Since Sun Yat-sen established the revolutionary government in Guangzhou in 19 17, he has been planning the Northern Expedition and eradicating the northern warlords, so as to realize the unification and construction of China. He reorganized the Kuomintang, implemented cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, founded the Whampoa Military Academy, established revolutionary armed forces, and actively created conditions for the Northern Expedition. 1925 After the death of Sun Yat-sen in March, the Kuomintang of China reorganized the Grand Marshal's Office in Guangzhou into the National Government, the army into the National Revolutionary Army, and built Guangdong and Guangxi into the Northern Expedition base. China * * * Production Party launched a massive movement of workers and peasants all over the country, which set off a revolutionary climax. 1in the spring of 926, the direct warlord and Feng Yuxiang's national army fought at Nankou near Beijing. Considering that the conditions were basically mature and the situation was favorable, the National Government appointed Chiang Kai-shek as the commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army on June 4, and took the oath in Guangzhou on July 9 to start the Northern Expedition. At this time, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth armies of the National Revolutionary Army totaled more than 65,438+10,000 people. The main groups of Beiyang warlords are: Wu 200 thousand people, occupying Hunan, Hubei, Henan and other provinces; Sun has 200 thousand people, occupying Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces; Zhang Youbing has 350,000 troops, occupying Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Northeast provinces. The National Revolutionary Army decided to use the contradictions among the warlords to divide them one by one, and first pointed the attack at Wu Group. On the battlefield of Hunan and Hubei, the Northern Expeditionary Army, with the fourth, seventh and eighth armies as the main force, captured Changsha in July 1 1, and continued northward along the Guangdong-Han Railway in the middle and late August, breaking through the key points such as Guluo River, Lianke Yueyang Bridge, Tingsi Bridge and Sheng Qiao, and in early September,1kloc-. Wu's main force fell. On the battlefield in Jiangxi, the 2nd, 3rd and 6th Army and 1 Army launched an attack on September 6th. Even in Ganzhou, Pingxiang, Gao 'an and other places, the 6th Army attacked Nanchang on June 5438+09, but retreated due to the counterattack of the superior enemy. In mid-June, 5438,+10, the 4th and 7th armies also moved to Jiangxi, 10.4 captured Jiujiang,10.8 captured Nanchang, and Sun's main force was wiped out. Subsequently, the Northern Expeditionary Army, with 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 armies as the main force, attacked the southeast coast and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in two ways. By March 1927, even Fuzhou, Anqing, Hangzhou and Nanjing; China * * * production party led Shanghai workers to hold three armed uprisings, occupied Shanghai and welcomed the Northern Expeditionary Army into the city on March 23rd. Continue to attack Jiangbei in April, and occupy Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and Xuzhou in June. During this period, the national army led by Feng Yuxiang took an oath to respond to the Northern Expedition in Wuyuan, Suiyuan (now Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) on September 1926, then occupied Lanzhou and Xi 'an, and marched eastward along Longhai Road to join forces with the Northern Expedition Army. However, in April of 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai, which not only split the country, but also caused infighting among the Kuomintang, and the Northern Expedition was forced to stop. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/928, the Kuomintang factions reached a compromise, continued the Northern Expedition, and expanded the National Revolutionary Army into the first, second, third and fourth army groups, with Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Li Zongren as the commanders-in-chief of each army group. In April, along Pinghan Road, we fought Zhang and Zhang. At this time, all factions of Beiyang warlords took refuge under Zhang's command and turned it into an army in an attempt to counterattack, but the enemy was only the Northern Expeditionary Army, which had already occupied an absolute advantage. On June 3, Zhang withdrew from Beijing. On the morning of the 4th, Huanggutun Station near Fengtian (now Shenyang, Liaoning) was killed by the Japanese army. Ann Guo Jun disintegrated, and Zhang Xueliang succeeded Feng Jun as leader. After the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Beijing and Tianjin, it stopped at Shanhaiguan. After negotiation, on February 29th, 65438, Zhang Xueliang changed the red, yellow, blue, white and black five-color flags hung in the northeast provinces into blue sky and white sky flags, indicating his surrender to the Nanjing government. This event is called "the change of flag in Northeast China". The Kuomintang completed the formal unification of the whole country and the Northern Expedition ended.
The battle of Tingsi Bridge was a surprise victory.
