Candidates should understand that the purpose of the author's efforts to portray the main character is often to reflect his own ideological tendency in this character, and this ideological tendency is often the central idea of the work. For example, in 2006, Shanghai senior high school entrance examination narrated "Children and Books", and the protagonist was the "female shopkeeper".
Only by grasping the different descriptions of the main characters can we reflect the personality characteristics, thoughts and feelings or spiritual qualities of this character. It should be noted that people with more pen and ink are not necessarily the protagonists.
Sometimes the author starts from profile description and outlines the image of the main characters. For example, in My Uncle Yule, the main character is not Uncle Yule, but Mr. and Mrs. Phillips, because the theme revealed in the article is the naked money relationship between people in capitalist society. 2. Grasp the plot quickly.
The so-called plot is "the development process of a series of life events that show the relationship between characters". Grasp the main plot, you can grasp the main content of the article. For example, "Children and Books" takes the thoughts and feelings of the characters as clues, from "warmly greeting customers who don't buy books" to recommending suitable books to customers, helping teenagers in trouble, leaving messages of thanks by poets and selling books to children.
The plot of the series constitutes an event, portraying the image and quality of the "female shopkeeper" and expressing the theme of the article. 3. Quickly summarize the content of the article.
Can you summarize the full text in one sentence? After browsing the reading material, candidates should learn to reflect the main content of the material with the most concise sentences, so as to have a correct overall impression of the selected article and help to grasp the theme. The method is "Who did what".
For example, "Children and Books" mainly talks about the content that "a child in distress once became a poet and thanked the female shopkeeper who saved him that year". After mastering the content of the article, candidates will be helpful to complete other topics.
For example, the questions 17 and 18 in this paper are. After reading the meaning of the question and the reading materials, candidates must also read the meaning of the question.
What does it ask? From what angle did you ask the question? What test sites are there in the topic? Only by understanding the meaning of the question can we answer the question correctly. 1, review the language of the question.
The proposer of the senior high school entrance examination paper can be said to have made great efforts to design the questions, so the language of the questions is clear and scientific. Candidates should first understand the language of the questions when doing them.
Let's take a look at the title of Children and Books 16: "... summarize her' kindness and sincerity' in concise language: (1) warmly greet customers who don't buy books; (2)_____; (3)______; (4)_____"。 Let's clarify the content of the stem language: a. "full text" is to remind candidates to consider according to the full text; B. "performance" refers to answering the specific content of the text, not answering questions in a general or abstract way.
C. The title requires three performances, which must be the most typical three in the full text; D. The answer 1 in the title provides candidates with the angle and basic style of answering questions, and is a demonstration answer to help candidates understand and answer questions from the content and form. Therefore, reading the language of the topic is to grasp the key words in the topic.
2. Pay attention to the test center of the topic. There are only 5-6 narrative reading questions in the senior high school entrance examination, but the coverage is very large. The examination of knowledge and ability is moderate and gradient.
Therefore, if the candidates have a solid basic knowledge and are familiar with the test sites, they will know the test sites from the stem of the questions during the exam and answer the questions accurately according to the requirements of the stem of the questions. For example, the question 17 in Children and Books asks, "What is the difference in the expression effect ...? Please tell me why ",this topic not only tests the contrast, the function of ellipsis, but also tests the ideological quality of the characters.
If the candidate is not familiar with the language test center of the senior high school entrance examination, how to answer it? 3. Pay attention to the setting of scores. In 2006, the total score of Chinese in Shanghai senior high school entrance examination was 150. Under the requirement of the same number of questions, the proposer is bound to increase the score of each question, so paying attention to the score is also a way to answer questions.
Judging from the question 18 in the narrative of Children and Books in this year's senior high school entrance examination, the proposer set a trap: "Contact the full text, and the reason why she is very happy and gratified in the paragraph 15 is _ _ _" (6 points). Many candidates lost 3 points on this question because there was only one space on the answer sheet and they mistakenly thought there was only one answer point.
In fact, if we pay attention to the score, we can easily find that the score of this question is 6, which definitely implies at least two aspects, otherwise the score of this question is ridiculously high. Candidates should learn to be good at seeing through interferon in test questions.
Problem solving instructions 1. Character description Character description usually adopts language description, action description, portrait description and psychological description. In recent years, the types of questions that test the psychological activities of characters have an upward trend.
Indeed, a behavior, a word, and a look are all manifestations of a character's inner feelings. From a character's manners and smiles, we can figure out his inner world. This requires candidates to accurately understand the descriptions of characters according to the language environment.
