I population policy and education
Population policy refers to the corresponding policies and measures taken by a country according to its own population growth. Its most direct impact is to change the country's fertility rate, and then affect the population size and population structure of the whole country. The change of population means that the number of students enrolled will also change, which will inevitably lead to the shortage or surplus of national educational resources. In addition, demographic changes will change the population structure. First of all, the constant change of fertility rate will cause the change of population age structure, and then the population size at different educational stages will change, that is, the educational structure will change. Secondly, the implementation of population policy will be different in different regions, which will change the population distribution in China to a certain extent and put forward new requirements for the rational allocation of educational resources.
Second, the "two-child" policy and its impact on the population.
As the most populous country in the world, the overall economic and social development of China is closely related to the national population policy. After the long-term implementation of the basic national policy of family planning, the problems of inverted triangle structure, declining birthrate and aging are becoming more and more serious. Based on this, the state put forward a new population policy at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, that is, "adhere to the basic national policy of family planning, improve the population development strategy, fully implement the policy that a couple can have two children, and actively carry out actions to deal with the aging population". The implementation of the "two-child policy" will affect the national fertility rate to a certain extent, thus changing the number of new population and ultimately affecting the population structure of the whole country.
According to the change of fertility rate in China after the liberalization of the two-child policy on 20 13, Professor Zhai Zhenwu estimated that the newly added population brought about by the full liberalization of the two-child policy in the first year was about 5 million, using the data of the national sample survey in 2005 1%. After that, it will decrease year by year, and the short-term population increase may be released in the next five years, * * *15-25 million. In addition, the full liberalization of the two-child policy can adjust the age structure of China's population and help alleviate the aging problem of China's population. The proposal of the two-child policy will further affect the scale, structure and quality of China's education development after changing China's population size and structure. The development of education in China will face a series of challenges.
Thirdly, the challenges faced by China education after the implementation of the "two-child policy".
(1) Challenges faced by the number of education A certain number of school-age population is the premise of educational activities, and the number of school-age population directly restricts the scale of educational development. After the implementation of the "two-child policy", the fertility rate in China will increase and the demand for education will increase accordingly. In recent years, affected by the cyclical baby boom, some areas have entered a period of rapid growth of school-age population, and the problem of insufficient educational carrying capacity has begun to appear. After the implementation of the two-child policy, problems such as over-enrollment, large class size and multi-departmental teaching will become more prominent. In addition, China's education industry has been facing a situation of more women than men, especially the kindergarten teacher industry. The implementation of the comprehensive two-child policy may lead to a shortage of teachers, and some young female teachers may choose the latter between working and having a second child, which may make the contradiction between supply and demand of teacher resources more intense.
(2) Challenges to the quality of education With the continuous development of social economy, people are increasingly pursuing higher-level education, and the demand for education is no longer limited to "learning" but rises to "classroom learning". However, after the full liberalization of the two-child policy, the increase in the number of school-age population will lead to a decline in the quality of education to a certain extent. With the increase of school-age population and the shortage of educational resources, schools will use more large classes, and the focus of national education development will be to popularize education rather than improve the quality of education. On the other hand, the implementation of the two-child policy has changed many family structures, from the previous "four-two-one" style to the "four-two-two-two-two-two" style. Parents' experience in educating their children has begun to disperse, and the quality of children's family education will also decline.
(III) Challenges Faced by Education Investment In economics, there is a negative correlation between population growth rate and education investment, that is, the higher the natural population growth rate, the lower the per capita education investment provided by society. The state will determine the proportion of education investment according to the level of economic development, the demand for talents and the existing population structure. After the implementation of the "two-child policy", the fertility rate will increase and the proportion of school-age population will increase, which will increase the national social support fee, and then reduce the per capita education expenditure. By the same token, the investment in family education will average from one child to two children, and many families will face the dilemma of education investment, thus reducing their children's education funds.
(IV) Challenges faced by educational layout Education layout refers to the regional distribution structure of schools. At present, the allocation of educational resources in China is: the eastern coast is much higher than the central and western regions, and the cities are much higher than the rural areas. After the implementation of the "two-child policy", the unfair regional distribution of educational resources may be more serious. The survey shows that the fertility desire of most urban women is not very high, and the beneficiaries of the two-child policy may be concentrated in the central and western regions and small towns, and the lack of high-quality educational resources in these areas will make their contradictions more prominent. At the same time, the development of new urbanization will lead to an increase in the demand for schooling for children of floating population. For the population inflow areas, the problem of insufficient educational resources in these areas is more prominent.
Four. Conclusions and policy recommendations
Although the "two-child policy" has just been implemented, its impact on population size and structure has not yet appeared, and academic circles have different views on its implementation effect, but the number of school-age population will definitely increase. The government should adopt scientific methods as far as possible to predict the changing trend of China's educated population after the implementation of the "two-child policy" and arrange educational resources in advance.
(1) Plan educational resources in advance and strengthen teacher training. The state should arrange educational resources in advance and adjust the educational structure in time according to the changing trend of population birth rate, population age structure and regional distribution. In the face of the increase in the number of newborns, we should increase the adjustment of resources, focus on the needs of preschool education, speed up the construction of inclusive kindergartens, and expand the number of high-quality public kindergartens. In addition, scientifically predict the changes in the age structure of the population after the implementation of the comprehensive two-child policy, rationally plan educational resources at all stages, and improve the national education structure. In view of the problems that teachers may face, the state should strengthen teacher training and improve teachers' treatment. And increase incentives to encourage educators to continuously improve the quality of education and concentrate on teaching.
(2) Adopt various modes of running schools and optimize the "home-school cooperation" mechanism. Faced with the challenge that the quality of education may decline, the state should constantly improve the reform of the education system and adopt the modes of school alliance, entrusted management and group running. In order to meet the educational needs of school-age children to the greatest extent, so that every child can enjoy high-quality educational resources as much as possible. After the implementation of the "two-child policy", we should constantly optimize the "home-school cooperation" mechanism of the "April 22" new family structure, give full play to the beneficial influence of the new family structure on education as much as possible, and let children help each other grow up; Avoid distracting parents and affecting the quality of parenting. And make full use of advanced network information resources to make home-school cooperation more convenient and promote the improvement of children's education quality.
(3) Increase investment in education and speed up the reform of education funding system. In view of the challenges faced by education investment, the state should increase investment in education and constantly improve the reform of education funding system. After the implementation of the "comprehensive two-child policy", a diversified education financing system will be established with the pressure of increasing birth population to expand education investment. Explore the establishment of education funds and improve the financial assistance mechanism for students with difficulties. On the other hand, it is necessary to give local autonomy and increase the provincial-level overall planning of education funds. In addition, additional fees such as "borrowing sponsorship fees" will be abolished, and the subsidy mechanism for families with many children will be piloted to further reduce the burden of family education.
(IV) Optimizing the allocation of educational resources and scientifically planning the educational outlet After the implementation of the "comprehensive two-child policy", facing the current situation of China's educational layout, the government needs to accelerate the pace of optimizing the allocation of educational resources, gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and try its best to ensure the balanced allocation of compulsory education resources between urban and rural areas. Specifically, it is necessary to appropriately adjust the educational outlets according to the changing trend of population distribution. In view of the educational needs of the children of floating population, in areas where population inflow is the main factor and the school-age population is increasing, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the conditions for running schools, including capital construction, to meet the needs of population changes. At the same time, primary and secondary schools in the old city with insufficient students should actively recruit floating school-age population and make full use of existing educational resources.