Mainly according to the materials used in its load-bearing structure, it can be generally divided into steel structure, reinforced concrete structure, brick-concrete structure, brick-wood structure and so on.

(1) architectural structure form

There are many types of building structures, and there are many different classification methods, among which the most common classification methods are classified by the materials used in the main load-bearing components of buildings and by the layout of structures.

① Material classification of main load-bearing members of buildings

Scope of application of serial number structure type name recognition characteristics

1 The main load-bearing member of the wood structure is a wooden single-story building.

2 mixed structure bearing materials are used for masonry, floor slab,

The top floor is a reinforced concrete single-storey or multi-storey building.

3. Materials used for main load-bearing members of reinforced concrete structures

The material is reinforced concrete multi-storey, high-rise and super-high-rise buildings.

4. The main load-bearing component of steel-concrete composite structure is the national steel-concrete super high-rise building.

The main load-bearing components of steel structure are steel heavy-duty workshops, workshops under power, movable or detachable buildings, super high-rise buildings or towering buildings.

I. Reinforced concrete structure

It means that the main load-bearing structures such as columns, beams, slabs, stairs and roofs of houses are made of reinforced concrete, and the walls are filled with bricks or other materials. This structure has good seismic performance, strong integrity, strong corrosion resistance and fire resistance, durable, large width and depth of the room, and relatively free space division. At present, many high-rise buildings adopt this structure. Its disadvantages are complex process and high cost.

B. Frame structure residence

It refers to a house made of reinforced concrete cast into load-bearing beams and columns, and then prefabricated lightweight plates such as aerated concrete, expanded perlite, pumice, frog stone and ceramsite are assembled by residents themselves.

C. Brick-concrete residence

"Brick" in brick-concrete structure residence refers to a building material with uniform size. There are other special-shaped clay bricks, such as hollow bricks. "Mixing" refers to reinforced concrete fittings made of steel bars, mud, sand and gravel and water in a certain proportion, including floors, lintels, stairs, balconies and overhangs. These fittings are combined with the brick load-bearing wall, which can be called brick-concrete structure residence. Due to seismic requirements, brick-concrete houses are generally below 5 ~ 6 floors.

D. Steel-concrete structure residence

The structural material of this kind of residence is reinforced concrete, that is, a mixture of steel bar, cement, coarse and fine aggregate (crushed stone) and water. The residence with this structure has the advantages of good seismic performance, strong integrity, strong corrosion resistance and durability, and the width and depth of the room are relatively large, and the space division is relatively free. At present, this structure is widely used in multi-storey and high-rise residential buildings. Its disadvantages are complex process and high cost.

E. Brick and wood structure residence

The load-bearing structure is a brick wall and wooden component, which is convenient to separate, light in weight, simple in technology, single in material, poor in fire prevention and corrosion resistance and short in durability. It is widely used in rural areas and old urban areas, and it is not recommended to be used in cities.

(2) Classification by structural layout.

In addition to the structural types listed in the above two classification methods, for single-story long-span houses, plane structures (portal frame, thin web beam structure, truss structure and arch structure) and spatial structures (reticulated shell structure, cable-stayed structure and grid structure) are not distinguished.

(2) Types and divisions of walls

Number Structure Type General Scope of Plan/Elevation

1 frame structure factory building or multi-storey and high-rise building below 20 floors

Full shear wall structure is a kind of high-strength structural system, which is often used in high-rise and super-high-rise buildings.

3 high-rise building with frame-shear wall structure

Frame 4- Structural high-rise or super-high-rise building

Super high-rise building with 5-tube structure (single/multi-tube)

Six-frame braced steel structure super high-rise building

No-beam floor structure of multi-storey building with large space and large column network

Method of dividing wall name

Money wall, interior wall, longitudinal wall, transverse wall and window wall are divided according to the position of the wall.

The walls of Sanqi, 24, 18 and 12 are divided according to the thickness of the walls.

Walls, partitions, parapets and fences are divided according to the functions of the walls.

According to the stress situation, it is divided into load-bearing wall and non-load-bearing wall.

Brick wall, stone wall, block wall and reinforced concrete wall are divided according to the materials used ...

