Application examples and enlightenment of ecotourism planning and design at home and abroad
Security is a state in which the subject exists without threats and dangers. In the past, security was mainly studied from the perspective of international relations, so national security to protect national sovereignty and dignity from infringement became the highest security concept. Since the 1950s, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become increasingly serious, and now it has reached a critical period that seriously threatens human bottom-up and national development. Ecological security has become a global concern. Ecological security means that the biosphere on which human beings depend from bottom to top is in a state of natural balance. In this state, human beings can co-evolve with nature. The current ecological crisis is fundamentally caused by people's unreasonable production and economic activities. As we all know, in natural systems, the circulation of substances is closed, and substances formed in some processes are absorbed by others. However, in the artificial production system, only a very small part of natural substances are effectively utilized, at best only a few percent, and the rest are discharged into the biosphere as "waste" of production. These "wastes" are usually toxic, such as nitrogen oxides, suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and other wastes produced by burning fuels. According to statistics, in the 1990s, only 1 1 reached the first-class air quality standard in major cities in China, and most cities were at the unhealthy level of three or above. Water pollution is caused by untreated industrial and domestic sewage discharge. Water pollution has aggravated the shortage of fresh water resources in China. More than 300 cities in China are short of water, and only 1/4 of them meet the drinking standards due to pollution. Organic compounds, heavy metals and toxic products in some industrial and domestic wastes pollute the soil, weaken its fertility and threaten the health of animals, plants and people through the food chain.
Tourism and environment is a new international hotspot, which embodies the concept of ecological security. At present, there are two important factors that push it to the forefront of the field of environment and development: ① Tourism has become an important industry with rapid development. At present, it accounts for about 10% of the world's commodity exports. Especially for many developing countries, tourism revenue accounts for a large proportion of the gross national product and has become one of the pillar industries, which has effectively promoted the social and economic development of the country. At the same time, according to the statistics released by the World Tourism Organization, since 1950, the number of international tourists has increased by 25 times, reaching 6170,000 in 1997, and tourism has become an important bridge for international people-to-people friendly exchanges. (2) Ecological destruction and environmental pollution not only destroy the natural resource base on which tourism depends for survival and development, but also reduce the quality of tourism. At the same time, unreasonable tourism development has also brought serious environmental problems, especially the protection of biodiversity and traditional culture, which threaten the long-term development of tourism and affect the sustainable development of social economy. China is one of the countries with the fastest development of tourism and has become one of the top ten tourist receiving countries in the world. Tourism plays an increasingly important role in the development of national economy. At the same time, the environmental problems in tourist areas have become increasingly prominent. The pollution of Yungang Grottoes and the dryness of Crescent Lake in Dunhuang have touched many people's hearts. Strengthening the protection of tourism environment has become a social consciousness. Here are some examples: for example 1. Australia is an advocate of eco-tourism and a country that makes eco-tourism colorful in the world. There are many reasons why Australia has made remarkable achievements in developing eco-tourism, of which two are the most important: one is its resource advantage, its vast unpolluted environment and unique ethnic customs; The second is to have a clear and profound understanding of eco-tourism and standardize its operation. At present, there are more than 600 ecotourism business units in Australia, which is a small but very active department in Australian tourism. The most prominent feature of this department is the operation of small enterprises. Personalized service. About 85% of eco-tourism companies have fewer than 20 employees. The annual turnover of ecotourism in Australia is 250 million Australian dollars, and the total number of employees is 6,500. Eco-tourism has a wide range of activities, including guided jungle hiking, natural history visits, wildlife viewing in the mainland and whale watching tours. The Australian Eco-Tourism Association is the highest representative institution of ecotourism in the country, with more than 500 members, including ecotourism operators and wholesalers, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, academia and other relevant units responsible for the tourism management of protected areas. The association has formulated a code of conduct for eco-tourism operators, which covers environmental protection, respect for local culture, utilization efficiency of natural resources, waste management and tour guide explanation. All eco-tourism association members must sign a statement agreeing to implement, support and publicize this code of conduct. In addition, the association has formulated a set of guidelines for eco-tourists, with the aim of maximizing the benefits that local communities get from tourism and minimizing the adverse social and environmental impacts. For the development of eco-tourism, the high quality and standard of business activities are crucial, especially the sensitive environmental awareness has become the core of eco-tourism activities.
