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What is the difference between thought and theory in philosophical sense?
To put it bluntly, an idea is an idea. One must have many ideas.

Most of the ideas you have, others have, are similar, only those, very constructive ideas; Ideas that can be recognized by others, or ideas that are enlightening for exploring the future, science and nature, are qualified to leave a trace in the history of human thought.

If your thoughts can leave many traces in the history of human thought, then you are undoubtedly a thinker.

Writer and thinker Lu Xun

On the other hand, there are similarities between theory and thought, but there are also great differences. A theory, of course, comes from thought.

This idea may come from your observation, your perception, your guesses and assumptions, and even your abstract feelings or subconscious.

It doesn't matter. What is important is that if it can be called a theory, it must be a complete logical loop.

In this circle, thoughts are only the starting point, or arguments. There must be a series of arguments to support this argument.

The relationship between these arguments and this argument, and the relationship between arguments and arguments, must form a complete system, or a sound structure. In this structure, arguments as nodes, whether they are subordinate in parallel or vertically, must follow a law, that is, logic.

For every argument and the establishment of the relationship between arguments, the logical process is indispensable, but it is nothing more than deduction, reasoning, practice, proof, reflection, conclusion and so on.

If every node in this ring is logical, then a closed loop will be formed. If this closed loop is meaningful to the development of civilization or science, then the last set of systematic knowledge can be established, which is called theory in academic circles.

Philosopher mathematician Leibniz

As the basis of machine operation, the binary theory invented by German philosopher and mathematician Leibniz is the best example.