Question 2: What are the bidding methods for construction projects? A: Bidding is generally divided into open bidding and invitation bidding. Therefore, the bidding method excludes the bidding method and strictly limits the bidding method. Open bidding means that the tenderer invites unspecified legal persons or other organizations to bid by means of tender announcement, which is also called unlimited competitive bidding. Adopting this bidding method can provide equal competition opportunities for all qualified contractors, and the employer has more choice space, which is conducive to reducing the project cost, improving the project quality and shortening the construction period. However, bidding may lead to an increase in the workload of pre-qualification and bid evaluation of the tenderer and the increase in bidding cost; At the same time, it also reduces the probability of winning the bid, thus increasing the risk in the early stage of bidding. Invited bidding means that the tenderer invites a specific legal person or other organization to bid in the form of an invitation to bid, also known as limited bidding. Adopting this bidding method, because the number of bidders invited to participate in the competition is certain and generally few, it can not only save the bidding cost, but also improve the probability of winning the bid for each bidder, so it is beneficial to both bidding and tendering.

Question 3: What are the general contracting methods? Under the general contract, the owner contracts all the tasks such as project design, procurement, construction and trial operation to the general contractor with general contracting ability in the form of fixed total price. Legal consultation: Lawyer of China Gufa.com replied: (1) Project procurement and construction (EPC)\ General contracting (2) Design-construction general contracting (d-b) (3) Design-procurement general contracting (e-p) (4) Procurement-construction general contracting (p-c) Relevant legal knowledge: People's Republic of China (PRC) However, except for small projects below the quota determined by the administrative department of construction in the State Council. According to the authority and procedures stipulated by the State Council, the construction project that has approved the commencement report will no longer receive the construction permit. Article 8 To apply for a construction permit, the following conditions shall be met: (1) Having gone through the formalities for approval of land for construction projects; (two) the construction project in the urban planning area has obtained the planning permit; (three) the need for demolition, demolition progress in line with the construction requirements; (4) The construction enterprise has determined; (five) there are construction drawings and technical data to meet the needs of construction; (six) there are specific measures to ensure the quality and safety of the project; (seven) the construction funds have been implemented; (8) Other conditions as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations. The construction administrative department shall, within fifteen days from the date of receiving the application, issue a construction permit to the qualified application. Ninth construction units shall start construction within three months from the date of receiving the construction permit. If the project cannot be started on schedule for some reason, it shall apply to the issuing authority for an extension; The extension is limited to two times, each time not exceeding three months. If the project has not started and has not applied for extension or exceeded the extension period, the construction permit will be automatically abolished. Article 10 If the construction of a construction project under construction is suspended for any reason, the construction unit shall report to the issuing authority within one month from the date of suspension, and do a good job in the maintenance and management of the construction project in accordance with the regulations. When the construction project resumes work, it shall report to the issuing authority; Before the project is suspended for one year, the construction unit shall declare and verify the construction permit to the issuing authority. Eleventh in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council approved the commencement report of the construction project, for some reason can not start or suspend construction, it shall promptly report to the approval authority. If the project cannot be started on schedule for more than six months, it shall go through the formalities for examination and approval of the commencement report again.

Question 4: What are the modes of engineering construction? First, start team building and support quality engineering.

Trade union organizations at all levels should have a clear understanding of the implementation significance of the creation work according to the overall deployment of creating learning teams and groups, combined with the actual situation and development needs of enterprises and institutions, with clear concepts, quick actions and effective measures. According to the requirements of quality engineering target management evaluation system and team creation standards, the two levels of organizations have successively issued learning team creation standards and implementation methods. Over the past year, we have organized 12 lectures on different levels and types of learning organization theory, with more than 800 participants. Each unit has innovated many working modes and mechanisms according to its own working space. For example, the Highway Bureau combines quality files with post-job management and performance appraisal of personnel system reform, and links them with wages and salaries, which reflects the evaluation and incentive effect of quality files on employees' quality and ability; For weak positions and weak links, carry out large-scale training and training competitions of the company to effectively improve employees' job skills and business knowledge; According to the different learning requirements and development needs of employees, Luqiao Department and Exhaust Management Department have established training bases and persistent tutorial system, creating conditions for employees to develop into multi-skilled, all-round and compound talents. Design institutes and investment companies, in combination with the needs of advanced talents and high technology, have made beneficial explorations in establishing learning networks, building communication platforms, advanced learning and technical reserves, and achieved remarkable results. Especially in order to improve the competitiveness of employees, the Metro Management Office put forward the slogan of "further strengthening the quality of employees and actively transporting operational talents", encouraging employees to learn from each other and the application knowledge of new subway technologies and equipment, which has played a role in stabilizing people's hearts and breaking the passive waiting psychology. Combined with the collection of "50 Cases of Creation Methods", all units integrated, sorted out and summarized a series of typical modes and operational experiences of team creation, raised the actual work to a rational understanding, grasped the significance and means of creation at a higher level, and effectively promoted the work to develop in depth. The completion of "50 Cases of Creative Methods" indicates that our creative work has achieved phased results and has also been fully affirmed by superior leaders.

