I. animals living in water

1. Morphological structure and physiological characteristics of crucian carp suitable for life in water;

1) body color: dark gray-black back, white abdomen, not easy to be found by the enemy;

2) Body shape: spindle-shaped to reduce water resistance when swimming;

3) body surface: scales protect the body, mucus reduces resistance, and there is a lateral line on each side of the body, which has the function of sensing water flow and determining direction;

4) Swimming with fins: (pectoral fins and ventral fins: keep the balance of fish; Tail fin: keep the fish moving forward);

5) Breathe with the gills; Water comes out of the mouth and comes out from the back edge of the gill cover.

6) There are swim bladders in the body, which can adjust the specific gravity of the body and stay in different water layers with the help of fins;

7) In vitro fertilization and water development.

2. The main characteristics of fish: they live in water all their lives, and most of their bodies are covered with scales. They breathe with gills and swim with fins. They have hearts, atria and ventricles.

Shape: The gill filaments are filiform.

3. Observe the color of gills: red (because there are abundant capillaries)

Structure: It consists of gill arch, gill filament and gill rake.

Coelenterates: anemones, corals, etc.

Molluscs: squid, mussels, etc.

4. Other aquatic animals and crustaceans: shrimp, crab, etc.

Other aquatic animals: dolphins, turtles, etc

Water environment is a paradise for aquatic animals.

5. Protection of water environment, use of pollutants, pesticides and fertilizers, etc. Destroy the water environment.

Importance and urgency of water environmental protection

Second, animals that live on land.

1. Animals living on land usually have the ability to adapt to the environment to prevent water loss.

Generally speaking, it has organs that support the body and exercise.

Generally speaking, there are various respiratory organs in the body that can breathe air.

Generally, there are developed sensory organs and nervous system, which can cope with the changing environment in time.

2. Morphological characteristics of earthworms (annelids):

(1) body type: long cylindrical with tapered ends, which can reduce the resistance when drilling in soil and is suitable for digging and drilling;

(2) The body consists of many parts;

(3) Ring: The section near the front end of the body is particularly large, light and smooth, which refers to a ring and is a sign to distinguish the front and rear ends of earthworms.

(4) bristles: auxiliary movement;

(5) Moistening the body wall: exchange gas and complete breathing.

3. Morphological structure and physiological characteristics of rabbits:

1) body surface: coat has the function of heat preservation and plays an important role in maintaining rabbit body temperature;

2) Digestion: Teeth are divided into incisors (cutting off food) and molars (grinding food); The digestive tract is very long, and the cecum is particularly developed, which is suitable for herbivorous life.

3) Blood circulation: The heart has four complete cavities and two complete circulation routes, and its body temperature is constant.

4) Nervous system: It is composed of brain, spinal cord and nerves, and the brain is developed.

5) Reproduction: viviparous (with placenta) and breastfeeding greatly improve the survival rate of offspring.

6) the main characteristics of mammals; Hair on the body surface, differentiation of incisors, canines and molars in teeth, diaphragm in body cavity, breathing with lungs, four cavities in the heart, constant body temperature, developed brain, viviparous and breastfeeding.

For example: bats, platypus, kangaroo whales, tigers, chimpanzees and so on.

Animals flying in the air

1. bird

1) Morphological structure and physiological characteristics of domestic pigeons suitable for flying life;

(1) There are positive feathers on the wings and tail, which can enlarge the area of the wings and make the wings flap strongly, and the positive feathers on the tail can control the direction;

(2) The fuselage is streamlined, which helps to reduce the air resistance to it during flight;

(3) Some bones are thin, some are healed together, and the long bones are hollow, full of air, weightless, with developed sternum, keel process and developed pectoral muscle, which are attached to the keel process;

(4) large appetite, strong digestion, toothless beak, short rectum, and no feces storage, which is conducive to weight loss;

(5) The myocardium is developed, the blood circulation is fast, and the blood has strong ability to transport oxygen and nutrients;

(6) Double breathing with lungs and airbags to ensure that pigeons get enough oxygen when flying.

