song Huangsheng's Selected Poems of Hua 'an said: "This word is the saddest, and the so-called' the voice of national subjugation, the sorrow of thinking'". Yeah, yeah. Fisherman (I): The waves are full of snow, and the peaches and plums are silent. A pot of wine and a rod of nylon. How many people are there in the world? Do not seek the dignity of the world, immortal; But seek immunity and temperament! As Li Yu said, what he advocated was not force and war, but the poetic life of spring breeze, warm rain and falling geese. Fisherman (bottom): A spring breeze, a boat, a cocoon and a light hook. Flowers are full of Zhu, wine is full of Europe, and you are comfortable in the waves. Li Yu often calls himself a hermit. These two fishing songs just reflect his desire and indulgence for the hermit life of "a pot of wine, a rod of nylon, how many people are there in the world" and his carefree nature of "flowers everywhere, wine everywhere and freedom everywhere"! Outside the curtain, the rain is gurgling, the spring is dim, and Luo Yi can't stand the cold. I don't know if I am a dream guest, but I am insatiable in one day. Don't lean against the fence alone, it is infinite, and it is easier to see when you are away. Running water is gone, and spring is gone. The first part uses the word flashback. It rains outside the curtain and it is colder, which is the aftermath of the dream. It is a dream to forget your identity and have a good time. Continuous spring rain and intermittent cold springs awaken lingering dreams, and make the lyric hero return to the bleak situation of real life. After love and love, it is actually the ratio of the past and the present. The word "Mo" in the first sentence of the next movie "Mo Alone Column" can be pronounced in two ways: entering tone and leaving tone (dusk). Write "impartial column" because you look at the motherland and mountains and rivers by leaning on the column, which will cause infinite sadness. Write "leaning against the bar at dusk" because you look at the distant mountains and rivers at night and feel that "it is easier to see when you are away". You can say both. "Water Fades to Spring" echoes the last film "Spring Fades", but it also implies that there are not many days to come, and it is about to die. The phrase "heaven and earth" is quite confusing, and opinions vary. In fact, Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow: "Our souls belong to each other," she said, "just like this gold and this shell." Somewhere, at some time, on earth or in heaven, we will definitely be together. ""heaven and earth "is a proper noun, not a juxtaposition of heaven and earth. Li Yu is used here, which seems to refer to his final destination. Li Yu's poems are mostly four or five crosses, and there are not many short words, but they are extremely rich and profound, which can't be done without a high degree of artistic generalization.