The focus of this chapter

1, noun

K Factor Analysis of Population Distribution, Age Structure and Age Pyramid Internal Growth Rate Environmental Capacity Ali's Law Total Population

Architectural structure: the spatial arrangement of components in which plants repeatedly appear, which is called architectural structure.

Dynamic life table: a life table compiled according to the dynamic monitoring data of the survival number of all individuals born in the same year, also known as the same birth group life table and the age-specific life table.

Static life table: a life table compiled according to the age structure survey and its results at a specific time. Also known as a life table at a specific time.

Ecological invasion is called ecological invasion because human beings consciously or unconsciously bring an organism into an area suitable for its habitat and reproduction, and the population of the organism continues to expand, and the distribution area gradually expands steadily.

Step 2 Ask and answer questions

(1) What are the three basic characteristics of the natural population?

(2) What's the difference between population density and ecological density?

(3) How to determine the population density by marker recapture method?

(4) Briefly describe the types of population distribution and its testing methods.

(5) What are the basic parameters that affect population density?

(6) The basic types of age cones and their respective characteristics.

(The biological significance of each parameter in the Logistic population growth model and the growth points of five periods.

(8) What are the five periods of logistic equation?

(9) What are the basic types of population age pyramid? What are the characteristics of each type?

A: 1. Growing population: The age pyramid is a typical pyramid with a wide bottom and a narrow top, indicating that there are a large number of larvae in the population, while the elderly individuals are small. The birth rate is greater than the death rate, which is a rapidly growing population. For example: Bangladesh, Africa, etc.

II. Population stability: the shape of the age cone and the ratio of old, middle and young are between 1 ~ 3. Birth rate and death rate are roughly balanced, and the population is stable. For example: Spain, etc. Bell type. Ⅲ Declining population: Cone bottom is narrow and cone top is wide. The proportion of larvae in the population decreases, while the proportion of elders increases, and the mortality rate of the population is greater than the birth rate. For example: Russia

Think about a problem

1, noun

Physiological birth rate and ecological birth rate

Homologous population analysis population balance population regulation

2. Short answer questions

Types and characteristics of (1) survival curve.

(2) The application of exponential population growth model.

(3) What changes have taken place in the natural population?

(4) What are the population control theories (at least three)?

1, population refers to (a)

A collection of individuals of the same species in a certain space

A collection of individuals of the same species in different spaces.

Various parties in a certain space

A collection of all species in different spaces.

2. Judgment: The population is randomly composed of biological individuals. (×)

3. Judgment: Each population has a fixed boundary. (×)

4, in the following, belongs to the crowd is (b).

A. all woodpeckers in Huangshan and Emei Mountain

B. All ladybugs on Pinus massoniana

C.all insects in the wheat field

D. All pine trees in Daxinganling

5, the following belongs to the component biology is (b)

A. cattle

B. coral

C. Ascaris

D. frog

6, does not belong to the monomer organism is (D).

A. A flock of sheep

B.a nest of birds

a chicken

D. a pine tree

7. Judgment: The ecological density of the population is obviously greater than the coarse density. (√)

8, the following represents the relative density of the population is (c).

A.there are 20 poplars in an acre of land.

B. 10 Kmt/hectare

C. 100 rat holes /hm2

D there are 100 paramecium in D.50ml water.

9. In order to estimate the number of a fish in the pond, 50 fish are fished out of the pond first, and then put back into the pond after being marked. A few days later, 65,438+000 fish were caught from the pond, of which 65,438+00 were marked. In an ideal state, according to the marked recapture method, it is estimated how many fish there are in this pond (D).

A. 1000

5000 pounds

C. 100

In 500 ad

10, a group of rats occupied a brand-new habitat. Regarding the future development of population, the following statement is correct: (a).

A. population growth increases first and then decreases.

B. Rising population growth rate

C. the population increases first and then decreases.

D. the population survival rate has steadily declined.

1 1. The distribution pattern of ants in nature is (b).

A. Uniform distribution

B. Population distribution

C. random distribution

D. banded distribution

12, pioneer plants appear on the ground, and their spatial pattern is often (b).

Unified type

Random type

C polymerization type

Decentralized type

13. When the variance/mean ratio is used to detect the biological distribution type, the following ratio is uniformly distributed (A).

A.s2/m=0

B.s2/m= 1

C S2/rn is obviously greater than 1.

D S2/m is obviously less than 1.

14 and (cluster distribution) distribution are the most common spatial distribution structures of population.

15. Generally, there are three types of population distribution states and forms, namely (random distribution), (cluster distribution) and (uniform distribution).

16. Judgment: China has the largest population in the world, indicating that China has a high physiological birth rate. (×)

17, judgment: the population with roughly the same birth rate and death rate generally belongs to the growing population. (×)

18, the birth rate can be divided into (physiological birth rate) and (ecological birth rate).

19, the actual birth rate of population under specific environmental conditions is called (d).

A. Absolute birth rate

B. Exclusive birth rate

C. Birth rate

D. Ecological birth rate

20, the age structure of the population is the ratio of the number of individuals in each age stage, usually expressed by (b).

