One of "How Teachers Conduct Lesson Study"

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From: People's Education

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Editor's Note: At present, every school and every teacher is facing a series of new problems, puzzles and challenges, which need to be truly realized.

To solve these problems, it is no longer effective to rely solely on the original experience, and new ways and methods must be found through research.

Lesson research is a kind of reflective research based on the actual situation that teachers are good at. In case studies, teachers use their own research methods.

Combining methods with practice, deeply analyzing teaching activities, and realizing the improvement of teaching and spiritual growth.

As a cooperative research method, in the past,

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1998, lesson study has been widely promoted in many countries and regions.

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A few years. practice

It shows that lesson study plays an important role in teachers' professional development and the success of school teaching reform. School teaching and research with teaching and research group as the main body in China

Systems since the last century

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Although it has existed for more than half a century since its establishment in the early 1990s, its administrative, transactional and arbitrary operation is far from perfect.

There is still a long way to go to achieve the goal of specialization, standardization and regularization. Therefore, taking the case study as the carrier, the school teaching and research organization will develop into a profession.

Research-oriented organization and the realization of "integration of teaching and research" have become one of the important missions of school reform.

Starting from this issue, this journal will launch a series of research results of An Guiqing, an associate professor of East China Normal University, and members of his research group, hoping to contribute to.

The development of school case studies provides guidance and reference for the continuous improvement of classroom teaching.

An guiqing

：

The establishment of the theme of lesson study

Traditional teaching and research activities are mostly "lectures", and the topics discussed are often unclear or even too general. conversely

As a shared research method, lesson study aims at solving teaching problems, improving teaching behavior and improving teaching quality.

quality of teaching

In the case study

Teachers usually go through the cycle of questioning, planning, action, observation and reflection.

"doubt

"Problem" presents the puzzles or problems that everyone faces in teaching activities, so a clear research topic becomes a lesson example.

The starting point of research

Practice shows that

Studying lesson cases around a certain theme is not only conducive to improving the effect and quality of research,

And the same research goals and wishes are more conducive to the formation of study groups.

First, the characteristics of the research theme.

1.

Originated from reality.

Lesson study is a cooperative study conducted by teachers aiming at practical teaching problems, which is centered on teaching practice.

The solution of international problems, so the theme of its research does not come from some ready-made theory, but from teachers' teaching practice.

in other words

The study of lesson cases is devoted to solving the practical problems encountered by teachers in classroom teaching with scientific research methods.

Therefore,

Such as "what is the relationship between individual constructivism and social constructivism" and "the influence of brain science on classroom teaching".

Off-topic is not suitable as a subject of lesson study. As well as teachers' words and deeds, specific teaching scenes in daily teaching.

Personal experience and sincere discussion between teachers and peers on teaching problems have become the main problems in lesson study.

Source. Such as teacher-student interaction, the art of teachers' questioning, how to organize students to carry out cooperative learning or inquiry learning,

Wait a minute. In fact, in the face of realistic classroom teaching, there are too many problems that teachers need to think about and then improve through research.

Own professional judgment and practical wisdom.

2.

It begins with reflection.

Although teachers are in a realistic teaching situation, it is up to them to determine a feasible research topic.

Whether you have profound reflective ability and are good at capturing and refining real classroom teaching problems. The questions of curriculum research can

It can be * * * or personality, but in any case it is a teacher's own problem based on teaching reflection. Therefore,

The theme of lesson study must arouse teachers' reflective spirit and problem consciousness. No confusion, no growth, when the teacher is pregnant.

When you are in a state of doubt, hesitation, confusion and mental pain, you don't have to feel anxious, which proves that you are in a state of reflection.

Just what teaching and research need.

For example, in a Chinese class, the teacher asked the students in the usual way: "What do you doubt after reading the title of the article?"

Ask? "

Students ask questions one after another, but these questions can obviously be answered by reading the text. Just then, a

The students made different sounds. He thinks that students know perfectly well, because the questions they ask are in the morning self-study preview class.

Shi Wen already knows. This question touched the teacher very much, and he had doubts about this common teaching method: whether or not

Should I stop using it?

After reflection, he realized that there was no problem with the method, and the key was how to guide students to ask valuable questions.

Title. So he took "how to make students ask valuable questions in Chinese class" as the research theme, which began to be of great significance.

Study on teaching plans.

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3.

Concrete and feasible.