It should be understood that a person's psychology is often his feelings, temperament and quality, and the expression of psychology is naturally expressed through his words and deeds. Some candidates don't understand how portrait description (appearance, manner) reveals the character. In fact, descriptions in literary works are deliberate and purposeful.
For example, the description of Kong Yiji's portrait in Kong Yiji: "He is tall (has the conditions to make a living), his face is pale (half hungry and half full), his scars are often sandwiched between wrinkles (often destroyed by the body), and his white beard is unkempt (old and poor)." Every description by Lu Xun reveals Kong Yiji's personality characteristics. 2. Environmental description Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description.
The description of the environment in general works will not be purely objective, "the description of the environment has a strong subjective color of the author." Therefore, environmental description generally plays several roles: (1) often shows the quality of natural conditions (atmosphere); (2) Always explain the background of stories and characters (social background, historical background, etc.). ); (3) At the beginning of the article, it often paves the way for the plots and characters of the following articles; (4) often render, contrast or contrast an atmosphere, (5) serve the image of the main characters and the central idea of the article.
3. Rhetoric According to the provisions of the examination syllabus, there are seven rhetorical methods involved in the language of the senior high school entrance examination. As we all know, every rhetorical method has its unique function.
For example, ontology and vehicle should have similarities and differences.
2. Methods and skills of reading classical Chinese in junior high school If your classical Chinese foundation is poor, first of all, you should read more extracurricular classical Chinese and try to translate it yourself. If you can't, you can discuss it with the teacher (don't be embarrassed, the teacher welcomes your questions). Then, you should buy a workbook about classical Chinese. Do an article every day. If not, you can ask people around you. Never copy the answer, because it won't work. This may not be effective at first, but we must stick to it. I believe that in a short time, your level of classical Chinese will be improved quickly. Note: If you want to learn classical Chinese well, it depends on your attitude. If you really want to learn it well, just follow the above steps and your grades will definitely improve. Because I was also a student, classical Chinese was very poor at that time. This is the method that the teacher taught me, which is really useful. I hope that after reading my suggestions, your classical Chinese will be improved. To sum it up. When reading classical Chinese, you should always write down disyllabic words, polysemous words and special sentence patterns. When reading classical Chinese, as long as a word has a second pronunciation, a word has a second explanation, and a sentence structure is different from modern Chinese, it is necessary to copy it down in time and summarize it.
3. I am optimistic about the answering skills of Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination, and I will give you O (∩ _ ∩) O.
Read it three times before answering the question (read the full text for the first time to understand the content of the article; Read the full text intensively for the second time to understand the emotion of the article; Look at the question for the third time and find the answer in the article with the question)
1 topic summary: content+emotion (what is written and what kind of emotion is expressed)
2 writing ideas: much like topic induction, there is usually only one problem. Pay attention to the details when writing, and write the details first. Pay attention, if you have any tips at the beginning (generally there will be suspense, first suppress and then promote), you must say it!
③ Comparison questions or analysis and expression questions; Follow the following steps: 1 express (usually describe) 2 rhetoric (metaphor, personification, quotation, etc. ) 3 skills (comparison, symbol, bedding, etc. ) 4 people (the first person says I am true, the second person says you are kind, and the third person says he is objective) 5 angles (positive or side description) 6 The language is concise (from the part of speech).
Answer: Use the language in the article (from back to front)
5 Structure: Generally speaking, the selected articles are in the form of general-sub-general structure.
6 Small composition: 1 Feeling point (profound and philosophical) 2 levels 3 end (echoing the center of the article)
4. How to do a good job in reading modern Chinese in Shanghai senior high school entrance examination Part I (required questions): The expression of reading outline generally discusses and explains the article: 1, understanding: (1) Understand the meaning of important concepts in the article; (2) Understand the meaning of important sentences in the text; 2) analysis and synthesis: (1) screen and integrate the information in the text; (2) Analyze the structure of the text and grasp the thinking of the article.
(3) Summarize the main points and summarize the central meaning; (4) Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes. One: Read articles according to stylistic features (1) Read articles according to stylistic features.
One is a general discussion article (academic paper) with social science as the research object, which mainly adopts explanatory discussion, covering economics, education, cultural history, linguistics, aesthetics and so on. , which mainly introduces academic arguments and their sub-arguments, arguments, background and significance. One kind is the science and technology expository text with natural science as the object, which mainly adopts the expression of explanation and introduces new technology, new discoveries and new understandings. There are several paragraphs in the text that specifically introduce this "new" from different angles: background, structure, principle, characteristics, present situation, development, evaluation (advantages and disadvantages) and its research and application prospect.