1On August 9th, 927, after the Northern Expedition broke through Xiluo River, the National Revolutionary Army attacked northward along the Guangdong-Han Railway and its two sides, and reached the south of Tingsi Bridge in Xianning, Hubei Province on the 25th. This is a railway bridge, surrounded by mountains on three sides and water on one side. The terrain is dangerous, easy to defend but difficult to attack. It is the barrier of Wuhan and the only way to the Northern Expedition. Wu Fupei, commander-in-chief of the direct warlord, deployed a multi-division army to stick to it. The 4th Army of the National Revolutionary Army is determined to attack the Independent Regiment and the 35th Regiment with the cooperation of other ministries and wings. The Independent Regiment is the only one in the National Revolutionary Army organized by the China Producer Party (headed by Ye Ting, so it is also called the Ye Ting Independent Regiment). Since the Northern Expedition, it has been a pioneer of the 4 th Army with strong fighting capacity. However, after a day's attack on the 26th, the garrison of the straight army was strong and could not get close to the iron bridge. After dark, according to the observation during the day, Ye Ting visited the site and found a rugged mountain road that is inaccessible. In the middle of the night, Ye Ting invited a local farmer as a guide, led the troops to climb mountains and climb mountains, quietly went around the enemy's rear, and suddenly attacked in the early morning of the 27th. Straight army at a loss, chaos before and after. The frontier troops of the 4 th Army took advantage of the situation to charge and seize the iron bridge. After dawn, more than 10,000 defenders of Tingsi Bridge were completely annihilated, and most of them surrendered. The northern expeditionary army continued to pass through and reached Wuchang at the gates. The 4th Army won the title of Tiejun, and the Independent Regiment was the iron fist of this Tiejun.
Armed Uprising of Shanghai Workers in the Northern Expedition War
During the Northern Expedition, the * * * Production Party of China launched a massive movement of workers and peasants throughout the country to cooperate and support the Northern Expedition, which was an important condition for the smooth development of the Northern Expedition. 1926, 10 and 1927, China organized two workers' uprisings in Shanghai, both of which failed due to insufficient preparation. 1927 On February 23rd, the Central Committee and the Shanghai Regional Committee organized a special military commission, with Zhou Enlai, a member of the Central Military Commission as the commander in chief, to prepare for the third uprising. Zhou Enlai, Zhao Shiyan, Luo Yinong and so on. Careful arrangements and inspections were made, weapons were distributed, troops were trained, and intelligence was collected. On March 2 1 day, the Northern Expeditionary Army arrived in the suburbs of Shanghai, and the uprising began. The city's 800,000 workers went on strike, with 5,000 workers picketing as the backbone, attacking the military and police of Beiyang warlords in the city, with the North Railway Station fighting the most fiercely. Insurgents built roadblocks and surrounded the station. By the evening of 22nd, the remaining warlord 1 escaped by car, 1 was disarmed, and more than 3,000 workers picketed and surrendered. Immediately, the provisional government of Shanghai Special City was established to welcome the Northern Expeditionary Army into the city.
Chiang Kai-shek's "April 12th" coup.
After knowing Sun Yat-sen from 19 12, Chiang Kai-shek indicated that he would follow Sun Yat-sen; 1922 Chen Jiongming defected. When Sun Yat-sen took refuge and directed the battle on the ship Yongfeng, Jiang also accompanied and participated in its plot; Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang and implemented three major policies: alliance with Russia, alliance with * * *, and assistance to peasants and workers. Jiang also supported it, thus gaining the trust of Sun Yat-sen and entrusting it with an important task. But after 1925 Sun Yat-sen's death, Jiang started to do the opposite. 1March 20, 926 created the "Zhongshan Ship Incident", and party member produced by * * * was squeezed out of the L Army of the National Revolutionary Army; During the Northern Expedition, he killed the leaders of workers and peasants, suppressed the movement of workers and peasants and opposed the national government. When the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Nanjing, Shanghai and the southeast provinces, he thought he was full-fledged and in a favorable situation, and he couldn't wait to collude with imperialism and the big bourgeoisie. On April 12, the "inner-party purge" was announced, killing party member, progressives and workers and peasants in Shanghai and Nanjing. Regardless of whether the national government originally established in Guangzhou and now moved to Wuhan exists or not, the establishment of another national government in Nanjing not only completely destroyed the cooperation between the two countries, but also caused the internal strife of the Kuomintang, and the Northern Expedition was forced to be interrupted for a time. This incident was called "April 12th" coup in history, which was a big exposure of Chiang Kai-shek's true colors.
Zhang Xueliang's wise choice: Northeast China changes its flag.
