(original article, welcome to read, if you dare to wash the manuscript, you will be investigated by the whole network in the end. ) Text | The philosophers of the gods have always been considered as the smartest people. Many great philosophers at home and abroad, whether Socrates, Rousseau, Nietzsche, Russell, etc. There are endless legends. Among many philosophers, one is particularly dazzling. He is the Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein is considered as one of the greatest philosophers in the 20th century. He was born in a rich family, but he was poor all his life. In order to realize his life ideal, he changed careers several times and became a scholar, a soldier, a gardener and even a handyman, which made many people feel incredible. It can be said that his life is more legendary than his profound philosophical thoughts. Wittgenstein on Logic and Language deeply introduces Wittgenstein's life, philosophical thoughts and philosophical contributions. The author of this book is Kong Xinwei, a Canadian Chinese scholar. In the book, Kong Xinwei interprets Wittgenstein's core ideas in his own language, making the originally obscure theory easy to understand. 0 1 A free soul makes an unruly life. Wittgenstein's full name is ludwig wittgenstein. 1On April 26th, 889, Wittgenstein was born in the home of Vienna Steel King. The Wittgenstein family enjoyed a high reputation in Europe, when Brahms and * * * were guests of the Wittgenstein family. Growing up in an artistic atmosphere made Wittgenstein sensitive and artistic. Wittgenstein's father loved engineering technology when he was young. After he got married and had children, he imposed this hobby on his sons. Wittgenstein also inherited his father's genes and was born with a soft spot for machinery. At the age of ten, he made a simple sewing machine. But his two brothers could not bear the pressure of their father and committed suicide one after another. After the death of his brothers, his father was afraid of putting too much pressure on Wittgenstein, so he sent him to an ordinary school for civilian education. Interestingly, there are two world-class figures in that civilian school, one is Wittgenstein and the other is Hitler. Although they are in different classes, they appear in the same photo. As a young man, Wittgenstein left Austria to study in Britain. At that time, Russell was the most famous philosopher and mathematician in Britain. On one occasion, Wittgenstein accidentally read Russell's Principles of Mathematics. He was excited to find that this was his interest, so he summoned up his courage and went to Cambridge University to visit Russell. After in-depth conversation, Russell found that Wittgenstein was a thoughtful young man. He admired Wittgenstein's talent, valued him more and more, and even regarded him as the successor of his career. In Russell's eyes, Wittgenstein is "the most perfect example of genius". If Wittgenstein follows this life plan, his life will be much smoother than later. However, after the outbreak of World War I, he chose another road. 19 14, he resolutely returned to Vienna, joined the army and plunged into the flames of war. During his service, he wrote some philosophical notes, which were later included in the wartime notes. On the battlefield, Wittgenstein was full of fear of war after seeing his comrades around him die one by one. In order to settle his mind, he took the Gospel edited by Tolstoy with him. In the years of constant gunfire, gospel and philosophy became the spiritual pillars of Wittgenstein. After World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire perished and Wittgenstein was put into an Italian prison camp. There, he completed the theory of logical philosophy with amazing perseverance. After his good friend Wittgenstein was released from prison, The Theory of Logical Philosophy was published smoothly. This book was later hailed as one of the greatest philosophical works of the 20th century. Later, Wittgenstein suddenly had an idea of being a rural teacher. His idea shocked everyone. But he doesn't care what other people think. He gave all his property to his equally rich brothers and sisters, and he was willing to live in seclusion himself. Soon, Wittgenstein became a primary school teacher as he wished. However, at home, he was dumbfounded. It's completely different from what he imagined. He can't adapt to country life at all. He was amazed at the rudeness of the rural people. Wittgenstein was born in a rich family and had a strict family education. He is strict with himself and others. In a class, he physically punished several students. As a result, his parents quit and took him to court. He was acquitted, but he lost his job. There is too much helplessness in the real world, which makes Wittgenstein frustrated repeatedly. However, his inner perfectionism has never changed. All his life, he followed his inner voice and never succumbed to the cruelty of reality! Soon, he found a new job-a gardener in a monastery! He likes this job very much, and flowers and plants have brought him long-lost peace. Later, he left the monastery and returned to Vienna. He became an architect and helped his sister design a house. After many twists and turns, with the help of economist Keynes, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge University. After returning to Cambridge, Wittgenstein urgently needed a thesis to get a doctorate. Only in this way can he get scientific research funds and live a decent life. At that time, his doctoral thesis was logical philosophy, and the examiner was a group of Cambridge professors, including Russell. In front of everyone, Russell asked him a question. After Wittgenstein answered, he proudly said, "Never mind, I know you will never understand." Others think Wittgenstein is arrogant, but he is 40 years old. In order to get a doctorate, he must accept public questions. Who knows his inner anguish? After receiving research funding, Wittgenstein settled in Cambridge, but he was not satisfied with life here. After the outbreak of World War II, he left Cambridge and changed careers again. This time it's even more outrageous. I went to the hospital to be a medical assistant technician. Gold always shines. After World War II, Wittgenstein was hired as a professor by Cambridge. In his later years, he finished his last book, Philosophical Studies, in Ireland. At the age of 62, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and died soon after. Before he died, he said, "Tell them that my life is wonderful. Throughout Wittgenstein's life, he is true and frank, born in a rich family, but willing to be poor. He worked as a soldier, a village teacher, a gardener, a hospital handyman, and finally became a master of philosophy. This kind of life is a legend! What is Wittgenstein's philosophical thought? Wittgenstein's books are famous for their obscurity. The core of his philosophical thought is: unspeakable beauty. For people who are frustrated repeatedly in reality, his thoughts are like a long drought. He is good at paragraph writing, and his works are short and pithy, much like the style of the philosopher Nietzsche. So, what themes does Wittgenstein's philosophy include? The first theme is suffering and nothingness. In his book Culture and Value, Wittgenstein believes that all kinds of