In the technological innovation activities of employees, all units combined with the establishment of learning organizations, further clarified that mass technological innovation activities aim at improving the economic operation quality and core competitiveness of enterprises, expanding into the field of high-tech materials, breaking through the difficulties in engineering construction, promoting enterprises to improve efficiency and work efficiency, and reducing costs. It is the best working carrier and platform for scientific and technological achievements and talent achievements. Over the past year, the broad masses of employees have put forward more than 7,200 rationalization proposals, with an adoption rate of 58.2%, creating economic benefits of more than 6 million yuan; Completed technical research and technical transformation projects 108, with a profit of more than 4.5 million yuan. Workers' technological innovation activities have deepened to high-tech, enterprise and social benefits, such as the second generation I-type milling machine developed by Road and Bridge Machine Repair Factory, the automatic pumping station in the southwest corner of exhaust pipe, the application of lightweight aggregate concrete by Highway Bureau in the reconstruction of old bridges, and the technical transformation project of centrifugal blower of Zhuangzi Sewage Treatment Plant.

Second, innovate labor competition and promote various management.

Labor competition plays an increasingly significant role in key project construction and project management. In the form of work, it has stepped out of the closed circle of trade union monologue and self-circulation. An "integrated labor competition" pattern with trade unions as the core, radiating, driving and integrating various management and business indicators of administrative departments has been established. It not only optimizes enterprise management, but also improves the work level of trade unions. The guiding ideology of labor competition is clearer, the competition standards are more scientific, the organizational procedures are smoother and the incentive effect is more obvious. Labor competition has become an important link in construction management and the whole project work. For example, the development company combines the characteristics of the owner's project, organizes the owner's contract management competition, and carries out strict contract management; According to the actual production and operation of enterprises, the design institute conducts bidding competition around market development, tackling key problems around scientific and technological innovation, and tapping potential around management efficiency; Combine roads and bridges with quality engineering to improve the quality of personnel by "five to one creation" competition; The percentage assessment contest of short distance before flood season conducted by the Drainage Management Office according to the management indicators and industry standards; "ankang cup" competition with "Six Ones" as the main content, which was carried out by the Highway Bureau to eliminate potential safety hazards; The "Six Guarantees" competition of the development company's construction project and the "Five Excellent and One Fast" competition in the sales stage have played a positive role in improving the construction management level. With the affirmation and support of the executive leadership, the input of the competition is also ... >>

Question 5: There are several kinds of comprehensive quotations for construction projects.

actual quotation

Question 6: What are the ways of contracting out construction projects? 1. Bidding and contracting: refers to a contracting method in which the construction unit determines the contractor through bidding.

2. Valve contracting: refers to a contracting method in which the employer directly signs a contract with the contractor.

Question 7: What are the basic forms of handling construction disputes? 1. The concept of construction dispute.

Construction project dispute refers to the different understanding of rights and obligations of the parties in the construction process.

There are four basic forms to solve construction disputes: mediation, arbitration and litigation.

mediate

Reconciliation means that the parties to a construction project dispute communicate and understand each other on a voluntary and friendly basis, so as to solve the dispute.

When a dispute arises in a construction project, all parties concerned should first consider resolving the dispute through mediation. In fact, in the process of engineering construction, most disputes can be settled through reconciliation. The settlement and reconciliation of construction disputes have the following characteristics.

1) is simple and easy, and can solve disputes economically and timely.

2) The settlement of disputes depends on the compromise and concession of the parties without the intervention of a third party, which is conducive to maintaining the friendly and cooperative relationship between the two parties to the contract and enabling the contract to be better performed. 3) The settlement agreement is not enforceable, and the implementation of the settlement agreement depends on the conscious performance of the parties.

3. Mediation

Mediation refers to a method in which two parties to a construction project have a dispute over their rights and obligations stipulated in the law or contract, and the third party, based on certain moral and legal norms, urges the two parties to make appropriate concessions to each other by stating facts and reasoning, so as to settle the dispute and reach an agreement voluntarily, so as to solve the construction project dispute. Mediation mentioned here is mediation in a narrow sense, excluding mediation presided over by the trial court and the arbitration tribunal in litigation and arbitration proceedings.

Construction dispute mediation has the following characteristics:

1) A third party participates as a mediator, and the identity of the mediator is not limited, but both parties have better trust;

2) Be able to solve disputes economically and promptly; .

3) It is conducive to eliminating the opposing feelings of both parties to the contract and maintaining the long-term cooperative relationship between the two parties;

4) The mediation agreement is not enforceable, and the implementation of the mediation agreement depends on the conscious performance of the parties.