2) Birds are characterized by toothless beaks, feathered forelimbs, hollow bones, full of air, four cavities in the heart, breathing with lungs and assisted breathing with airbags, constant body temperature and egg-laying reproduction.

2. Insects 1) Observe the wings of insects to identify them.

2) The development of grasshoppers: incomplete metamorphosis.

Incubate for 5 times and molt.

The fertilized egg jumps (larva, wingless, unable to fly, able to jump, stereotyped, adult (able to fly)

Living habits are similar to those of adults, but they are smaller and healthier.

Immature reproductive organs, also known as nymphs)

Incomplete metamorphosis: adult

3) Insect characteristics: the body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen; There are moving organs in the chest-feet and wings.

The exoskeleton prevents evaporation of water in the body.

4) The main characteristics of arthropods: the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; Foot and antenna segmentation

Four. amphibian

The reproductive development characteristics of amphibian frogs are: all in water, spawning in water, in vitro fertilization and abnormal development.

A fertilized egg tadpole becomes a frog.

2) Temperature-changing animals: Body temperature changes with the change of external environment temperature. Such as fish, amphibians and reptiles.

2) Main features: Larvae live in water and transform into adults through gill breathing.

Adult amphibians breathe with their lungs and their skin at the same time.

Chapter II Animal Behavior

The movement of animals depends on some kind of structure.

1. The concept of animal behavior: a series of activities carried out by animals that are beneficial to their survival and reproduction.

Joint surface (composed of joint head and joint fossa)

Bone-to-bone joint (movable bone joint is called joint) joint capsule

2. Composition of joint cavity of motor system

Abdomen of skeletal muscle: It is composed of muscle tissue, which can contract and relax.

Muscle bond: located at both ends of skeletal muscle, attached to two adjacent bones respectively, belonging to connective tissue.

During exercise, the contraction and relaxation of muscles will pull the bones around the joints. Therefore, in exercise, bones are levers, joints are fulcrums, and skeletal muscles generate the motive force of exercise.

3. Structure and function of joints: both firm and flexible.

The articular surface and joint head are covered with a layer of cartilage (reducing friction and buffering vibration).

sucking disc

Joint capsule: composed of connective tissue, firmly connecting two adjacent bones; There are ligaments inside and outside to reinforce the connection; The inner surface of the capsule wall can secrete synovial fluid.

Joint cavity: it contains synovial fluid, which lubricates articular cartilage, reduces friction and makes movement flexible.

4. The coordination of bones, joints and muscles during elbow flexion, biceps contraction and triceps relaxation.

When the elbow is extended, triceps brachii contracts and biceps brachii relaxes.

Exercise consists of exercise system, nervous system (regulation), digestive system (providing energy), respiratory system (providing oxygen and discharging carbon dioxide) and circulatory system (conveying nutrients and metabolic wastes).

Significance of action: The developed athletic ability of animals is conducive to foraging and avoiding enemies, so as to adapt to the complex and changeable environment.

Second, innate behavior and learning behavior.

1. From the performance of animal behavior, animal behavior can be divided into: foraging behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior and so on.

concept

Example of innate behavior

2. From the way of acquiring behavior, animal behavior can be divided into concepts.

Examples of learning behavior

1), innate behavior: The behavior of all animals at birth is controlled by the genetic material in the body. It is an innate instinct of animals and is determined by genetic factors.

Examples: bees collect honey, ants build nests, birds migrate, and birds feed goldfish by the pool.

2) Acquired behavior (learning behavior): It is not something that animals are born with, but a new behavioral activity that animals gradually establish through life experience and "learning" during their growth.

For example, train earthworms to walk in the maze, train great tits to drink milk, and train chimpanzees to eat bananas from a height.

3. Study the behavior of an animal and explore the feeding behavior of Pieris rapae.

Explore animals foraging around.

Third, social behavior.

1. Concept: Animals living in groups produce a series of behaviors due to the division of labor and cooperation of different members in the group and the maintenance of group life.