Example 2. 1999 China launched "Top Ten" ecotourism themes. The earth is the home of human existence. How to protect the ecological environment is a concern of the whole world, including China. In the year of eco-environmental tourism in 1999, eco-environmental tourism was the theme, and eco-environmental protection and eco-tourism were organically combined, which was the first time in China. China has very rich and unique ecotourism resources. Holding the' 99 Eco-environment Tour is to rationally develop eco-tourism products on the basis of protecting the ecological environment, which is in line with the trend of international tourism development and China's national policy of environmental protection. Therefore, the National Tourism Administration, the State Environmental Protection Administration, the State Forestry Administration and the China Academy of Sciences jointly launched this theme activity, which was supported by six related units. This is the second time to focus the world's attention on this beautiful and magical land of ancient oriental civilization after the' 98 tour of China. The "Top Ten" themes are: ① Wild animal viewing tour; ② Cycling tourism; ③ desert adventure tour; ④ Drifting tourism; ⑤ mountaineering adventure tour; ⑤ Natural ecological study tour; ① Ski tourism; ③ Action trip to protect the environment; ③ Ocean trip; 1 Shangri-La Exploration Tour, etc. Specifically, the two basic requirements of ecological planning in China are:
I. Requirements for accommodation facilities:
Residential facilities in ecotourism destinations should not be located in fragile and sensitive ecological areas.
The building should be simple and convenient, and don't provide unnecessary comfort and service to tourists.
Accommodation facilities should be managed independently by local people to maintain the integrity of regional culture.
Using energy-saving equipment, all energy and materials shall not cause adverse effects on the surrounding natural ecological environment.
Provide local products-based diet (preferably green food) and tourist souvenirs. Try to introduce the local nature and culture to tourists.
Join the regional economic, cultural and ecological protection network and strengthen the contact and exchange with the regional education department.
Second, the requirements for natural ecological areas:
Study the suitable tourist capacity of the reserve to control and prevent the over-utilization of tourism resources.
Recommend activities that have the least impact on nature and limit activities that have a negative impact on nature.
Establish a corresponding ecological protection fund system, so that tourism income can be used for the protection of protected areas.
Establish environmental education facilities and provide information and environmental education materials about nature and local culture.
Training ecotourism planners and tour guides.
Monitor the impact of tourism and inform operators, nature conservation groups and local communities, and supervise and coordinate tourism business activities in protected areas and surrounding areas.
Cooperate with NGOs and voluntary organizations to carry out environmental education activities.
Take eco-tourism as an important part of the management planning of protected areas.
Eco-environmental tourism activities '99 Xinjiang has launched two key forest parks and three eco-tourism routes. Two key forest parks: First, Fukang Tianchi National Forest Park, with Tianchi, a well-known alpine lake at home and abroad as the center and Bogda Peak in Tianshan Mountain as the main body, is a green forest with beautiful natural scenery and convenient transportation on the mountainside, which goes directly from Urumqi to Tianchi Forest Park; Hainan Bogda Resort in the park receives tourists' accommodation, entertainment, mountaineering and other activities. The second is the Tarim Populus euphratica Forest Park in Luntai. This park is the green mile in the Taklimakan Desert. The famous desert highway runs through the park, and it can go directly from desert park, Korla. Three eco-tourism routes: one is the northern Xinjiang tourism route. The main contents and landscapes of this route include Tianchi, the only artificially raised wild horse base in China, the "silicified wood" forest in Junggar, Karamaili Nature Reserve (there are argali, goose-eared antelope and golden eagle in the reserve), Hanas Lake (the "lake monster" in the lake, the Buddha's light in the sea of clouds, and the long embankment of thousands of dead trees). ). The second is the tourist routes in western Xinjiang. Among them are Saili Lake, the largest alpine lake in China, spruce in Ling Xue, vast grasslands, fruits in Shan Ye, exotic flowers in strange villages, Huiyuan ancient city, Yili, south of the Great Wall, places of interest and historical sites along the Silk Road, virgin forest reserves and natural features. The third is the tourist routes in southern Xinjiang. The main contents and landscapes of this route include: artificial afforestation, Tomur Peak Nature Reserve, Tarim Populus euphratica Forest Park, desert highway, desert oasis scenery, Bosten Lake, Qizil Qianboiling Cave, Bayinbuluke Prairie, Swan Lake Nature Reserve, Gongnaisi Forest Park, Altun Mountain Nature Reserve, Hetian Jade Stone, Li Qian Grape Corridor, etc. In addition, 18 autonomous region-level forest parks have been launched.
