The study of brain and nervous system has a long history. It was not until the end of 18 that people realized that the brain was divided into different parts and performed different functions. 189 1 year, Cajal founded the neuron theory, which holds that the whole nervous system is composed of relatively independent nerve cells in structure. On the basis of Cajal neuron theory, Sherrington put forward the concept of synapse between neurons in 1906. Adrian put forward the neural action potential in the 1920s. M-P neural network model proposed by mcculloch and Pitts in 1943. 1949 Hebb puts forward the rules of neural network learning. In 1950s, Rosenblat put forward the perception model. Since 1980s, the research of neural computing has made progress. Hopfield introduces Lyapunov function (called computational energy function) to give the stability criterion of the network, which has a direct correspondence with VLSI and lays the foundation for the development of neural computers. At the same time, it can also be used for associative memory and optimization calculation, which opens up a new way for the application of neural network in computers. Amari has done a lot of research on the mathematical basic theory of neural network, including statistical neurodynamics, dynamic theory of neural field, associative memory, especially in information geometry. The research of computational neuroscience attempts to embody the following basic characteristics of the human brain: ① The cerebral cortex is a huge and complex system with extensive connections; ② The calculation of human brain is based on large-scale parallel simulation processing; ③ The human brain has strong error and association ability, and is good at generalization, analogy and popularization; ④ The brain function is restricted by congenital factors, but acquired factors such as experience, learning and training play an important role, which shows that the human brain has strong self-organization and adaptive ability. Many intellectual activities of human beings are not carried out by logical reasoning, but formed by training.

At present, the understanding of how the human brain works is still superficial, and the research of computational neuroscience is not sufficient. What we are facing is a new field full of unknowns, and we must make a deeper exploration on the basic principle and calculation theory. Through the analysis and research on the structure, information processing, memory and learning mechanism of the human brain nervous system, this paper simulates the working mechanism of the human brain and puts forward new ideas and methods of intelligent science.

The scientific problems of computational neuroscience are as follows: the basic process of neural activity: the study of neuronal ion channels and their regulation, synaptic transmission and its regulation, neuronal receptors and signal transduction, and the synchronization mechanism of neural activity. Calculation model of single neuron: A single neuron is the basic unit of a neural network, which consists of nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axons. Neural mechanism of learning and memory between neurons through synaptic connections: the structure and function of the nervous system change with activities and environment, which is the basis of advanced brain functions such as learning and memory. To study the mechanism and learning law of this plasticity, especially synaptic plasticity. The information coding and processing mechanism of neural circuit is studied. Molecular mechanism of neuron and nervous system development: nerve cells differentiate from neural stem cells during brain development, and then gradually form a complex and precise brain through migration, outward growth and synaptic interconnection. To study the neurotrophic factors that regulate the differentiation of neural stem cells, maintain the survival of nerve cells, regulate the migration, processing and growth of nerve cells and synaptic formation, and study their functions and mechanisms. Neurotransmitters: study the composition, synthesis, maintenance, release and interaction with receptors of neurotransmitters.