Different animals in a group transmit information through their activities, sounds and smells.

2. Social behavior characteristics: groups often form certain organizations, with clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies.

3. Animals with social behavior take termite colony as an example (no rank: female ant, male ant, worker ant and soldier ant).

Baboon group (there are grades: "leader" male baboons, subordinate male baboons, female baboons and young baboons)

4. Information exchange in the group The movements, sounds and smells of animals can all play the role of transmitting information.

Explore the communication of ants

Chapter III The Role of Animals in the Biosphere

First of all, the role of animals in nature

Maintain the ecological balance of nature, the concept of ecological balance

Animal feeding is an indispensable part of the food chain, which maintains the ecological balance.

Promote the circulation of substances in the ecosystem, produce carbon dioxide through breathing, and urine can be reused by plants.

After decomposition, the released carbon dioxide and nitrogen-containing inorganic salts can also be reused.

Help plants pollinate and spread seeds: pollinate and spread seeds, and expand the distribution range.

Harmful: Too much is harmful to plants.

Second, the relationship between animals and human life

Investigation activities: investigation purpose, materials, tools, methods and steps, and matters needing attention.

Investigate the role of animals in people's lives: edible, medicinal, ornamental, etc.

Closely related to human life.

The concept of bioreactor

Animal and Bioreactor Ideal Breast Bioreactor and Its Development Prospect

Benefits of bioreactor

Bionic concept

Examples of animals and bionics: radar, airplanes,

Chapter IV Widely Distributed Bacteria and Fungi

I. Distribution of bacteria and fungi

Colony size

Observe colony morphology and distinguish bacterial and fungal colonies.

Colony color

Preparing culture medium, and sterilizing at high temperature.

General methods of bacterial culture and fungal inoculation

Constant temperature culture

Design experimental scheme Design experimental scheme

Complete the experimental process

Analyze the results and draw a conclusion.

Summarize the living conditions, suitable temperature and organic matter of bacteria and fungi.

Second, bacteria

1. Discovery of bacteria: In the second half of the 7th century, Levin Hooke discovered bacteria with a self-made microscope.

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Pasteur studied bacteria and showed that bacteria were not naturally produced.

Size: tiny, visible under high magnification or electron microscope.

Morphology: Single cell, including cocci, bacilli and spirillus.

2. Morphological structure of bacteria: it is composed of cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm, and there is no formed nucleus; Flagella, capsules, spores

Nutritional mode: chloroplast-free, heterotrophic, divided into parasitic and saprophytic modes.

Bacterial reproduction: Fission reproduction, in adverse environment, can form resting spore, very quickly.

Third, fungi

Multicellular individuals; Mushrooms: Edible or medicinal.

1. Observation and comparison of various fungi: Penicillium and Aspergillus

Single-celled individuals: yeast: brewing wine, making bread, etc.

2. Main features: There is a shaped nucleus in the cell; Can produce spores, which can develop into new individuals; There is no chlorophyll in the body, and the nutrition mode belongs to heterotrophy.

3. Fungal reproduction: spore reproduction

Chapter V Functions of Bacteria and Fungi in Biosphere

First, the role of bacteria and fungi in nature.

1, which participates in the material cycle as decomposition.

Bacteria cause human or animal diseases, such as tonsillitis caused by streptococcus.

Fungi cause human or animal diseases: tinea pedis

2. Fungi that cause diseases in animals or humans cause leaf rust in plants and wheat.

Production and application: using bacteria to control insects

* * * The concept of life

3. It forms lichen with animals, fungi and algae.

Examples of rhizobia and leguminous plants forming nodules.

Intestinal bacteria and animal (including human) health

Second, humans use bacteria and fungi.

Fermentation phenomenon

Fermentation principle

1. Production of bacteria, fungi and food, fermentation technology and application of its products

Production of sweet wine

Analyze the causes of food corruption

2. Preservation of bacteria, fungi and food Principles of food preservation

Analyze and summarize the methods of food preservation.