In the early stage of lesson study, teachers often choose too broad topics, such as "improving the effectiveness of classroom teaching"

Sex ","building a dialogue classroom "and" developing Chinese teaching resources ". Unable to focus on the problem, these generalized studies

The theme will inevitably lead to teachers' superficial interpretation of the research content, and these problems cannot guide teachers to explore and teach in depth.

The improvement of teachers' teaching behavior has little effect. What's more, the research scope is very large, but the research time is very short. Therefore,

It can only be a passing sight, and it will disappear.

Therefore, the choice of the theme of lesson study must be closely combined with the reality of classroom teaching, and the problems should be grasped from three aspects: small, detailed and practical.

Title,

Choose a topic with strong operability and research conditions to make a mountain out of a molehill. Be completely understood by the teacher.

After solving these problems, we will study other problems. For example, an English teacher felt the importance of classroom teaching language and tried to use it.

"Speech analysis in classroom teaching" is the research theme, but after discussing with the research group, he realized that this theme involves

It's too wide. By watching and reflecting on his classroom teaching videos, he realized that his evaluation language for students was too simple.

Boring, commonly used is "

okay

、

very good

、

excellent

"

Wait a minute. In order to improve this situation, he put his own

The focus of the study is "the diversity of teachers' evaluation language in classroom teaching". As you can imagine, due to the focus of the problem, research can

The feasibility, depth and practical value of this research will be greatly increased.

4.

The answer is open.

The study of lesson cases can realize the improvement of teaching by deeply reflecting on classroom phenomena and summing up teaching experience. pass by

The actual problem is restricted by many factors and complicated, and the solution to the problem is often unknown, clear and unique.

There are probably many solutions to the answer, which can only come from induction. Therefore, we can start with whether the answer is open or not.

Let's judge whether the theme of lesson learning is appropriate. For example, a math teacher tried to use "the elements of mathematics inquiry learning" as an example.

However, as the theme of curriculum research, the discussion on the elements or links of inquiry learning is well known. How to group them in practice?

Knitting should be the focus of research. After that, the teacher decided that the theme of the research was "the creation of mathematical inquiry situations" and discussed how to.

Ways and methods to transform the subject content into exploring situations. Because the inquiry situation is related to the specific subject content,

Its creative method must have the characteristics of diversification and openness, and it is worth discussing as the theme of lesson study.

Second, the type of research topic.

Lesson study is a process of continuous interaction between teachers and teaching situations. During the research cycle, teachers may encounter.

Various practical problems, starting with summarizing these problems, can sum up the general types of lesson research topics.

In fact, lesson study is not only a process for teachers to solve practical problems, but also a process for teachers to accumulate practical knowledge.

By analyzing the types of lesson research topics, we can find the key points of choosing lesson research topics.

1.

Research topics related to the subject content.

A profound and flexible understanding of the subjects taught is a teacher's basic skill. subject

The content involves the understanding of the nature of the subject and what important content students learn, which determines the choice of teaching objectives.

The choice of teaching materials and teaching strategies, the content and methods of student evaluation directly affect teachers' teaching practice. Therefore, understand

Grasping the essence of the subject has become one of the focuses of lesson learning.

This kind of research is of guiding significance to subject teaching.

Justice. For example, in a mental health class in junior high school, teachers and students discuss the topic of "the beauty of youth" together.

By explaining and organizing students' games and discussions, teachers constantly strengthen students' acceptance of "inner beauty is more important than outer beauty"

An idea. During the after-class discussion, most teachers felt that there was something wrong with the direction of class, as if they had finished a mental health class.

Ideological and moral course

obviously

The teacher's understanding of this subject is biased.

So everyone started thinking. "

The beauty of youth "

What is the value of this specific subject content to students, and how to embody this value in teaching. Everyone revolves around "green"

The conception and design of the teaching theme of Beauty in Spring is a case study.

Redefinition will "make students accept themselves"

As a kind of teaching

Learning objectives, so as to show students the real value of the subject content.

2.

Research topics related to learners and their characteristics.

The ultimate goal of teachers' teaching is to point to students' learning and development.

Yes,

Learning lesson plans should attach importance to learners' learning. Without understanding learners and their characteristics, there will be no good teaching. Students are

How to learn, how they understand and misunderstand a subject, and how students with different personalities or levels exist.

Interaction, and so on, these are all topics that should be paid attention to in lesson learning.

In fact, the study of learners and their characteristics is sometimes an important basis for determining the starting point of teaching. For example, curriculum research.