In order to serve eco-tourism, we should speed up the construction of urban green garden corridors. For example, Beijing, a world famous city, has been included in the list of "Top Ten" cities with serious pollution in the world. In order to return Beijing to a blue sky, Beijing can't just consider the part inside the city wall. Wanliu project, the largest green garden area in Beijing, which took three years to plan, was officially launched in early 1999. Building a green barrier larger than the total area of the Summer Palace in Beijing's "Fengkou Shuitou" zone will not only bring good environmental benefits to local air purification and water source protection, but also take a solid step to reduce air pollution in Beijing and promote environmental improvement in the capital. "Wanliu" refers to the urban-rural fringe area with a total area of 480 hectares in the southeast of the Summer Palace in northwest Beijing. Because there are Wanquanzhuang and Liulangzhuang (historically known as Liulang District) in the jurisdiction, this greening construction project is called Wanliu Project. Wanliu area is the upper hand of Beijing urban area, where tens of thousands of spring water systems, Yuquanshan water system and Baifuquan water system (now Jingmi diversion canal) meet to form Shichahai. The source of Beihai and Zhongnanhai is still the drinking water source of Beijing. In recent years, due to various reasons, the ecological environment in Wanliu area has been destroyed repeatedly, the vegetation has been reduced, the water source has been polluted, and the phenomenon of disorderly construction has occurred frequently. According to statistics, 4,000 households and more than 20,000 immigrants in this area consume 30,000 tons of coal every year, and hundreds of enterprises and institutions also need 1. 1 10,000 tons of coal every year; However, the lack of municipal facilities leads to the dumping of 600,000 tons of domestic sewage and production wastewater every year. All this happened in Beijing's "Fengkou Shuitou", which did great harm to the urban environment. The implementation of Wanliu Project is a comprehensive management project based on the principle of "green investment, green investment, green development, green construction and green cultivation" formulated by the municipal government. According to its planning, Bagou North Road is divided into northern green area and southern green residential area. All 330 hectares of land in the north will be green and turned into green space, and a natural ecological park will be built to restore historical features and reproduce some historical sites; At the same time, it is equipped with a small number of sports and leisure places with garden characteristics. According to calculation, its green area alone is larger than the total area of the Summer Palace today, which makes the natural and beautiful ecological environment here, the Summer Palace and the Yuanmingyuan the largest green garden corridor in Beijing. Matching with it, the southern part of Wanliu District 104 hectare will be built into a green residential area with an area equivalent to Fangzhuang District.
Convention on Biological Diversity
In the 50 years since the middle of the 20th century, the living environment of human beings has been seriously threatened, and the reasons are all related to the loss of biodiversity, so the protection of biodiversity has gradually attracted the attention of heads of state. 192 At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June, 150 heads of state, including Premier China, signed the Convention on Biological Diversity, which came into effect on February 29th, 1993.
The Convention on Biological Diversity is a framework document, and its provisions are not rigid and imprecise. The degree of implementation depends on the state party, which also leaves enough room for the state party to implement the document.