1 91265438+1October1When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, the national flag formulated by Sun Yat-sen, the interim president, took red, yellow, blue, white and black stripes as the pattern, symbolizing * * * and * (that is, representing all ethnic groups in China. After 19 17, when Sun Yat-sen established a revolutionary government in Guangzhou, he changed the national flag pattern to red all over the sky, symbolizing the brilliant sunshine shining on the earth. But the five-color flag is still the national flag of the area ruled by Beiyang government. Changing the national flag has become a symbol of political ownership. 1In June, 928, after the National Revolutionary Army occupied Peiping and Tianjin, Zhang, the last ruler of Beiyang Government, returned to the northeast and was killed by the Japanese Kwantung Army at Huanggutun Station near Fengtian. His son Zhang Xueliang succeeded him as the leader of Feng Jun. The National Revolutionary Army stopped its garrison in Shanhaiguan for fear of Japanese armed intervention, and sent representatives to contact Zhang Xueliang to seek a political solution. Japanese imperialism is bent on turning the northeast of China into its exclusive colony, applying both hard and soft measures to Zhang Xueliang and obstructing the reunification of China. Although Zhang Xueliang was born in a feudal warlord family, he was different from his parents in thought and did not want the country to fall into division and melee. While dealing with Japan, he reached a secret agreement with the National Government. 1928, 1928 On the morning of February 29, 2008, the three northeastern provinces abolished the five-color flag at the same time, and red flags were raised everywhere, indicating obedience to the Nanjing National Government and returning the sovereignty of Northeast China to the central government. Zhang Xueliang's patriotic behavior, that is, changing the flag in Northeast China, was a blow to Japan's colonial aggression policy.
One of the Kuomintang factions is the Chiang Kai-shek War.
Jiang refers to Chiang Kai-shek, while Gui refers to Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi. Because Li and Bai are both from Guangxi, and most of the troops come from Guangxi, they are called Guangxi. During the Northern Expedition, the first, second, third and fourth armies of the National Revolutionary Army all expanded. By the end of 1928, the total national strength reached 2.5 million. Chiang Kai-shek put forward the demobilization plan on the grounds that the Northern Expedition had ended and it was necessary to reduce the army and reduce the financial burden, but its purpose was to weaken others and strengthen himself, so it was opposed. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek adopted the method of weakening one by one, digging the foundation of Li Zongren's fourth army first. 1in August, 927, when the Northern Expeditionary Army hit Changsha, Chiang Kai-shek proposed to pay homage to Li Zongren, taking Jiang as his brother and Li as his brother, "be of one heart and one mind, share life and death". After only a year and a half, Brother Meng will attack Brother Meng. 1at the beginning of 929, Jiang cultivated his cronies in Hunan, trying to seize Hunan territory controlled by Guangxi. After the discovery of Guangxi, it immediately sent more troops to Hunan, and the contradiction between the two sides was sharp. On March 26th, Jiang accused Guangxi of threatening the central government and ordered a crusade. He led the three armies to Wuhan, secretly bribed the generals of the Guangxi department to defect, and soon defeated the three main forces of the Guangxi department in Tonghu. Meanwhile. By bribing and alienating each other, the four armies of the Guangxi Department in eastern Hebei turned against each other. Within a few days, Guangxi was defeated and the Fourth Army collapsed. On April 4th, Li Zongren lost power and influence, fled to Hongkong with Bai Chongxi, and then sneaked back to Guangxi in order to make a comeback.
Kuomintang factions and Jiang Feng's Second War
At the end of 1927, the anti-Chiang forces in the Kuomintang were still very strong, and the Northern Expedition was not yet completed. In order to gain Feng Yuxiang's support, Chiang Kai-shek specially visited Feng Yuxiang in Zhengzhou, expressing his closeness and trust, and proposed to pay homage to Feng Jieyi. So the two exchanged the blue spectrum, and according to their age, Feng became the elder brother of the alliance, and Jiang became the elder brother of the alliance. Jiang wrote in Blue Spectrum: "Security is a battle, poverty is the same, the seas run dry and the rocks crumble, and life and death remain the same." However, as soon as the Northern Expedition was over, Jiang thought that Feng's second army was too strong, and asked Feng to disarm more and pay less. Feng accused Jiang of being unfair, and the differences between them became deeper and deeper because of the dismissal, and the brother and sister turned against each other. 1On May 23rd, 929, Chiang Kai-shek expelled Feng from the Kuomintang, revoked all his posts and ordered a wanted man. Feng also made preparations for the battle. At that time, Feng's army was about 400,000 people, stationed in Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces, but before the war, Feng's generals Han Fuju and Shi Yousan were bought by Jiang, putting Feng at a disadvantage. By the middle of 10, Feng was forced to be confined to a corner of western Henan, and his troops were annihilated from east to west along the Longhai and Pinghan railways. Feng Jun fought for more than a month, but eventually he was outnumbered and returned to Shaanxi to defend Tongguan.