sufferings can be seen everywhere in the world, and the greatest suffering of mankind is the loss of self. An empty life will produce a sense of nothingness, which in turn will produce pain. If we are sure that life itself is meaningful, then we can endure all the sufferings. The second theme is that the meaning of the world is unspeakable. Although it can't be said, it can be shown in life. This theme is the essence of Wittgenstein's thought. Wittgenstein believes that the world is everything, and even the concepts outside the world are part of the world. The world exists in thinking, and people cannot solve problems without thinking. Wittgenstein's thought is very similar to China's Zen thought of "teaching people to teach people, but not to teach people by writing", arguing that anything that can be expressed in words or language will weaken or distort the inner intention to some extent. They all advocate not to say it, and it is wrong to say it. For example, when we name a person, we have extended the existing language to include him. After he can express it in words, he has lost part of his true self. Wittgenstein believes that although the meaning of the world cannot be expressed in words, it will be revealed in life. When you put the information you know together, the meaning will appear, and that's the way it is. Once spoken in words, it will be distorted. People want to find a way out in language, only to find that they can only find more confusion in the end. Therefore, Wittgenstein argues that people must remain silent where they can't speak. The third theme is death, eternity and time and space. In On Logical Philosophy, Wittgenstein believes that the world is mysterious when viewed from an eternal perspective and regarded as a whole. If eternity does not refer to the infinite continuation of time, but only to eternity, then living in the present is living in eternity. Wittgenstein believes that people live in time and space, and the answer to the mystery of life must be outside time and space. Life is a difficult mystery for everyone. Some people think that the immortal soul can solve all the problems in life. Wittgenstein believes that this is for the purpose of means. Only when people live in the present can the present become eternal. At this time, our life is down-to-earth, and we can truly live with peace of mind and not be bound by time. What contribution did Wittgenstein make to philosophy? Wittgenstein's greatest contribution to philosophy lies in combing the relationship between logic and language. He believes that philosophy is based on language speculation, and language has its own boundaries. At the same time, he also clearly pointed out the existence of boundaries and asserted that the meaning of life transcends language boundaries. 1953, Two years after Wittgenstein's death, Philosophy of Research was officially published. In this book, Wittgenstein said that he looked at philosophical problems as cases, rather than doing academic research. He also said that perhaps only people who have had similar thoughts in the book can understand this book. Wittgenstein believes that people can't think anything illogical, otherwise, people must think illogically. This sentence sounds a bit roundabout, so you can understand it by giving an example. Your boss assigned you a job, and he said it for a while, and it was illogical. You must be confused, but if he tells you clearly: today you have to accomplish three things, the first thing is what to do, the second thing is what to do, and the last thing is what to do. At this time, you can quickly understand what he means and you can work smoothly. In Wittgenstein's view, philosophy is not a theory but an activity. The purpose of philosophy is to clarify the facts, eliminate the confusion caused by language, make those vague ideas clearer and establish boundaries for ideas. He said: you can think clearly about what you can think and explain clearly what you can say. The boundary of a person's language is the boundary of his world. Wittgenstein thinks that you can describe me, but that's not me as the subject, but me as the object. In other words, you describe me as you see me, not as I really am. In my world, everything is my experience, so I am the boundary of the world. In Wittgenstein's view, language is the carrier of thought. Compared with the description, the description of human language is very inaccurate. Every explanation is a hypothesis. Let's look at an example. Red objects can be destroyed, but red itself cannot be destroyed. This is why the word "red" exists independently of red objects. Once you know what this word stands for, you can know all its uses. In Wittgenstein's later masterpiece Philosophical Research, his focus shifted from logic to language. Compared with logic, everyday language is more vague and farther away from the core issues of philosophy. Therefore. Many people will have questions after reading Philosophical Studies: Although the daily and trivial discussions in the book are in-depth, what does this have to do with philosophy? But Wittgenstein believes that language and logic are equally important in philosophy. In his view, language is a game, and noble words and ordinary words are equal, and there is no difference. Language is the sum of all propositions, and spoken language is a part of human organism, but language sometimes covers up thoughts. Speaking of this, Wittgenstein made an analogy: the shape of clothes is made up of one thing, and the purpose of this thing is not to show the figure. From the appearance of clothes, we can't infer what kind of soul is hidden under them. ? Wittgenstein said in the preface of Philosophical Research that the purpose of his writing is to inspire more people to think and produce their own thoughts through his own books. He believes that thinking can bring great spiritual rewards to people. Wittgenstein loved thinking all his life. He once said that there is nothing better in the world than thinking about philosophical problems. Therefore, he has always advocated that people's thinking should transcend time and not be limited by time. Wittgenstein wrote in the book "Notes on War": True happiness does not mean the happiness of a successful career or a happy family in the secular sense. True happiness is not living in the torrent of time, but living in the present. Only those who live in the present are the happiest. Wittgenstein's remarks are the essence of his philosophical thought. His life was full of legends, and he never regretted every choice he made until his death. His life is the unity of knowing and doing, and it took him 62 years to perfectly interpret his philosophy. The happiest thing in the world is to fight for your ideal all your life. Wittgenstein is willing to abandon worldly happiness because he has a higher spiritual pursuit in his heart. If this is not a happy life, then I am afraid there will be no happy life in this world. (End) Author introduction: The grace of the gods, a senior Internet person, a multi-platform signing author, and an excellent author of "Simple Books and Humanities". He loves reading, thinking and writing, and is called "walking encyclopedia" by his friends. This article is original, welcome to like it, leave a message to forward. Plagiarism or manuscript washing will be investigated.