The contents of the Convention on Biological Diversity mainly involve the acquisition of genetic resources (article 15 of the Convention), the acquisition and transfer of biodiversity conservation technologies (article 16 of the Convention), scientific and technological cooperation in the field of biodiversity conservation (article 18 of the Convention), the treatment of biodiversity conservation biotechnology and its
With regard to genetic resources, the Convention affirms that each State Party has sovereign rights over its biological resources; The acquisition of resources must obtain the prior informed consent of the resource provider; When using the resources of other countries to engage in development and scientific research, we should strive for the full participation of the resource-providing countries and conduct it within the territory of the resource-providing countries as far as possible; Each contracting state shall take legislative, administrative or policy measures to share the research and development results of such resources and the benefits obtained by commerce and other parties from the utilization of such resources fairly with the contracting state that provides such resources.
With regard to the acquisition and transfer of technologies for biodiversity conservation, the Convention points out that the acquisition and transfer of technologies conducive to biodiversity conservation, technologies conducive to the sustainable utilization of biodiversity and technologies that utilize genetic resources without causing significant damage to the environment are key elements to achieve the objectives of the Convention. States parties should promote access to these technologies and transfer them to developing countries on preferential terms. Among them, the protection of intellectual property rights should not affect the implementation of the convention, but it should also be consistent with the full and effective protection of intellectual property rights. The State party should adopt national legislation and international law to achieve the above objectives.
With regard to scientific and technological cooperation in the field of biodiversity conservation, the Convention points out that international scientific and technological cooperation in this field, especially cooperation with developing countries, should be promoted. In accordance with national legislation and policies, encourage and formulate various modes of cooperation, develop and utilize various technologies, including local technologies and traditional technologies, and promote personnel training and exchange of experts.
With regard to the treatment of biological diversity protection and benefit distribution by biotechnology, the Convention points out that each State Party should take legislative, administrative and policy measures to enable genetic resource providers, especially developing countries, to effectively participate in relevant biotechnology research activities. Where feasible, research activities should be carried out in the provider countries, and developing countries providing genetic resources should give priority to the relevant biotechnology research results and benefits on the basis of equality.
2. General situation of biodiversity and its protection in China
China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world. Among the 25 countries with the richest plants in the world, China ranks third after Brazil and Colombia. The species number of freshwater plants in China accounts for more than 50% of the world. There are more than 30,000 kinds of seed plants, ranking third in the world; Angiosperms, gymnosperms, bryophytes and ferns account for 75%, 67%, 70% and 80% of the world's botanical families, respectively.
China is also rich in cultivated plants. According to the data, there are 25,000 and 7,200 millet, 0/6,000 corn, 40,000 local rice varieties (excluding wild varieties), more than 20,000 local soybean varieties (excluding wild varieties) and 835 fruit tree germplasm resources1/kloc-0.
At present, due to the relevant legislation on the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, benefit sharing and ownership of achievements. Foreign countries are plundering various genetic resources such as Chinese herbal medicines, and the country is facing the situation of resource outflow and huge economic losses. At the same time, the technologies developed by ourselves, which are beneficial to biodiversity protection and have important market economic value, also need to be well protected by further raising the awareness of intellectual property protection of the whole nation. Therefore, we should strengthen contact with relevant departments, strengthen investigation, research and publicity, so as to better combine intellectual property work with biodiversity protection and serve China's faster development.
3. China Biodiversity Information Exchange Mechanism Capacity Building Project
According to Article 65-438+08 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, each contracting party shall establish an information exchange mechanism (CHM for short) to promote the exchange of technical information, scientific and socio-economic research results, information on training and investigation programs, expertise, local and traditional knowledge itself on the protection and sustainable utilization of biological diversity, and to promote exchanges within and among contracting parties.
Therefore, with the active efforts of the National Convention Implementation Office, the "China Biodiversity Information Exchange Mechanism Capacity Building Project" was funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and started in 2002. The project aims to build a national biodiversity information network platform through the transformation of existing related databases in various departments and localities.
