Poetry content
Liu Yuxi's landscape poems have changed the narrow-minded and desolate style of Dali and Zhenyuan poets, and often write a kind of half-empty and half-solid open scene of beyond space's real distance, such as "the distant mountains under water are like snow, and the grass on the bridge is like smoke" ("The fables and plays of Nanzhuang and Niu Xianggong after drinking are presented with lotte"), "The weeds are lush, the gossamer is dazzling, and Luotian is dazzling". Another example is "Wang Dongting"; In this quiet and ethereal landscape, the poet's subjective feelings are integrated, which constitutes a quiet and peaceful atmosphere. However, although Liu Yuxi said that "if he can leave his desire, his heart will be empty", he actively participated in Yongzhen's innovation, in fact, he still had to realize his life ideal in society; His personality is also stubborn, influenced by Taoist thought, but his poems often show a high-spirited, cheerful spirit. For example, one of the two poems "Autumn Poetry" and "Climbing the Tower with Lotte" has a high-spirited power. Liu Yuxi's poetry is clear because of its implicit and deep connotation, open and generous realm and lofty and upward emotion. Liu Yuxi was demoted to the south many times, where folk songs prevailed. Therefore, Liu Yuxi often collects folk songs and learns their styles to create poems. For example, the poem "Egret Son" describes his lonely feelings figuratively, but uses a faint folk song style. There are also some works that are completely modeled after folk songs, such as ci, ci, line, tower ci, Langtaosha ci, Xibaoshan old time and so on. , simple and natural, fresh and lovely, emitting a folk-like rich flavor of life. The following two songs are particularly vivid: Xing No.2 and Ci No.2.
Style of works
Liu Yuxi and his poetic style are quite unique. He is resolute and heroic. During his years in exile, he felt heavy psychological depression and sang a lamentation for lonely ministers. But he never despaired, he has the soul of a fighter; He wrote several poems, such as Yuan He Ten Years Lang invited Beijing Opera as a gift to a gentleman who looks at flowers, revisiting Xuanduguan Jueju, White Snake, Chrysanthemum Mosquito Ballad, Flying a kite, Hua Tuo Lun, and so on, which repeatedly satirized and attacked his political enemies, causing repeated political repression and blows, but such repression and blows aroused his stronger anger. He said, "I'm from Shandong, and I've felt a lot in my life" (Zhu Qiao Meets the Zen Master). Liu Yuxi lived in Jiaxing with his father in his early years and often went to Xing Wu to visit Jiao Ran and Che Ling, famous Zen monks and poets in the south of the Yangtze River. According to his "Collected Works of Che Masters", at that time, he "wrote inkstones and accompanied poems, all of which were called obedience". This early experience has a great influence on later poetry creation.
Liu Yuxi's poems, whether short or long, are mostly concise and bright, with handsome style, filled with the wisdom of a philosopher and the sincere feelings of a poet, full of artistic tension and heroic momentum. Such as "the north wind mourns the old horse, and the autumn frost moves the birds." ..... because of the sense of decline, Ann can arouse the heart "(the second part of" Learning Ruan Gong's Three Poems ")," Ma Si changed grass and fists, carving Qingyun sleep. Poems such as "Heaven and earth can be swept away, helping the monarch to be healthy" ("Beginning to smell the autumn wind") are written with high spirits and intense style, which has a power to rise and fall and prosper the people. As for his seven-character quatrains, they are also unique, such as: "Mo Dao's slanderers are as deep as waves, and Mo Yanke is as heavy as sand." Although the effort is hard, it still needs a lot of sand to nugget. "("Nine Poems of Langtaosha ",the eighth)" Plum blossoms play the strong flute in Saibei, and Guishushan poems Huainan. Please don't play the previous songs, listen to the new version of Yang Liuzhi. "Poetically, these two works are concise and easy to understand, but through one layer, we will experience a spirit of contempt for suffering, independence, meeting and surpassing suffering, a rushing vitality, an optimistic spirit of abandoning the past and facing the future, and a firm and noble personality connotation. Another example is his famous poem "Poetry of Autumn", which is an anti-traditional view of lamenting and praising autumn, giving autumn a power to guide life and showing the poet's infinite yearning for the realm of freedom. The chest is extremely high and the bone strength is very strong. Liu Yuxi believes in Taoism. Many years later, he said that a poet should "in a word, take all kinds of scenery leisurely" (Wuling Ji of Eastern History). The first sentence refers to the conciseness and implication of language, and the second sentence refers to the observation and meditation of the