A. Age structure chart

B. Age pyramid diagram

C. Age distribution map

D. Age composition map

2 1, which does not conform to the age structure characteristics of the growing population is (d).

A. there are many young individuals and few old individuals.

B. production is positive.

C. The age pyramid is wide at the bottom and narrow at the top.

D. Birth rate is lower than death rate

22. A group of people whose age pyramid is narrow at the bottom and wide at the top belongs to (c).

A. The growing population

B. A stable population

C. Population decline

D. mixed population

23. The age structure of population can be divided into three types: increasing population, stable population and (decreasing population).

24. Judgment: The dynamic life table is a life table based on the survey of population age structure at a certain moment and drawn according to the survey results. (×)

25. Life table can be divided into (dynamic life table) and (static life table) according to its research methods.

26. For larger, fewer and longer-lived species such as elephants, (dynamic) life tables are not suitable, while (static) life tables are suitable.

27. Dewey divided the population survival curve into three types, among which the curve indicating that only a few individuals died before approaching their physiological life was (A).

A. convex curve

B. concave curve

C. Diagonal curve

D.s curve

28. K in the population logical growth equation stands for (environmental capacity).

29. In a limited environment, when the initial population is small, all the space and resources are almost unused, and the population growth is similar (exponential growth (or J-type growth)).

30. In the process of logistic growth, the number of individuals with the fastest density growth is (C).

A. less than K/2

B. equals K.

C. equal to K/2

D. greater than K/2

3 1, the five-stage logistic growth curve, when the number of individuals reaches half of the saturated density (that is, K/2), is called (b).

A. Acceleration period

B. Transition period

C. deceleration period

D. saturation period

32. The mathematical model DN/DT = RN ((k-n)/K) shows that the population growth is (D).

A. Discrete growth without density constraints

B. discrete growth with density constraints

C. continuous growth without density restrictions

D. Sustainable growth under density constraints

33. The way of population growth in an unrestricted environment is called (exponential growth (or J-type growth)) growth. However, in practice, due to the limitation of environmental capacity, the population cannot grow indefinitely. At this time, the growth mode is generally (logical growth (or S-type growth)) growth.

34. In the process of "S" growth, when the population exceeds half of the environmental capacity, (b) of the population.

A. the density is increasing faster and faster.

B. Environmental resistance is increasing.

C. Environmental resistance is getting smaller and smaller

D. The density is getting smaller and smaller

35, in order to obtain sustainable catch in fishery production, the fish population should be maintained at (a) during marine fishing.

A.K/2

B.K

C.K/4

D.K/3

36, when the population is logistic growth, the initial period is characterized by (a).

A. Slow density growth

B. Density growth is gradually accelerating

C. the density has the fastest growth.

D. Density growth is gradually slowing down

37, harvest theory, the harvest goal refers to (c).

A. Harvest yield

B. Harvest a stable yield

C. Long-term sustainable yield

D. harvesting all individuals in the population.

38. Judgment: Ecological balance means that the material circulation and energy flow in the system are no longer carried out, and the biological individuals remain unchanged. (×)

39. The animal population has an optimum population density. Too many or too few populations are unfavorable to the population and may have an inhibitory effect. This law is called (Ali's law)

40. The outbreak of Locusta migratoria manilensis when the population changes belongs to (b).

A. Seasonal fluctuation

B. Irregular fluctuations

C. Periodic fluctuations

D. Population balance

4 1, the phenomenon of "red tide" in coastal areas belongs to (AD) from the perspective of population change.

A. Seasonal fluctuation

B. Irregular fluctuations

C. Periodic fluctuations

D. Population explosion

42. 1859 since Britain and Australia, the number of cave rabbits in Europe has increased sharply, and competition with cattle and sheep for pasture has become a great harm in recent years. This phenomenon belongs to (b) from the perspective of population change.

A. Population explosion

B. Ecological invasion

C. Irregular fluctuations

D. Population explosion

43, population balance refers to (b).

A. the birth rate and death rate are zero.

B. the population has remained almost unchanged for a long time.

C. Equivalence between immigration and emigration

D. The birth rate and death rate are equal.

44, the following animal population can't keep a certain level for a long time is (D).

A. Large ungulates

B. Eat meat

C.some adult dragonflies

D. locusts

45. The automatic regulation of population can be divided into three categories: behavioral regulation, endocrine regulation and genetic regulation.

46. Due to the carrying of human beings and other creatures, bringing a certain creature to a new area suitable for habitat and reproduction makes it expand rapidly, which is not conducive to the survival of the original species. This phenomenon is called _ _ _ _ _ _.

47. There are (climate) school and (biology) school that advocate exogenous regulation.

48. Explain the scientific nature of late marriage and late childbearing in China with the internal growth rate of population.

Intrinsic growth rate rm: refers to the constant and rapid growth rate that a population with stable age structure can achieve under the ideal conditions of unlimited environment (unlimited influence of space, food and other organisms).

Formula: r=lnR0/T where t refers to the average time from maternal birth to offspring reproduction in the population. R0 is the number of reproductive offspring of an individual in a generation.