1, the origin of the word "education" in Chinese
It first appeared in Mencius with all my heart: "A gentleman has three pleasures, but the king of the world does not exist." Parents exist, brothers have no chance, and they are happy; Yang is worthy of the sky, regardless of people, but also happy; If you are educated by talented people in the world, you will have three pleasures. The explanation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is that "teaching is applied from the top and effective from the bottom"; Education, fostering children makes good. " It was at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century that "education" became a common word. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, He Ziyuan and Qiu, veterans of the Revolution of 1911 and founders of modern education in China, and other people of insight successfully established new schools, excluding the interference of diehard forces. Subsequently, under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government carried out a series of reforms in education. At the end of 1905, a new academic system was promulgated, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new schools were popularized throughout the country. Western learning has gradually become the main content of school education.
The popularity of the word "education" in modern Chinese is related to the modernization of education in China.
It reflects the modern transformation of China's educational discourse from "learning-oriented" to "teaching-oriented".
2. The origin of the word "education" in the west.
In the west, the word "education" comes from the Latin word "education". The original meaning is "derivative" or "derivative", which refers to something originally hidden in the body and mind and triggered by some means. Etymologically speaking, the word "education" in the west has an internal meaning. It is emphasized that education is a natural activity, aiming at arousing the inherent or potential quality of natural persons from the inside out and making it a realistic development state.
purpose
Education can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Education in a broad sense refers to all social practice activities that purposefully affect people's physical and mental development. Education in a narrow sense refers to special education, including not only full-time school education, but also half-time and amateur school education, correspondence education, publishing education, radio schools and television schools. According to the reality and future needs of a certain society, it is an activity to guide the educated to acquire knowledge and skills, cultivate ideological morality, develop intelligence and physical strength, follow the law of physical and mental development of the younger generation, train the educated to adapt to the needs of a certain society (or class) and promote social development.
Track education, adult education, technical education, special education, lifelong education, etc.
2 Basic content
Educational essence
The connotation of education (1). The essence of education refers to the fundamental characteristic that education, as a social activity, is different from other social activities, that is, the question of "what is education". It reflects the inherent stipulation of educational activities, that is, the fundamental characteristics of educational activities.
(2) Four viewpoints on the essence of education: superstructure, productivity, special category and multiple attributes.
(3) With regard to the fifth viewpoint on the nature of education, namely, the theory of substitution of consciousness, Tang Zhen believes that the essence of cultural education can be summarized as: teaching new methods and means for individuals to deal with objects with the knowledge we have mastered about our objects and their relationships. It is a process in which one kind of consciousness changes another kind of consciousness. It is a process in which one kind of consciousness covers or even destroys another kind of consciousness in view of the collision, running-in, infiltration and change between consciousness, which may cause pain to individuals. Because any two individuals face different objects, there will be differences or conflicts in the consciousness gained from different objects, and the recipients of cultural and educational activities will have certain exclusion. In the real society, in order to weaken the rejection psychology of the recipients, first of all, educational activities are mainly carried out between the young and the old. Older people (or those who get knowledge first) generally live in the position of educators, while young people lack knowledge and are like a whiteboard, so they are educated. The second is to induce through utilitarianism and other means. For example, in ancient times, there was a call for "learning to be an excellent official", and today there is a call for educational goals such as "knowledge is wealth", so that educational activities can be carried out normally. [ 1]
Obviously, cultural education has instrumental significance in enhancing the individual's choice characteristics. Educators conceptualize and knowledgeable the experience of predecessors in the struggle with the object world and pass it on to individuals. Individuals have acquired the consciousness of the object before they get involved in it. Is the individual going to enter these objects or choose another object? The knowledge they gained gave them the answer.
Cultural education changes the individual's choice direction by changing the individual's consciousness space. Through cultural education, human beings have increased the space of individual consciousness, thus finding a shortcut and teaching individuals the ways and means of choosing objects. The cultural achievements of human beings are attached to the individual's consciousness through educators, shaping new individuals and providing a perspective and microscope for the individual's future direction.