The research group revolves around "students are learning water-solid three States"

、

liquid state

、

The pre-concept of gas transformation and its influence on teaching "

After studying this topic, I found many interesting ideas of students. When many students are learning "water turns into steam"

People think that gas is sealed in water and will be squeezed out a little when heated. When learning "water condensation",

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They think that the water on the surface of canned soft drinks taken out of the refrigerator in summer seeps from the water tank or is taken out of the refrigerator, and

It is not formed by condensation of water vapor in the air when it is cold. Based on this, teachers should correct and reform students in design teaching.

These pre-understandings are set as the key links in teaching, so that students can acquire scientific concepts. In addition, the learner's specific form

The present tense can also be used as one of the bases for teachers to review the teaching effect.

3.

Research topics related to curriculum knowledge.

Traditionally, curriculum knowledge is mainly about textbooks and other materials that can be used for special purposes.

Knowledge of various teaching media and materials used in teaching, and how to organize and structure specific topics in the discipline horizontally and vertically.

Knowledge of. Today, the scope of curriculum knowledge is more extensive, and teachers are no longer the executors of simple curriculum plans, but as

As the main body of curriculum development, teachers need to undertake the important task of curriculum design and implementation in the teaching process. Based on this, related courses know that

Practical topics of knowledge, from the understanding and implementation of curriculum standards to the adjustment, enrichment, transformation and creation of teaching materials, and then to teaching.

Rational use of technical knowledge and other teaching resources in learning is an important part of curriculum research. In this regard,

The case study carried out by the mathematics teaching and research group in a school is impressive. This teaching and research group is the embodiment of mathematics teaching.

With national characteristics, he developed mathematics in couplets, idioms, poems, jokes and novels.

Mathematics and other topics, and according to the students' cognitive level and the actual effect of teaching, the contents involved in the above topics are combined.

After careful selection and careful arrangement, a series of mathematical inquiry contents that can stimulate students' interest are finally formed. In the course reform.

In this process, there is bound to be a great exploration space for the study of such lesson cases related to curriculum knowledge.

4.

Research topics related to knowledge of teaching methods.

Pedagogy knowledge is the knowledge about teaching strategies and the expression of specific topics. effective

Teaching requires teachers not only to have a deep understanding of the subjects they teach, but also to face specific subject themes.

It can be expressed in the most understandable way for students, that is, in a way suitable for students' thinking and learning characteristics.

Achieve subject knowledge. Although we can be familiar with different teaching methods through theoretical books or teaching suggestions on teaching reference materials, we are faced with the problem of

When teaching specific content, the real knowledge of subject teaching method is teachers' unique teaching experience. Do you?

The ability to switch between different teaching methods is the key to the problem, which can be obtained in practice through teaching research.

Accumulate. Therefore, the theme of teaching method has become an important content of lesson study. For example, English in a school.

The Chinese teaching and research group has always stressed the need to organize students to carry out cooperative learning in teaching, but it has found a fascinating place in the implementation.

The sad phenomenon is that some outstanding students often master the right to speak, while other members of the group only passively accept it. what

It is they who have carried out lesson learning with the theme of "dispersing the right to speak and promoting equality within the group".

Finally, an effective solution was found.

Strategy.

Third, the process of determining the theme.

in fact

Finding problems in teaching practice is only the first step to determine the theme of lesson study.

At the early stage of finding the problem,

Teachers' knowledge and understanding of the problem is still vague to a great extent and needs further clarification. Therefore, from the problem discovery to

The establishment of the theme has a process of continuous refinement.

1.

Collect and analyze relevant literature.

In lesson learning, teachers should consciously integrate theoretical learning into the theme.

The process of standing. Although the study of lesson cases focuses on solving practical problems in teaching, there is no theory as a "framework" for teachers to think and act.

Frame "

In order to play a role in it, lesson study can only be limited to the level of experience summary, but can not be improved to the level of practical theory generation.

Degree. By collecting and analyzing relevant literature, teachers can further sort out teaching practice problems. in Shanghai

English for middle and senior grades in primary schools introduced by several foreign language teachers in the northern suburbs

survey

The case study of "investigation" teaching mode is as follows

Example,

These teachers try to introduce the ideas and methods of research-based learning into English classes in order to arouse students' initiative in learning English.

Enthusiasm enriches students' English learning materials. Before starting teaching, they carefully studied the content of research-based learning in the department.

This paper analyzes the difficulties in the application of this method in English teaching from authoritative works and articles, and then gives full consideration to it.

On the basis of feasibility, solve the key and difficult point of this problem-how to turn the related topics of teaching materials into students.