China National Biodiversity Information Exchange (www.biodiv.gov.cn), located in the State Environmental Protection Administration, is managed by the National Convention Implementation Office, which is responsible for the integration and release of domestic biodiversity macro information and the unification of external functions, as well as organizing and guiding the construction of a national biodiversity information network covering all domestic departments and regions. Through this institute, you can access the databases of livestock, plants, microorganisms, crop germplasm resources, forests, oceans, traditional Chinese medicine, nature reserves, eco-tourism and other topics.
Excerpts from books
3 the relationship between forest biodiversity and biodiversity protection
Forest is the most important biological type on the earth and the distribution center of biodiversity in the world. According to the State Environmental Protection Administration 1998' s Announcement on China's Environmental Status, there are 599 main terrestrial ecosystems in China, of which 2 12 are forest ecosystems, accounting for 35.4%, ranking the highest among the eight terrestrial ecosystems. The forest ecosystem in China also includes coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest and mixed forest ecosystem. Among them, there are more than 200 species of wild animals in cold temperate coniferous forests, and nearly 120 species of birds. The national key protected animals mainly include mink, moose, red deer, lynx and mountain hare. In the broad-leaved forest, only the evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem accounts for more than 2/3 of the seed plants in China and 1/2 respectively. In the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem, there are many precious conifers, such as Korean pine, spruce and larch, as well as many precious medicinal materials, such as ginseng and gastrodia elata. However, with the development of social economy, human activities have caused great damage to forest ecosystem. According to FAO statistics, during the period of 1980 ~ 1995, the global forest loss was1800,000 hm2, and the average annual loss was120,000 hm2. Forest resources in China have been affected by deforestation, deforestation and forest diseases and insect pests for a long time, which has greatly reduced the forest area, especially the natural forest area. Two thousand years ago, the forest coverage rate in China was about 50%, but now it is only 16%. Among them, there are almost no natural forests, and other forests are mostly island-shaped, and natural forests stretching for dozens of square kilometers are extremely rare. This is a serious threat to biodiversity protection in China. Therefore, protecting biodiversity and protecting forest biodiversity is the key. At present, China has identified 27 priority protected areas for forest ecosystems, including 80 nature reserves, including tropical areas 1 1, subtropical areas 55 and temperate areas 14, which will help promote the protection of biodiversity in China.
In addition, the world's three terrestrial ecosystems-farmland, forest and grassland-support the development of the world economy. Except minerals, they provide almost all raw materials needed by human beings; Besides seafood, it also provides almost all human food. Among the three terrestrial ecosystems, forest is the most important type on the earth, occupying a particularly important position and being the distribution center of biodiversity in the world. Tropical forest is a prominent species distribution center in forest ecosystem. According to statistics, tropical forests contain more than 50% species, more than 80% insects and more than 90% primates in the world. Among the 1.7 million species described in the world, there are more than 1 10,000 species of insects and higher plants, most of which are distributed in tropical forests. At present, the sharp decline of biodiversity has reached a very serious level. Among the species described, 22,530 species in the three taxonomic units of fauna, vertebrates and invertebrates are seriously threatened, of which 724 species are known to be extinct. Therefore, it is estimated that if half of the natural tropical forests on the earth are destroyed, 750,000 species will become extinct. Therefore, the report of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1UJCN) 1989 points out that the main reason for the extinction of 50 species in the future will be the destruction of natural tropical forests.
Not good.
At present, the global annual disappearance rate of tropical forests is about 0.6% ~ 1.0%, and the average annual deforestation area is170,000 hm2. The destruction of a large area of tropical virgin forest leads to the loss of tropical wildlife habitat. For example, the loss rate of wildlife native to tropical Africa is 65%. Tropical Asia is 67%, and the habitat loss rate of some primates in Southeast Asia is 365,438+0% ~ 96%, while the protected habitat is only 65,438+0.2% ~ 22.9%, and the habitat protection rate of most species is between 65,438+0% ~ 4%.