Educational function
The so-called educational function refers to the efficacy and role of educational activities. This is a question of "what is education for?" The function of education can be roughly divided into personal development function and social development function. The individual development function of education can be divided into two aspects: the individual socialization function and the individual individualization function of education. The fields of social activities mainly include economy, politics and culture, so the social development function of education can be divided into economic function, political function and cultural function of education.
The main function of education is: (1) The primary function of education is to promote individual development, including individual socialization and individualization. (2) The most basic function of education is to influence economic development. Modern society emphasizes that the economic function of education mainly includes: providing a good background for the sustained and stable development of the economy; Improve the potential labor ability of the educated; Form ideas, attitudes and behaviors that adapt to modern economic life. (3) The most direct function of education is to influence political development. (4) The most far-reaching function of education is to influence cultural development. Education should not only convey culture, but also meet the requirements of the continuation and renewal of culture itself.
What is education? At first glance, this question seems simple, but at an international education conference, Dr. Huang Quanyu, who was studying in the United States, asked a British educator, but there was no following.
It can be seen that this problem is not that simple. With regard to the definition of education, educators, thinkers and some people at home and abroad have their own "quotations", which can be summarized as follows: Confucius said: "The way of a university is to be moral and for the people, and stop at perfection." Lu Xun: "Education is to cultivate people." Children's education is mainly about understanding, guidance and liberation. Cai Yuanpei: "Education is to help the educated develop their abilities, improve their personality and do their part in human culture, rather than making the educated a special tool." Tao Xingzhi: Education is a "life education" based on and for life, which cultivates people with action ability, thinking ability and creativity. Huang Quanyu: Education "The important thing is not to load the car, but to fill the tank with oil." Zhong Qiquan: Education is the basis of "student development" and "personality growth". Qin Wenjun: "Education should be a door. Open it, full of sunshine and flowers. It can bring confidence and happiness to children." There are also many wonderful and incisive expositions about "education" abroad: Marx and Engels: Education is to promote the free development of individual originality.
Kant: Education is the process of individual self-design, self-selection, self-construction and self-evaluation, and it is the development of self-ability. It embodies the social will and mechanism of equality, freedom, prudence and earnest exploration between educators and educatees. It is not "instruction" or "substitution", and it is not to let the young butterflies in the cocoon cater to or yield against their will. Einstein: "What is education? When you forget all the education, the rest is education. " Howard gardner: What is education? Education is to let children experience and discover what the world is like and what role educators can play in it. People-friendly education: training personalized talents is the foundation of education.
Montessori: "Education is to stimulate life, enrich life, help children survive with their own strength and help them develop this spirit." Jaspers: "Education is the education of human soul, not the accumulation of rational knowledge." Amicus: Education is "education of love". Various interpretations, each with its own merits, all lead to the door of truth from a certain angle. The education research report submitted by the International 2 1 Century Education Committee to UNESCO said: Education is "to ensure that everyone enjoys the freedom of thought, judgment, emotion and imagination needed to give full play to their talents, and to control their own destiny as firmly as possible." As an educator, figuring out what education is is of great benefit to understanding the essence of education, clarifying one's own functions and responsibilities, and finding the way forward. This is not a question of walking into a dead end after talking. Because there is no rational consciousness, it is impossible to be a conscious educator in practice.
Education is a way to change people's understanding of the objective world and a positive and effective way to actively guide people to think, understand and transform the world. From the perspective of neutral words, it can have an impact, and from the perspective of derogatory words, it can have an impact.
Education is a kind of inheritance and promotion of human morality, science, technology, knowledge reserve and spiritual realm, and it is also the transmission of human civilization. Use others to appropriately change some subjective ideology. Changing other people's ideas and ideas is a scientific method. Education is also the cheapest national defense system.
In a word, the essential attribute of education is sociality, that is, education is an influence, a positive influence, and a positive influence on human understanding and transforming the objective world and itself. The ultimate goal of education is to teach or not to teach! That is to teach them the ability of self-reflection and self-management for survival and development.
Generally speaking, "teaching: doing and learning (or imitating);" Education: Treat objectivity with a correct attitude. "The ultimate goal of education is to treat objectivity with correct habits and attitudes.