4. Arbitration

Arbitration, also known as "arbitration", refers to a way to resolve disputes by the two parties reaching an agreement before or after the dispute, voluntarily submitting the dispute to a third party, who will judge the facts and make a ruling on the rights and obligations. This kind of dispute settlement must be voluntary, so there must be an arbitration agreement. If there is an arbitration agreement between the parties, and the dispute cannot be settled through conciliation or mediation after it occurs, it shall be submitted to an arbitration institution for arbitration in time.

Arbitration settlement of construction project disputes has the following characteristics.

1) embodies the autonomy of the parties, not only in accepting arbitration on the premise of arbitration agreement, but also in the whole process of arbitration, and many contents can be decided by the parties themselves.

2) Professionalism Since the arbitrators of all arbitration institutions are composed of professionals from all walks of life, the parties can choose professionals who are familiar with the disputed field as arbitrators.

3) Confidentiality and closed trial are important features of the arbitration system. Except the parties, agents, witnesses and expert witnesses when necessary, no one else may attend or attend the arbitration hearing, and the arbitration tribunal and the parties shall not disclose any substantive and procedural issues of the case to the outside world.

The award is final and binding on both parties.

5) The enforced compulsory arbitration award has the legal effect of enforcement, and the parties may apply to the people's court for enforcement. As China is a party to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, foreign-related arbitral awards in China can be recognized and enforced in more than 65,438+000 parties to the Convention.

5. Litigation

Litigation refers to a judicial activity in which the parties to a construction project request the people's court to exercise judicial power according to law, try disputes between the two parties, and realize their legitimate rights and interests with the state as compulsory guarantee, so as to solve disputes. If the parties to the contract have not agreed on an arbitration agreement, litigation can only be the final way to resolve the dispute.

Litigation settlement of construction project disputes has the following characteristics:

1) both procedural and substantive judgments are made in strict accordance with the law. Compared with other dispute settlement methods, both procedural and substantive judgments should be made in strict accordance with the law.

2) The litigants are equal. The parties have equal substantive and procedural status in litigation. If the plaintiff sues, the defendant can counterclaim; If the plaintiff makes a claim, the defendant can refute the claim.

......& gt& gt

Question 8: What are the classification methods of buildings? 1. Classification and characteristics of buildings.

1. Civil buildings: houses for people to live, live and engage in various cultural public welfare activities. According to their different uses, there are the following two categories:

(1) Residential buildings: refer to buildings for people's daily life, such as houses, dormitories, hotels, guest houses, etc.

(2) Public buildings: buildings for people to engage in social public activities and buildings with various welfare facilities, such as various schools, libraries and theaters.

2. Industrial buildings: the general name of various buildings and structures for people to engage in various industrial production activities. These production buildings are often called industrial workshops. Including workshops, substations, boiler rooms, warehouses, etc.

Second, according to the material classification of building structure

1. Brick-wood structure: The main load-bearing components of such houses are bricks and wood. Among them, the vertical load-bearing components such as walls and columns are made of bricks, and the floor and roof truss of horizontal load-bearing components are made of wood. This kind of structure has fewer floors and is mostly used in single-storey houses.

2. Brick-concrete structure: the walls and columns of the building are made of bricks, and the beams, floors, stairs and roofs are made of reinforced concrete, thus becoming a brick-concrete structure. This structure is mostly used in civil buildings and small industrial workshops with fewer floors (less than six floors), and it is a widely used structural form at present.

3. Reinforced concrete structure: the beams, columns, floors and foundations of the building are all reinforced concrete. Beam, floor, column and foundation form a load-bearing frame, so it is also called frame structure. The wall only plays the role of enclosure and is made of bricks. This structure is used for high-rise or long-span buildings.

4. Steel structure: beams, columns, roof trusses and other load-bearing components of the building are made of steel, and the walls are made of bricks or other materials. This structure is mostly used in large industrial buildings.

Three, according to the bearing mode of building structure classification

1, load-bearing wall structure

Its transmission mode is: the weight of the roof is borne by the roof truss (or beam column), which is supported on the load-bearing wall, and the weight of the floor slab is supported on the load-bearing wall by the beams and plates that make up the roof. Therefore, the load of the roof and floor is borne by the load-bearing wall; There is a foundation under the wall, and there is a foundation under the foundation. All loads are transferred from the wall and foundation to the foundation.

2. Frame structure

The main load-bearing system is composed of beams and columns, but the beams and columns are rigidly connected (in reinforced concrete structures, concrete is usually poured after the steel bars at the ends are welded into a whole), thus forming an integral rigid frame (or frame). Generally, multi-storey industrial workshops or large high-rise civil buildings are mostly frame structures.