With the development of social economy, the threat to biological species is the biggest in history. The essence of all these threats is caused by human's improper management of biological resources development, which is often encouraged by misleading economic policies and imperfect systems. Species extinction is a fact of life and a natural law. It is now estimated that among the billions of species that have survived, one or two million are survivors. In the past, extinction occurred due to natural processes, but today, human activities are undoubtedly one of the most important reasons for species extinction. Therefore, it is the responsibility of our contemporary people and the obligation of each of us to rationally develop and utilize resources, especially forest resources, protect biodiversity and leave a colorful world for future generations.
Chapter II Research on Forest Biodiversity at Home and Abroad
Research on value evaluation
1 forest biodiversity assessment at home and abroad
1. 1 forest biodiversity in the United Nations integrated environmental and economic accounting account
value assessment
There is no clear classification of "forest biodiversity" in the United Nations Comprehensive Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), but some contents of forest biodiversity are included in the accounting account, such as "ecosystem" and "biological assets". In fact, many contents of forest biodiversity are included in these classifications (UNSD, 1997).
Because of this, there is no clear method to evaluate the value of SEEA forest biodiversity at present. SEEA recommends "market price method" to evaluate "non-cultivated biological assets (except wood)". Generally speaking, the market value of forest biodiversity has not been clearly recognized by people, and their value is included in woodland or ecosystem when accounting. However, people clearly realize the value of wildlife groups or communities, mainly through harvesting, fishing and hunting. Their value is evaluated by the commodities on the market, such as fur, skin and meat. In many cases, this value is ignored because it is too small in forest resources accounting. However, in some cases, such as fur, mushrooms, wild animals and so on. Their value is too great to be ignored and should be evaluated.
Similarly, in SEEA, it is suggested that if the value of forest biodiversity is huge, it should be regarded as a supplementary value assessment of woodland (UNSD, 1997).
1.2 evaluation of forest biodiversity in some countries in the world
Since 1980s, all countries in the world have carried out forest resources accounting, and the value of forest biodiversity has been gradually recognized by people. When enumerating the contributions of forest resources, the United States pointed out that forests are produced, utilized and consumed as non-market tangible resources, such as providing fuel, fruits, medicinal materials, hunting and environmental services. They suggested using optimal control technology to evaluate the value of genetic diversity in forest biodiversity (Jeffrey R. Vintent and John M. Hanwick, 1997). In Finland, Jukka Hoffren 1996 assessed the conservation value of forest biodiversity. In his research, the opportunity cost of forest biodiversity is used to evaluate the value of diversity. The cost value of maintaining forest biodiversity is about 65.438+0.70 billion Finnish marks (Jukka Hcdfren, 654.38+0.997). When accounting for forest resources, Malaysia divides forest resources into wood value, carbon absorption, biodiversity and natural forest hunting value. When calculating the value of biodiversity, the stock value of biodiversity is multiplied by the unit value of newly extinct species. In addition, in their evaluation, different methods are used to evaluate the value of biodiversity. The endangered species and extinct species (Asian elephant) in the reserve were evaluated by protection cost method. The net price method is used to evaluate the value increase brought by the improvement of existing species due to the existence of wild genes in some species (Vincent et al. A 1, 1993). The accounting classification of forest resources in Sweden includes wood, fuelwood, berries, mushrooms, hunting, provision of reindeer feed, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and forest soil. Opportunity cost method is used to evaluate biodiversity. When calculating the added value of 10% of the total forest area, the value of residual roots is subtracted from the value of wood production and added to the value of forest biodiversity (}tulkrantz, 1992). Australia does not directly assess the value of forest biodiversity, but they directly assess the value of all biodiversity in three ways. ① Consumer price method. That is, natural resources products, such as firewood, feed, hunting and other products that are directly consumed, do not need direct market evaluation. ② Production price method. For those commercial logging and harvesting products, such as timber, fishing and hunting, commercial hunting to meet market demand, ivory production and medicinal material cultivation, the production price method is used to evaluate them. ③ Non-consumer price method. This method is used to directly evaluate the value of ecosystem functions, such as water source protection and photosynthesis.