The logical starting point of education: The logical starting point of education is naturally the emergence of the development of human society. The transformation from apes to humans is due to productive labor, and apes gradually formed a main mechanism with brain and hand as the core. The brain can think and the hands can operate, which makes people different from ordinary animals and become "advanced animals". With the subject mechanism, it is possible to become a subject with practical cognitive ability, and human beings can upgrade themselves to the subject of understanding and transforming the objective world, thus turning the objective world into the object of human transformation and understanding. Understanding and transforming the objective world requires subjective ability. Human society is a form of existence created by human beings in social practice. It first appeared in Mencius with all my heart: "A gentleman has three pleasures, but the king of the world does not exist." Parents exist, brothers have no chance, and they are happy; Yang is worthy of the sky, regardless of people, but also happy; If you are educated by talented people in the world, you will have three pleasures. The explanation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is that "teaching is applied from the top and effective from the bottom"; Education, fostering children makes good. " It was at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century that "education" became a common word. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, He Ziyuan and Qiu, veterans of the Revolution of 1911 and founders of modern education in China, and other people of insight successfully established new schools, excluding the interference of diehard forces. Subsequently, under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government carried out a series of reforms in education. At the end of 1905, a new academic system was promulgated, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new schools were popularized throughout the country. Western learning has gradually become the main content of school education.
The popularity of the word "education" in modern Chinese is related to the modernization of education in China.
It reflects the modern transformation of China's educational discourse from "learning-oriented" to "teaching-oriented".
The Origin of the Word "Education" in Western Languages
In the west, the word "education" comes from the Latin word "education". The original meaning is "derivative" or "derivative", which refers to something originally hidden in the body and mind and triggered by some means. Etymologically speaking, the word "education" in western languages has its inherent meaning. It is emphasized that education is a natural activity, aiming at arousing the inherent or potential quality of natural persons from the inside out and making it a realistic development state.
Educational connotation
Education can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Education in a broad sense refers to all social practice activities that purposefully affect people's physical and mental development. Education in a narrow sense mainly refers to school education, that is, educators exert influence on the body and mind of the educated in a purposeful, planned and organized way according to certain social requirements and the development law of the educated, expecting the expected changes of the educated.
3 education magazine
Name of cover periodical: education
Periodical level: provincial level
Unified domestic serial number:14-1331/G4.
International standard serial number: 1673-24 13
Periodical cycle: Xunkan
Competent unit: Shanxi Publishing Media Group
Organizer: Shanxi Publishing Media Group
Education is a platform to show contemporary international educational thoughts. While paying attention to the domestic education situation, this journal shows the style of overseas education, shares the concept of successful education and criticizes typical negative cases, aiming at opening a broad window for people from all walks of life who care about education. It is hoped that Education magazine will inject new vitality into China's educational development and provide ideas, concepts and ideas for China's modernization process. There are news reports, hall of fame, overseas horizons, school focus, teacher observation, student perspective, news gathering, columns and other columns.
4 Compulsory education
1986 In April, China promulgated the Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). This is the first time that China has fixed free compulsory education in the form of law, which means that school-age "children and adolescents" must receive nine-year compulsory education. The promulgation of Compulsory Education Law marks that the development of basic education in China has entered a new stage. Although there is only 18, "the state implements nine-year compulsory education" has since become a legal obligation.
The latest Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) was revised and passed by the 22nd meeting of the 10th NPC Standing Committee in People's Republic of China (PRC) on June 29th, 2006, and came into effect on September 6th, 2006. After two years of transition, China implemented a veritable compulsory education nationwide in the autumn of 2008.
Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and adolescents must accept according to law and is guaranteed by the state, society and family. Its essence is a system of compulsory education for school-age children and adolescents for a certain period of time in accordance with the provisions of the law. Compulsory education is also called compulsory education and free compulsory education. Compulsory education is compulsory, free and universal.
