1793, after Navid's father died, his mother entrusted his education to his uncle Emile Gott, who worked as an engineer in the French road and bridge company. 1802, Navid was admitted to Eckle Institute of Technology (? Technical College. 1804, Navid transferred to the French National Institute of Roads and Bridges (? Continue his college studies. 1806, Navi graduated from National Road and Bridge College. Finally, he succeeded his uncle as the director of the French Road and Bridge Company, responsible for building a bridge in choisy and a footbridge in Paris. 1824, Navi entered the French Academy of Sciences. 1830, Navid became a professor at the French National Institute of Roads and Bridges. The following year, he succeeded augustin louis cauchy as a professor of calculus and mechanics at Eckle Institute of Technology.
Navid first established the mathematical expression of elasticity theory which can be used in engineering practice, and applied this theory to architecture with sufficient accuracy for the first time. 18 19, Navid defined the stress zero line, and finally corrected Galileo's wrong result. In 1826, he put forward the concept of elastic modulus as a material property independent of the second moment. Because of these contributions, Naville is generally regarded as the founder of modern structural analysis.
Navid's greatest contribution is of course the basic equation of fluid mechanics-N-S equation.
Sir george gabriel stokes was born in August 65438 and died in February 65438. Stokes is a mathematician and physicist. During his work at Cambridge University, he made important contributions to fluid mechanics (N-S equation), optics and mathematical physics (Stokes formula). He served as secretary and chairman of the Royal Society.
He was born into a Protestant family, and his father was Gabriel Stokes, a priest of skrine parish in sligo County. He studied in Slim, Dublin and Bristol successively, and was admitted to pembroke College of Cambridge University on 1837. Four years later, he graduated with the highest score and won the Smith Prize.
1849 was awarded Lucas professor of mathematics; 1854 became the secretary of the royal society; 1885–1890, he became president. 1889 was made a baronet. 1 June, 8991day, on the 50th anniversary of his appointment as Professor Lucas, Cambridge University held a grand celebration, and the supervisor awarded him a gold medal.
Stokes' most famous contribution to science is Naville-Stokes equation and Stokes formula in calculus. Secondly, he made a contribution to optical theory, and the Stokes shift in fluorescence phenomenon was named after him.
Osborne Reynolds was born in Belfast on August 23rd, 842. Shortly after his birth, he moved to Dadham with his parents. Renault's father is the headmaster of a school and concurrently serves as a local priest. Renault's father is also a mathematician, who is very interested in mechanics and has obtained many patents for agricultural machinery. Renault has a lot of knowledge from his father. 1867, Renault graduated from Cambridge University and won a high prize in mathematics. 1868, Renault was awarded the position of engineering professor at Irvine College in Manchester, becoming the first batch of engineering professors in British history. This chair was founded and funded by Manchester Industry, which made 25-year-old Renault the first professor of this chair.
Renault likes mechanics, and he is somewhat "precocious" in this respect. Before going to college at the age of 20, Renault was an apprentice to a shipbuilding company named Edward Hayes. During this period, he learned the knowledge of manufacturing and assembly of seagoing ships, which was his early knowledge about fluid mechanics. After graduating from Cambridge, Renault got a job as an engineer in a company in charge of sewage treatment system in London. Renault discovered the importance of mathematics to mechanics while studying in Cambridge, so he took many mathematics courses. Renault worked at Irvine College until he retired. Owen College was renamed Manchester University on 1880. 1877, Renault was elected as a member of the Royal Society. 1888, Renault won the Royal Medal. 1905, Renault retired.
Reno's most famous work is to study the flow conditions of pipe flow from laminar to turbulent. In this study, a dimensionless dynamic similarity criterion is obtained, that is, the ratio of inertial force to viscous force. Another contribution of Reynolds is that turbulence is regarded as the superposition of time average field and pulsation field by time average method, and the Reynolds average NS equation obtained from this is still the main mathematical model in turbulence calculation.