(According to the stylistic features, you can guess the following while reading to improve reading speed. (2) Pay attention to the whole reading.
Read paragraph by paragraph, mark the central sentence of each paragraph, and repeat each paragraph in your mind. Finally, on the basis of finding the full-text description object (discussion object), the text is integrated.
Second, the answer to the multiple-choice question is clear. This kind of question is playing a word game. The proposer transforms the original text and sets the wrong attributive or adverbial part (the clause part of the complex sentence), thus changing the meaning of the sentence. (1) Five common ways to make mistakes: add: add attributive or adverbial, delete: delete sentences and change the meaning of sentences.
Change: replace with other words, resulting in specious. Mood: change the order of words or sentences, thus changing the meaning of sentences.
Make-up: mix up several words (sentences) with related or unrelated meanings and make a mistake. (2) Carefully identify the logical errors of interfering items, and pay special attention to whether the words with similar attributive or adverbial positions in the options are equivalent: 1. Stealing concepts: expanding, narrowing or transferring concepts by missing words, adding words, changing words, changing orders, etc.
Pay special attention to pronoun reference. Second, generalize by partiality: replace the whole (or the opposite) with part, replace the general (or the opposite) with individual, and replace the universal with special.
Key points: the number of words in Table A (several, some, several, most); Words of range size (where, all, all, all; Part, etc. ); Words indicating the severity (especially serious, very serious, slight, etc.). ); D stands for words with high or low frequency (usually, always; Sometimes, occasionally, and so on. ) three kinds of confused tenses: (already and never) always, once, in the past; Now, at present; Yes, not yet. Four confusion modes: (possible and inevitable) certain, certain; It's possible, it's estimated, if, you don't need to wait for the five characters to be reversed: that is, affirmative and negative are reversed. 6. Disorder: Time is misplaced, logic is misplaced, and spatial position is chaotic.
Seventh, reverse cause and effect: "cause" and "effect" are misplaced; Or "conditions" and "results" are misplaced. Impose causality: that is, two things have no causality, but they are forcibly said to have causality.
There are nine out of nothing: that is, the original text does not have this information. Ten answers are irrelevant: that is, the option does not answer the question in the stem, or does not answer several layers of meaning of the question in the whole stem.
In addition, don't let the following points become blind spots in answering questions: (1) Remember: you can't just look at the wrong choice itself, but pay attention to whether the choice is irrelevant; (2) Remember that there are words such as "basis", "evidence" and "reason" in the stem of the question, and there should be a causal relationship between the options and the stem of the question; (3) Remember: some options should choose the best answer, not the right or wrong choice; (4) remember: the stem of the question involves several layers of meaning, and the options should be answered with several layers of meaning. 3. Short answer questions (new questions in 2007) Read the corpus as a whole: read the general discussion articles: from the point of view of arguments, find out what is the central argument of the article, whether there is an argument, what materials are used to prove the point of view, and what are the characteristics of the argument structure; Reading scientific and technological expositions: Scientific and technological articles generally belong to the category of news, and their structure is generally "inverted pyramid": the first paragraph leads to the topic, introduces new technologies, new processes, new ideas and new achievements, and introduces their structure, principles, development, current situation and evaluation. When reading, we should make clear the object, characteristics, value, function and significance to society.
Emphasis and difficulty: emphasis and difficulty 1: analyze the structural level of the article and master the basic methods and skills of article conception 1: distinguish the style and choose the right angle. The style of argumentative writing can be divided as a whole according to introduction, theory and conclusion, so as to clarify the writing ideas, analyze its internal logical relationship, material attributes and argumentation methods, and further follow the common argumentation structure-juxtaposition, comparison, total score and argumentation. The style of interpretation is closely related to the object of interpretation, which is divided according to its specific interpretation order, or according to time and space, or according to the composition of things themselves, or according to the development of things, or according to logic. Tip 2: Identify important sentences.
Some sentences in the article, such as leading sentences, concluding sentences, turning sentences, pre-calling and post-responding sentences (including repeated sentences in the article) Skills 3: Investigate and identify symbolic words. Symbolic words include: A-order words, B-related words, C-pronouns, D-range words, E-class words and F-transition words.
In addition, there are synonyms or synonyms that appear repeatedly in different places in the text. Tip 4: (1) Analyze from the aspect of form ① Pay attention to the language symbols with cohesion, connection and reference functions; Pay attention to punctuation marks with hierarchical functions.