China's Compulsory Education Law stipulates that the length of compulsory education is nine years, which conforms to China's national conditions and is appropriate. At present, the actual situation of China's compulsory education system mainly includes "six-three system" (that is, six-year primary school system and three-year secondary school system), "May 4th system" (that is, five-year primary school system and four-year secondary school system) and "nine-year consistent system". Among them, there are still a few areas that implement eight-year compulsory education, that is, five years in primary school and three years in secondary school, but these areas are also trying to realize the transition from eight-year system to nine-year system. According to China's education system, nine-year or eight-year compulsory education includes two stages: primary school compulsory education and junior high school compulsory education. School-age children and adolescents who have completed nine or eight years of compulsory education in compulsory education schools according to regulations can reach the educational level of junior high school graduation.
Educational purpose
The purpose of education is put forward and formulated by people, which embodies people's subjective will. Because people hold different values on education, they have formed different opinions on the basis of formulating educational objectives.
educational value
The value of basic nine-year compulsory education lies in solving primitive enlightenment such as moral education, intellectual education, physical education, aesthetic education, labor education and science education. Promote and help the educated to have the basic skills to accept and accept social life.
Subsequent secondary and higher education, such as secondary schools and universities, has the value of solving the problem that the educated have basic scientific research, practice, experiment, experiment, imitation and innovation enlightenment. Promote and help the educated to have and accept the basic skills of production practice such as specialization, industrialization, standardization, informationization and other scientific inventions.
The value of vocational education and training lies in providing a steady stream of skilled talents for social industrialization, industrialization and economic development. Promote and help the educated to understand the post operation technology, take up their posts after training, accept and apply for various professional posts, and master the basic skills of post operation.
China has a saying: It takes ten years to plant trees, but it takes a hundred years to cultivate people. It reveals the fundamental value of education, that is, to provide the country with talents with lofty beliefs, noble morality, honesty and law-abiding, exquisite skills and extensive knowledge, to create scientific knowledge and material wealth for the country, family and society, and to promote economic growth, national prosperity, world peace and human development.
Education is the foundation of human civilization. Without education, there would be no civilized society. Therefore, the significance of education is very significant.
Five-level promotion
Generally speaking, the educational environment can be divided into family environment, school environment and social environment.
The goal of education can be understood as: from the beginning to seek personal survival skills, to the pursuit of national interests, national interests, as well as the sustainable science, happiness and safety of human destiny, for the benefit of mankind, endless!
Science education is three-dimensional and divided into four levels: school education, family education, social education and self-education.
school education
Refers to the educational behavior aimed at improving students' IQ.
Family education
Refers to the educational behavior aimed at improving students' EQ and IQ.
social education
It refers to the educational behavior aimed at improving students' EQ.
self-education
An individual's educational behavior aimed at improving his comprehensive quality.
The four levels blend, overlap and complement each other, forming a complete education system.
Textbooks in a narrow sense are textbooks. Textbook is the core textbook of a course.
Education refers to the systematic education and training of the educated under certain social conditions and according to the needs of society, so as to develop their physical strength and intelligence.
Intelligence education
Intellectual education is the focus of preschool education, which is to develop children's intelligence in life, including observation, attention, memory, imagination and thinking ability. Parents should clearly realize that each child is different in specific aspects of intellectual development, and each child has his own strengths and weaknesses. Don't compare your child's shortcomings with the advantages of other children, which will easily affect your child's mood and lead to inferiority. Attention should be paid to giving full play to children's strengths and making up for their shortcomings. In intellectual training, we should not adopt monotonous and rigid teaching methods, but "teach through fun" according to the characteristics of infants, and impart knowledge through telling stories, singing children's songs, playing games and drawing, so as to improve children's abilities in all aspects, and give appropriate guidance according to certain specialties of children, but we should not pursue skills excessively. While developing children's intelligence, we can't ignore non-intelligence factors, such as cultivating the qualities of initiative, diligence and not being afraid of difficulties. For example, when children begin to learn to build blocks, they should take this as a way to cultivate their ability to withstand setbacks. The development of intelligence and non-intelligence factors complement each other, and parents can't attend to one thing and lose the other.
At present, more and more parents attach importance to early childhood education, but many parents don't really understand what early childhood education is. They believe that early education is to develop children's intelligence, let children participate in various early education courses, make children smarter, or pursue the development of "one skill". Actually, it is not. Early education is the intellectual education of infants that is different from intellectual training.