The Third Central Plains War between Kuomintang factions
1929 After Chiang Kai-shek defeated Li Zongren and Feng Wuxiang with the strategy of divide and rule, only the Third Army of Yen Hsi-shan remained intact, with more than 200,000 people, controlling Hebei, Shanxi, Suiyuan, Chahar, Beijing and Tianjin. Yan Xishan foresaw that the next blow would fall on his head, so he took the initiative to send electricity to Chiang Kai-shek on February 1930, suggesting that the commanders-in-chief of the 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th armies should leave the army at the same time and hand over the general power to the party. The Central Committee of the Kuomintang should solicit the opinions of all party member, and decide how to solve party disputes through a referendum. Chiang Kai-shek certainly refused to accept it. February 17 sent a telegram accusing Yan of being a separatist, threatening the central authorities and creating civil strife. However, Yan's proposal received a wide response within the Kuomintang, and representatives of various factions gathered in Taiyuan to express their support for Yan and put forward suggestions. For a time, Yen Hsi-shan became the core of all factions uniting against Chiang Kai-shek. On March 14, 57 generals of the Second, Third and Fourth Armies jointly sent a telegram to Chiang Kai-shek to resign. On l5, these 57 generals electrified Yan Xishan as commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic of China, and Feng Yuxiang and Li Zongren as deputy commanders, denying Chiang Kai-shek's status. On April 5, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a crusade and the war broke out. Both sides want to make Zhang Xueliang stronger, but Zhang is neutral and does not participate in either side. The deployment of Yan and Feng is: fighting with the main force of the third army in the northern section of Jinpu Road, with the goal of capturing Jinan and Xuzhou; The 2nd and 3rd armies fought in the east of Zhengzhou on Longhai Road, captured Xuzhou, and then attacked Nanjing with the main force of the 3rd army. Fighting with the second army in the southern section of Pinghan Road with the goal of capturing Wuhan; At the same time, Li Zongren department from Guangxi to Hunan, cooperate with Feng Jun to attack Wuhan. Yan Xishan is on the Jin-Pu Railway and Feng Yuxiang is in Zhengzhou. Chiang Kai-shek also assumed a decisive battle posture and appointed the director of Wuhan Hangying to control Pinghan and Yuehan operations. Jiang Zeqin went to Xuzhou to direct the war on the two fronts of Jinpu and Longhai. After the war began, Yan Guohe made considerable progress in May and June: on the Jin-Pu line, Yan troops conquered Jinan and took Yanzhou directly; On the Longhai Line, Feng and Yanjun occupied Guide (now Shangqiu) in Henan Province and Haoxian County in Anhui Province, approaching Xuzhou; On the Pinghan line, Feng Jun captured Luohe in Henan; In the south, Li Zongren quickly occupied Changsha and Yueyang. However, just as the anti-Chiang was advancing across the board, Jiang bought Feng's generals to defect to the front line of Longhai, which disrupted the deployment of Yan and Feng and frustrated their offensive. Chen, the general of the Guangdong army, captured Hengyang, cut off Li Zongren's back road, forced Li to retreat to Guangxi, and the war situation gradually turned to Jiang's advantage. During this period, Jiang repeatedly sent people to lobby Zhang Xueliang, appointed Zhang Xueliang as the deputy commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic of China, and allowed North China and Qingdao to occupy territory. 18 September, Zhang Xueliang issued a power supply to support the central authorities, and immediately led two armies 1 10000 people to enter the customs, and entered the front line of Heping and Tianjin in Zhangjiakou, Chahar Province for armed mediation, which put Yan and Feng at a disadvantage. 10 in the middle and late June, Yan, all retreated. 165438+1On October 4th, Yan and Feng retired with electricity. Jiang won again. In this war, there were about 700,000 anti-Chiang troops, about 300,000 Chiang troops, and Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army 1 10000. In total, all parties invested more than 654,380+00,000 troops, which lasted for half a year, causing about 300,000 casualties and countless property losses. Because the battlefield was mainly in the Central Plains, it was called the Central Plains War or the Chiang Kai-shek War in history.