The Concept of Antibiotics and Its Application in Medicine

3. Prevention and treatment of bacteria, fungi and diseases Transgenic technology and insulin

4. Bacteria and fungi and environmental protection: sewage treatment plants

Unit 6 Biodiversity and Protection

The first chapter classifies organisms according to their characteristics.

First, try to classify organisms.

Concept: Organisms are divided into different grades according to their similarity, and the morphological structure and other characteristics of each group are described scientifically.

The basis of biological classification: morphological and structural biological characteristics.

Objective: To understand the evolutionary relationship among different populations.

Algae: Spirogyra

Seedless (spore plant) bryophyte: pumpkin

Plant classification ferns: ferns

Gymnosperms: Pinus tabulaeformis

Angiosperms with seeds (seed plants): maize (monocotyledonous plants) and sunflower (dicotyledonous plants)

Appendix: Earthworms

Arthropods: bees, spiders, centipedes, shrimps and crabs.

Invertebrates (invertebrates) coelenterates: corals, anemones.

Molluscs: mussels, snails

Animal classification fish: crucian carp

Amphibians: frogs, toads

Thorny reptiles (vertebrates): geckos, lizards, turtles, turtles, crocodiles.

Birds: domestic pigeons

Mammals: rabbits, cats and tigers.

Second, from species to boundary.

The purpose and basis of biological classification

Biological units: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

The basic unit of biological classification: species

Horse: Equus, Equus, Equidae, Chiroptera, Mammals, Chordata, Animal Kingdom.

Peach: peach species, Prunus, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, dicotyledonous plants, seed plants, plant kingdom.

Chapter II Understanding Biodiversity

I. The concept of biodiversity

There are many kinds known in the world.

Diversity of Biological Species There are many known species in China.

Second, understand the diversity of biodiversity genes and the diversity of interspecific biological genes.

Diversity of biological genes within species

Complex terrain and diverse climate have caused the diversity of ecosystems.

Type: forest, grassland, desert, wetland, ocean, etc.

Third, the relationship between them: the diversity of biological species is essentially the diversity of genes. Other organisms with a unique gene pool in each biological ecosystem are related. The decrease of biomass will lead to the loss of genetic resources and will inevitably affect its ecosystem. The ecosystem has undergone tremendous changes. Will accelerate the loss of biodiversity and genetic diversity.

Chapter III Protection of Biodiversity

Since17th century, the extinction rate of birds and mammals in the world is amazing.

Biodiversity is threatened, and some plants and animals endemic to China are on the verge of extinction.

Destruction of biological habitat (ultimate cause)

Unreasonable development and utilization (human poaching and killing wild animals)

Reasons that threaten biodiversity and environmental pollution

Invasion of alien species

concept

This is a natural gene pool.

Establish an important nature laboratory in nature reserves.

Natural life, natural museum

Examples: Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve and Bird Island Nature Reserve in Qinghai Lake.

The protection of biodiversity moves some endangered species out of their original places and into new gardens and museums for special protection and management.

Establish a germplasm bank of endangered species

Promulgate and improve laws and regulations

Unit 7 the continuation and development of life in the biosphere

Chapter I Reproduction and Development of Organisms

I. Plant reproduction

1. Sexual reproduction (see page 4 of this information)

2. Asexual reproduction

1) Cutting: Cut off a branch of a plant, insert the lower part of the branch into moist soil, and at a suitable temperature, adventitious roots will soon grow on the lower part of the branch, germinate on the upper part, and finally grow into new individuals.

Geranium, grapes, roses

2) Grafting: Grafting the buds or branches of one plant to another plant, so that the combined two parts grow into a complete plant.

Short branch budding

Rootstock grafting

The key is to ensure that the cambium of scion and rootstock are closely combined.

3) Tissue culture:

(1) Totipotency of plant cells: Any living cell in a plant has the ability to differentiate and develop into a complete plant under suitable conditions.

(2) the process of tissue culture:

The artificially prepared nutrients are differentiated into roots and buds for transplantation.