3. Bending structure

The main load-bearing system consists of roof truss and columns. The roof truss is hinged at the top of the column (usually welded or bolted), and the lower end of the column is embedded in the foundation. This method is mostly used in general single-storey industrial workshops.

4. Others

Because the urban development needs to build some high-rise and super-high-rise buildings, the above structural forms are not enough to resist horizontal loads (wind load and earthquake load), so shear wall structure system and bucket structure system are developed.

Four, building height classification

According to the number of floors, buildings can be divided into the following categories.

1, lower floor: 2 floors and below.

2. Multi-layer: more than 2 layers and less than 8 layers.

3. Middle and high floors: above 8 floors and below 16 floors.

4. Top floor: 16 floor and below 24 floor.

5. Super high-rise: more than 24 floors.

Question 9: What are the management modes of construction projects in China at present? I. DBB mode

That is, design-bidding-construction (design-

Bidding mode, which is the most traditional project management mode. This management mode is the most common in the world and is widely used in loan projects of the World Bank and ADB and projects based on FIDIC contract conditions. Its most prominent feature is that it emphasizes that the implementation of engineering projects must be carried out in the order of design-bidding-construction, and another stage can only be started after one stage is over. The Lubuge Hydropower Project, the first project in China to borrow from the World Bank, has implemented this model.

The advantage of this model is that it is universal and can freely choose consultants, designers and supervisors. All parties are familiar with the use of standard contract texts, which is beneficial to contract management, risk management and investment reduction. The disadvantage is that the project can only be handed over to the owner through planning, design and construction, and the project cycle is long; The owner's management cost is high, and the initial investment is large; It is easy to cause more claims when changing.

Second, CM mode.

That is, the construction-management mode, also known as the stage contracting mode, is to hire CM units with construction experience to participate in the implementation process of the construction project from the beginning when the fast path method is adopted, to provide construction suggestions for designers, and then to manage the construction process. This mode has changed the traditional mode of bidding after the design is completed. The contract is awarded by stages, and a joint team composed of the owner, CM unit and design unit is responsible for organizing and managing the planning, design and construction of the project. CM unit is responsible for the supervision, coordination and management of the project, and meets with the contractor regularly during the construction stage to monitor the cost, quality and progress, and predict and monitor the changes of the cost and progress. CM model originated in the United States in 1960s, and has been widely popular abroad since 1980s. Its biggest advantage is that it can shorten the cycle from planning, design to completion, save construction investment, reduce investment risk and get benefits earlier.

Third, DBM mode.

That is, Design-BuildMethod, that is, after the project principle is determined, the owner only chooses the only entity to be responsible for the design and construction of the project. The design-construction contractor is not only responsible for the cost of the design stage, but also can select subcontractors through bidding or use the company's professionals to complete the project, including design and construction. The only entity is responsible for the design and construction of the project. Design-construction contractors are not only responsible for the cost of the design stage, but also can select subcontractors through bidding or use our own professionals to complete the project, including design and construction. In this way, the owner first chooses a professional consulting organization instead of the owner to study and formulate the basic requirements of the proposed project, and authorizes a person with sufficient professional knowledge and management ability to contact the design-construction contractor as the owner's representative.

Fourthly, BOT mode.

Namely the build-operate-transfer mode. BOT mode is a project management mode that relies on private capital to finance infrastructure projects or privatize state-owned infrastructure projects. * * * Open the domestic market for infrastructure construction and operation, and authorize the project company to be responsible for financing and organizational construction, as well as operation and loan repayment after completion. After the agreement expires, it will be given to * * * for free. BOT mode does not increase the foreign debt burden of the host country, but can also solve the problem of insufficient infrastructure and construction funds. Project sponsors must have strong economic strength (big consortium), and the pre-qualification and bidding procedures are complicated.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) PMC pattern

That is, the project management contractor mode, that is, the owner hires a professional project management company to manage and serve the whole process or several stages of project organization and implementation on behalf of the owner. Due to the different participation and responsibilities of PMC contractors in project design, procurement, construction, commissioning and other stages, PMC mode has greater flexibility. Generally speaking, PMC has three basic application modes: 1. The owner selects design units, construction contractors and suppliers, signs design contracts, construction contracts and supply contracts with them, and entrusts PMC contractors to manage the project. 2. Owner and ... >>

Question 10: What are the common implementation methods of construction projects at home and abroad? Common construction project implementation methods at home and abroad include the following three categories: the direct contract bidding method of the construction unit, and the agent construction method of entrusting the project management company (answer: a).

A.BOT concession mode B. Construction general contracting mode C. Parallel contracting mode D. Design general contracting mode