Grasp the structural laws of different articles because of different styles: argumentative essays often use the structure of asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems to demonstrate things; Explanatory texts often use total scores or parallel structures to explain problems. Emphasis and difficulty 2: summarize the main points of the content, summarize the central meaning of the article, and summarize the central meaning of the article, which means to express the overall content and theme center of the article in concise language.
1. To analyze and summarize the main points of the article, we should pay attention to the following points: ■ We should have a sense of stylistic characteristics: discussion, topic and argument (sub-argument) are the main information, and arguments and arguments are the secondary information; Explain text, objects, content and objects.
5. Answering Skills of Classical Chinese in Senior High School Entrance Examination Reading Classical Chinese in Senior High School Entrance Examination will inevitably get extra-curricular language materials. What should I do if I have never read a paragraph or an article and have no reference books to look up? Many students feel helpless when answering such questions. According to my own teaching practice, I summarized four steps to solve problems for students' reference only.
first step
Quickly browse the topic
The extracurricular reading questions of classical Chinese have a characteristic: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text, while others suggest the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing the topics helps students to understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
Second step
Analyze the topic carefully
Generally speaking, reading classical Chinese after class will lead to problems. Teachers should guide students to pay attention to and carefully analyze paragraph titles. Because most of the topics themselves summarize the main content of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extracurricular reading essay in classical Chinese. The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Third step
Read the full text quickly with comments
Reading a passage of classical Chinese after class usually makes comments on some difficult words in classical Chinese. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately. Therefore, teachers should remind students not to ignore these notes, but to read the full text quickly with them. In addition, it should be noted that teachers should remind students not to stop and think hard when they encounter obstacles in the process of reading the full text, but to continue reading. In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article.
Fourth step
Answer the question with "the right medicine"
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Different problems are solved in different ways:
(1) Word explanation questions. Most of these topics examine the phenomenon of polysemy of notional words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer.
(2) Sentence translation questions. Translated sentences should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: first, proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed. For example: "In the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was ordered to guard Baling County (place name)". In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order. Second, words that have no practical meaning in the sentence should be deleted. For example, "Chen Shengshen is from Yangcheng" and "this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... ) is different from that in modern Chinese, so we should make appropriate adjustments in translation. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. Fourthly, if the translated sentence is ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented. For example: "Uncle Naidan said' Chen' (ellipsis)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words. Among the three methods, the accuracy of the first and second methods is generally higher.
6. The study of classical Chinese answering skills in Chinese senior high school entrance examination should belong to "easy" in terms of "difficulty".
Usually examine the following aspects:
1. Can correctly understand the meaning of words in classical Chinese.
2. Be able to correctly translate classical Chinese sentences into modern Chinese.
3. Be able to understand and summarize the main contents of the article.
4. Be able to grasp the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author in the article and improve the taste of appreciation.
Just recite the in-class part in a targeted way.
Extracurricular problem solving methods are as follows:
Four steps to solve the problem of reading classical Chinese after class
Source: Dongfang. com-Xinmin Evening News Author: Guo Longchang
Reading classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination is bound to get extra-curricular language materials. What should I do if I have never read a paragraph or an article and have no reference books to look up? Many students feel helpless when answering such questions. According to my own teaching practice, I summarized four steps to solve problems for students' reference only.
first step
Quickly browse the topic
The extracurricular reading questions of classical Chinese have a characteristic: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text, while others suggest the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing the topics helps students to understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
Second step
Analyze the topic carefully
Generally speaking, reading classical Chinese after class will lead to problems. Teachers should guide students to pay attention to and carefully analyze paragraph titles. Because most of the topics themselves summarize the main content of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extracurricular reading essay in classical Chinese. The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Third step
Read the full text quickly with comments
When reading a passage of classical Chinese after class, some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately. Therefore, teachers should remind students not to ignore these notes, but to read the full text quickly with them. In addition, it should be noted that teachers should remind students not to stop and think hard when they encounter obstacles in the process of reading the full text, but to continue reading. In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article.
Fourth step
Answer the question with "the right medicine"
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Different problems are solved in different ways:
(1) Word explanation questions. Most of these topics examine the phenomenon of polysemy of notional words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer.
(2) Sentence translation questions. Translated sentences should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: first, proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed. For example: "In the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was ordered to guard Baling County (place name)". In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order. Second, words that have no practical meaning in the sentence should be deleted. For example, "Chen Shengshen is from Yangcheng" and "this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... this ... ) is different from that in modern Chinese, so we should make appropriate adjustments in translation. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. Fourthly, if the translated sentence is ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented. For example: "Uncle Naidan said' Chen' (ellipsis)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words. Among the three methods, the accuracy of the first and second methods is generally higher.