Plant tissue callus test-tube plantlet plant body

(3) Advantages of tissue culture: it can be propagated in large quantities in a short time, and the propagation speed is fast; Can cultivate virus-free plants; Not affected by seasons; It is easy to induce variation and is beneficial to scientific research and production.

Two. Reproduction and development of insects

1. Reproduction and development of silkworm.

Life history of silkworm: egg, larva, pupa and adult.

Abnormal development: In the process of developing from fertilized eggs to new individuals, the morphological structure and living habits of silkworm larvae and adults are very different.

2. Development of other insects

1) complete metamorphosis development: life goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. For example: bees, cabbage butterflies, flies and mosquitoes.

2) Incomplete metamorphosis development: it goes through three stages: egg, nymph and adult. For example: locusts, crickets, moles, mantis.

Three. Reproduction and development of amphibians

1. Characteristics of frog reproductive development: all of them are carried out in water, spawning in sexual reproductive water, in vitro fertilization and abnormal development.

2. Development process: fertilized eggs, tadpoles and young frogs become frogs.

3. Reproductive development and environment of amphibians: Environmental pollution is not conducive to the reproductive development of amphibians.

Four. Breeding and development of birds

1. Structure of bird eggs:

The eggshell protects the internal structure.

Eggshell?membrane?

Egg white: provides water and nutrition for embryo development.

Yolk membrane

Egg yolk: a nutrient for embryonic development.

Blastoderm: The place where the nucleus and embryo develop.

Yolk frenulum: Fixing egg cells.

Air chamber: provide air.

2. Reproductive and developmental processes of birds

Courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding (drawing lines is essential)

Chapter II Inheritance and Variation of Organisms

1. Genetic control of biological characteristics

1. Biological characteristics: In genetics, the morphological structure, physiological characteristics and behaviors of organisms are collectively called shapes.

2. Relative traits: Genetics means that different manifestations of the same trait are relative traits.

3. By analyzing the data of "Transgenic Super Mouse Experiment", the conclusion is drawn that genes control biological characteristics.

2. Gene transmission from parents to children

1. Chromosome: Some substances in the nucleus that can be dyed dark by alkaline dyes.

Number: The chromosome number of germ cells is less than half that of somatic cells.

Genetic material: DNA, RNA

Gene: a small unit in genetic material that determines biological characteristics.

2. Gene transfer through sperm or egg cells

When germ cells are formed, the chromosomes are halved (22+x or y), and the fertilized eggs are recovered after formation.

Three. Dominance and recessive of genes

1. gene is paired, dominant and recessive.

2. When one of the paired genes is dominant and the other is recessive, the characteristics of the dominant gene are shown.

3. Reasons for forbidding consanguineous marriage: The offspring will increase the risk of genetic diseases.

Four. Human sex inheritance

1. Chromosome difference between male and female: male 22+XY, female 22+XX.

2. Equal opportunities for boys and girls.

Biological variation of verb (abbreviation of verb)

1, the definition of variation: the difference of traits between parents and offspring, and between offspring individuals.

Genetic variation according to heredity: determined by genetic material.

2. Non-genetic variation of types: caused by external environment.

According to its significance to individual organisms, it can be divided into beneficial variation: variation conducive to the survival of organisms.

Adverse mutation: a mutation that is unfavorable to the survival of an organism.

3. Application in agricultural production: cultivating new biological varieties.

High-yield dairy cows, high-yield lodging-resistant rice, space pepper

Chapter III Biological Evolution

First, the origin of life on earth

1. Origin of life: Primitive life originated from inanimate matter.

Primitive atmosphere: no oxygen.

2. Conditional energy: high temperature, ultraviolet light and lightning.

Primitive Ocean: the Cradle of Life

Two. The process of biological evolution

1. Plants: primitive algae, primitive bryophytes.

Primitive ferns, primitive seed plants

2. Invertebrates: primitive mammals

Vertebrates: primitive fish, primitive amphibians, primitive reptiles, primitive birds.