Reno published 70 academic reports in his life. In Renault's later years, these reports were compiled into a three-volume collection. These reports cover fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, molecular dynamics, water vapor condensation, marine propellers, marine turbopropellers, hydraulic brakes, hydraulic lubrication and experimental instruments used to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat. 1903, Renault published a book entitled "mechanics of the sub-layer of the universe". In this book, Renault claims that the whole space is filled with very small spheres. So far, no one can fully understand the content of this book.
Ludwig prandtl was born in Freising on February 4th, 1975, and died in G? ttingen on August 5th, 1953. Pelant is one of the founders of modern mechanics. He founded boundary layer theory, thin wing theory and lift line theory, studied supersonic flow, and put forward Plante-Grau law. Together with his student Meyer, he studied the expansion wave phenomenon (Pelant-Meyer flow) and put forward the design method of supersonic nozzle for the first time. Prandtl's pioneering work unified the study of hydraulics and fluid mechanics at the end of 19, and was called "the father of modern fluid mechanics". In addition to his research work in fluid mechanics, he also trained many famous scientists, including von Carmen, Meyer and other famous fluid mechanics. Professor Lu Shijia, who laid the foundation for the study of fluid mechanics in China, is also a student of Pelant.
Pelant's mother was ill all the year round, so when he was a teenager, Pelant spent more time with his father. Pelant's father is an engineering professor, and his life experience with his father made him form the habit of observing nature and savoring it. 1894, Pelant entered technical university of munich to study, and received his doctorate six years later. Plante's main work in Munich is in the field of solid mechanics, mainly designing a kind of equipment used in the factory. There he first got involved in the field of fluid mechanics-at that time, he wanted to design a suction device. After a series of experiments and comparisons, he designed a device with greater flow and less energy consumption.
190 1 year, prandtl became a professor of fluid mechanics at hanover technical school, now hanover technical university. In this school, Pelant accomplished several famous jobs. 1904, prandtl finished his most famous paper, Fluid Flow with Very Small Friction. In this paper, Pelant first describes the boundary layer and its application in drag reduction and streamline design, describes the boundary layer separation, and puts forward the concept of stall. Later, several students of Pelant tried to find the closed-form solution of the boundary layer equation, but none of them succeeded. The approximate solution in Prandtl's original paper has been widely used.
Pelant's paper attracted the attention of mathematician Klein, so Klein recommended Pelant as the director of the School of Technical Physics at the University of G? ttingen. In the following decades, Pelant developed this college into a propeller of aerodynamic theory, leading the world in this discipline until the end of World War II. 1925, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow (now Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization) was separated from this college.
During the period of 1902-07, Pelant followed Friedrich Lanchester, together with Albert Bates and Max Munk, to find a useful mathematical tool to study the lift of real wings. The related work was published in 19 18- 19, which is called "Lancaster-plante wing theory". Later, Pelant also specially studied the aerodynamic problems of airfoil with camber and put forward a simplified thin wing theory. This work makes people realize the importance of wingtip effect on the overall performance of finite span wings. The main contribution of this work is to point out the essence of wing tip vortex and induced drag, which has long been ignored. Under the guidance of these theories, for the first time, aircraft designers can understand the basic performance of aircraft before manufacturing.
1908, prandtl and his student Theodore Meyer put forward the first theory about supersonic shock wave flow, and prandtl-Meyer expansion wave theory became the theoretical basis of supersonic wind tunnel design. After that, he didn't have time to continue studying this problem until 1929, when he and Adolf Busmann proposed the design method of supersonic nozzle. To this day, all supersonic wind tunnels and rocket nozzles are still designed by Pelant's method. The complete theory of supersonic flow was finally completed by Theodore von Kármán, a student of Pelant.
1922, Pelant founded GAMM-International Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics together with Richard von Mises, and served as its chairman from 1922 to 33. 1933 after Hitler came to power, Pelant acquiesced in expelling Jewish colleagues and carried out a lot of publicity activities to safeguard Germany's position in the international scientific community. Before and during the Second World War, Pelant had close cooperation with the Air Force Department of the Green Empire.