Conduct research projects, and then start teaching by collecting and sharing this information. It can be seen that the collection of documents and materials

It helps us to clarify the existing research results, so as to clarify the connotation of core concepts, determine the focus of research and

Difficulty,

Make full theoretical preparation for the follow-up research.

2.

Define the core concept of the problem.

On the basis of analyzing relevant literature, teachers need to understand the problems studied.

To define the concept, it is best to describe the problem studied in an operable way, so that the problem studied by the teacher can be displayed.

The opening process is clearer. Taking the above-mentioned research on schools in the northern suburbs as an example, through discussion, the research group is right.

survey

Teaching "

One of "How Teachers Conduct Lesson Study"

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Operational description: "Starting from the reality of students' life, create specific language situations, thus linking the teaching materials. "

The theme is transformed into a topic that students can study, and students' curiosity is stimulated by asking questions, and then collected through field investigation.

All aspects of information, and through cooperative learning, group sharing and concept reorganization, and finally exchange between groups, so that students can express.

Reach your own opinion. "Obviously, through this statement, the teachers are right."

survey

Characteristics of the core concept of "teaching"

Have a clear grasp. "

survey

The theme of ""revolves around students' real life and is closely related to the content of the textbook. At the same time, tune

The survey results are used for group sharing, so as to achieve the purpose of language communication. Through the definition of core concepts, the study of curriculum cases is roughly accurate.

Setting the research scope makes teachers have a clear research direction, and it is easier to find the path to solve the problem, which is helpful for research.

Implement and achieve results. Therefore, clarifying the core concepts can avoid attacking from all sides and bluffing in the research.

3.

Put forward clear problem-based assumptions.

After the problem is clear, teachers should also put forward solutions to the problem through discussion.

A preliminary idea. If there is no hypothetical lesson study, the goal is vague and the process is not followed, the research conclusion will be

Incomplete or unimportant. Therefore, it is an indispensable part to put forward clear problem-based assumptions to establish the theme of lesson study.

festival

take for example

On it. "

survey

"Teaching mode" in the research process.

The research team designed a "situational entrance" for students.

Question-field investigation-group discussion-expression and communication ",and according to this practical effect

The process is constantly revised, and finally a perfect teaching model is formed. It can be said that a series of guiding assumptions in lesson study are teaching.

The teacher provided a clear idea to solve the problem and became the direction to guide the follow-up research. For example, what kind of perspective to analyze?

Teaching, how to analyze and explain the relevant materials of lesson examples, and deduce the corresponding countermeasures from these materials. The research team is

Before starting the research, we should be prepared for this and discuss the assumptions made. Good assumptions will help solve the problem.

Clear thinking and bad assumptions may confuse or deviate from the direction of solving problems. The clearer the hypothesis, the more effective the research will be.

The better. On the other hand, ignoring the assumptions before the study, even if the steps in the analysis stage are very detailed, often the ideal results will not be obtained.

Fruit.

Fourth, the serialization of research topics.

As a micro-level teaching research method, lesson study solves a specific problem in teaching, not.

It means that lesson study has given up the pursuit of theme serialization. On the one hand, the micro-lesson research topics are brought into the macro.

After sorting out and summarizing, it is more conducive to generating practical teaching theories, thus expanding the guidance of teaching research.

Range,

Improve the guidance level of teaching research; On the other hand, the creation of teaching knowledge is carried out between individual teachers and teacher groups.

As well as the sharing and transformation of teaching knowledge among different groups of teachers, the serialization of research topics is helpful to expand teachers.

The enjoyment range of teaching knowledge deepens the transformation degree of teaching knowledge, thus promoting the construction and formation of teacher cooperation.

For example, in a school, in order to promote students' in-depth understanding of bilingual teaching content, various teaching and research groups focus on bilingual teaching.

The teaching language of teachers is studied, and the research topics of different lessons are determined: the information technology group is responsible for "bilingual classroom concept teaching"

The art group is responsible for studying the proportion of Chinese and English used in bilingual classes, and the math group is responsible for bilingual classes.

Research on the diversity of English classroom language in the classroom ",and the Science Group is responsible for" Research on the accuracy of subject language in bilingual classroom ". one

After a while,

The school summarized the results of each lesson study group and summarized them into a big research theme:

"Research on Bilingual Teaching Language to Promote Students' Understanding". The above cases reflect the realization of case study in the school.

Serialization of problems. This is not only conducive to the accumulation of school-based teaching knowledge, but also a good reference for bilingual teaching in other schools.

Function. In fact, every lesson study group in every school should pursue this.