3. Characteristics of biological evolution: from simple to complex, from low to advanced, from aquatic to terrestrial.

Three. The causes of biological evolution

1, evidence: fossils

Distribution law of fossils in strata;

In the older strata, the simpler the fossils are, the lower the fossils are, and aquatic organisms are the main ones;

The newer the stratum, the more complex and higher the fossils, mainly terrestrial organisms.

2. Reason: Artificial selection: the process of forming new biological species through continuous selection according to human needs and hobbies.

Natural selection: creatures in nature, through fierce competition for survival, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated.

Unit 8 Healthy Living

Chapter I Infectious Diseases and Immunity

I. Infectious diseases and their prevention

1, infectious diseases

1), concept: diseases caused by pathogens that can spread between people or between people and animals.

Features: Infectious and epidemic.

2) Three links in the epidemic of infectious diseases:

Source of infection: refers to people or animals that can spread pathogens.

Three basic routes of transmission: refers to the way that pathogens leave the source of infection and reach healthy people.

Susceptible population: people who lack immunity to infectious diseases and are susceptible to them.

Main routes of transmission: air transmission, water transmission, food transmission, contact transmission and biological media transmission.

2, the general measures to prevent infectious diseases:

Control the source of infection: "five early" (early detection, early diagnosis, early reporting, early treatment and early isolation), and eliminate sick animals.

Cut off communication channels: do a good job in personal hygiene and environmental hygiene, and eliminate the media.

Protecting susceptible people: vaccination and strengthening exercise.

Two. Immunization and planned immunization

1, the concept and function of immunity:

Concept: Immunity is a physiological function of human body; The human body relies on this function to identify "self" and "non-self" components, so as to destroy and repel antigen substances entering the human body, or damaged cells and tumor cells produced by the human body itself, so as to maintain the balance and stability of the internal environment of the human body.

Functions: anti-infection, self-stabilization, immune monitoring.

2, the composition and function of the three lines of defense:

The first line of defense consists of skin and mucous membrane.

Function: Stop, kill and clean pathogens. Nonspecific immunity: innate,

The composition of the second line of defense: bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids have defensive effects on many pathogens.

Function: Dissolve and devour pathogens.

The third line of defense consists of immune organs and immune cells.

Function: antibody production, specific binding between antibody and antigen, specific immunity: produced after birth,

Promote leukocyte phagocytosis of antigens, or make pathogens only target a specific pathogen or different

Inactive substances play a role.

Immune organs:

1) Thymus: produces lymphocytes and secretes thymosin (promoting the differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes).

2) Lymph nodes: There are phagocytes, which can devour bacteria invading human body.

3) Spleen: White blood cells are produced by phagocytes, which devour aged blood cells or foreign bodies.

Immune cells: lymphocytes

3. Planned immunization: planned vaccination.

BCG: Prevention of Tuberculosis

DTP: Prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus

Chapter II Drugs and First Aid

1. Safe drug use: it refers to selecting the variety, dosage and taking time of drugs appropriately according to the needs of diseases, giving full play to the best effect of drugs and avoiding adverse reactions or harm to human body as far as possible.

2. Drugs are divided into over-the-counter drugs and prescription drugs.

3. First aid: 120 emergency call.

1) artificial respiration: pay attention to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and the frequency is 15-20 times per minute.

2) Extrathoracic cardiac compression: rhythmic and impactful forced compression on the lower part of the patient's sternum.

3) Bleeding and nursing care of bleeding: capillary bleeding: blood is red, and natural hemostasis should be disinfected;

Arterial bleeding: bright red blood and fierce blood flow. Stop bleeding near the heart end of the injured artery;

Venous hemorrhage: the blood color is dark red and the blood flow is moderate. Stop bleeding at the distal end of the injured vein.

Chapter III Self-awareness and Health Improvement

1. Assess your health

1. Health: The World Health Organization defines health as a good state of physical, psychological and social adaptation.

Step 2 choose a healthy lifestyle