Pelant also studied the compressibility problem and put forward a modified formula of Pelant-Grauwer. During World War II, this formula played an important role when the flight speed of aircraft was close to the speed of sound. Pelant also made many contributions to rheology, elasticity and structural mechanics.
Pelant has done many naive things. For example, when he was 34 years old and decided to get married, he went to his teacher, Professor Auguste Fouboer, and asked him to marry his daughter, but he didn't say which one. After urgent discussion, Professor Fobo and his wife made a wise decision to let their eldest daughter marry Pelant. Facts have proved that this decision is extremely correct-Pelant and his wife * * * spent a happy life together.
19 1 1 year1/kloc-0 was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province in February, and/kloc-0 joined the China * * * production party in August, 1959. He is a doctor.
1929 to 1934 studied in department of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University. After graduation, I applied for studying in Tsinghua University at public expense. After entering the school, I worked as an intern at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. 1935 to 1939 studied in the department of aeronautical engineering of MIT and obtained a master's degree. 1936- 1939 studied in the department of aeronautics and mathematics of California Institute of Technology, USA, and obtained a doctorate. 1939- 1943, researcher, Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. 1943 to 1945 was an assistant professor in the department of aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (1940 to 1945 was a communication researcher in Chengdu Institute of Aeronautics, Sichuan). 1945- 1946, associate professor, Department of Aviation, California Institute of Technology. 1946- 1949, associate professor and professor of aerodynamics, Department of Aeronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1949- 1955, Director and Professor of Jet Propulsion Center of California Institute of Technology.
1955 returned to China. 1955 to 1964, director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 1965 to 1970 served as deputy minister of the seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1970 to 1982 served as deputy director of the science and technology Committee of the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense and vice chairman of the China association for science and technology. He has served as the first and second director of China Automation Society, honorary president of China Aerospace Society, China theoretical and applied mechanics Society and China Systems Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics. 1986 to 199 1 May, served as the chairman of the third National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology. 1991may was elected honorary chairman of China association for science and technology at the fourth national congress. 1April, 1992, was appointed honorary chairman of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences. /kloc-0 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Engineering in June, 1994.
He is the vice-chairman of the 9th to 12th Alternate members of the CPC Central Committee and the 6th, 7th and 8th China People's Political Consultative Conference.
China is a pioneer and outstanding representative of space science and technology, and is known as "the father of China's space flight" and "the king of rockets". During my study and research in the United States, I cooperated with others to complete the summary and preliminary analysis of long-range rockets, laying the theoretical foundation for surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets. The hypersonic flow theory put forward by others laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. At the beginning of 1956, the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry was reported to the Central Committee and the State Council. In the same year, according to his suggestion, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Committee, the leading body of missile and aviation research, and was appointed as a member. From 65438 to 0956, he was appointed to set up the first rocket and missile research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology", participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium-and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium-and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. He has made pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He is the founder and advocate of the theoretical and applied research of modern mechanics and system engineering in China.
1957 won the first prize of natural science of China Academy of Sciences. 1979 won the outstanding alumni award of California Institute of Technology. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. 1989 was awarded "Rockwell Medal", "World-class Science and Technology and Engineering Celebrity" and honorary member of International Polytechnic. 199 1 year 10 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. 1995 65438+ 10 won the "1994 ho leung ho lee foundation Excellence Award" in October. 1999, the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal". In June 2006, he won the "highest honor award for China's space industry in 50 years".
He is the author of Engineering Cybernetics, On System Engineering, Introduction to Interstellar Navigation, etc.
September, 2009100 "100" hero model who made outstanding contributions to the founding of new China was jointly organized by Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, the Central Organization Department, the United Front Work Department, the Central Literature Research Office, the Central Party History Research Office, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, the All-China Women's Federation and the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army.