subject. Therefore, on the one hand, he attaches importance to making the poetic language exquisite and natural through tempering and polishing, and opposes the use of uncommon words. He put forward that "if you want to use uncommon words to write poetry, you must have a place ... If the younger generation wants to learn poetry, it must be well-founded and not lead the way" ("Liu Bin Jia Luhua"); On the other hand, he attaches great importance to the observation and meditation of the subject. In "Preface to Poems in Jiangling after Autumn", he once said: "If you can leave your desire, you will be empty and enter the scene; There must be a leak when entering, it is shaped by words. Because of the situation, it is clear; Words are chosen by wisdom, so the essence is beautiful. "
Most of Liu Yuxi's poems are natural and fluent, concise and refreshing, and at the same time have an open sense of time and space. Like his famous sentence, such as "Fang Lin's new leaves urge the morning night, and the waves before the flowing water make the waves behind" ("Lotte sees a poem that hurts slightly, and three gentlemen send it deeply"), the more prosperous it is, the more prosperous Qin Wangfeng is. "Appreciating the Spring Festival Gala in Li Yue, the assistant minister of eastern Zhejiang" is a long sentence, and "By the sinking boat, in front of the sick tree" ("The First Banquet in Yangzhou") is a kind of sentiment after his meditation on history and life. This kind of feeling appears in the poem in the form of image, which not only has a broad vision, but also has a span beyond the time limit, showing the blending of history, reality and future here.
Liu Yuxi's epic is highly respected. These poems, with concise words and carefully selected images, express his meditation after reading all the vicissitudes of life and contain deep feelings. For example, the Spring Festival Evening in Yuezhou is a long sentence, and Old Stories from the West Fort, Wuyi Lane, Stone Town and Temple of the King of Shu are all famous articles.
Literary forms like Fu.
Besides poetry and prose, Liu Yuxi's creation of Ci and Fu is also an important part of the history of Ci and Fu in Tang Dynasty and even the whole history of Ci and Fu. His eleven poems are no less than the number of Ci and Fu in the Tang Dynasty. Ma ranked Liu Zongyuan as the first, followed by Han Yu and Liu Yuxi, and compared Liu Zongyuan's ci and fu with Qu Yuan. In fact, rachel himself is quite confident about the level of his articles. In his autobiography of Zi Liu Zi, he said: "Heaven and strength do not make beauty." The "director" here refers to his own literary words. Of course, this "literary word" also includes Ci and Fu. Among Liu Yuxi's eleven works of ci and fu, Qiu is the most respected one by later generations.
Because most of Liu Yuxi's ci and fu were written in the period of relegation, the sadness of chasing officials and the lack of talent became the important themes of his ci and fu creation, and the resentment was his main emotional sustenance, and the Confucian thought of helping the world ran through. In addition, in addition to the works reflecting relegation and melancholy, there are also the legal fu made by imperial examinations, such as Ping Weighing Fu, Yang Shancheng Fu mourning the past and hurting the present, Shang Xiang Fu mourning the death, and Wang Chu Fu describing the scenery and customs. As an important litterateur and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi's poetry made great achievements and was an important field in the study of Tang poetry. Poetry was the mainstream of literature at that time, so Liu Yuxi's creation of ci and fu was bound to be influenced by his poetry creation. For example, the theme of Liu Yuxi's poems influenced the theme of his ci and fu, and many scenes and emotional contents depicted in his poems also appeared in his ci and fu works. Therefore, it is a favorable link to study the interactive relationship between his poems and ci fu.
The early life of a character
Liu Yuxi, whose ancestors were Liu Liang, the son and seventh ancestor of Lady Jia, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, served as the secretariat of Jizhou in the Northern Dynasty and moved to Luo with Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Father Liu Xu moved to Suzhou to avoid the Anshi Rebellion. Liu Yuxi was born in the seventh year of Dali (772). His father and ancestors were petty bureaucrats. His father Liu Xu was an official in Jiangnan, where Liu Yuxi spent his adolescence. He began to study Confucian classics and write poems at an early age. He was clever and diligent, and was once inspired by famous poets at that time in writing poems.
In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790) 19 years old, Liu Yuxi studied in Luoyang, Chang 'an and other places, enjoying a high reputation among scholars.
Zhenyuan nine years (793), and Liu Zongyuan tied for Jinshi, the same year for Hongci Jinshi. Two years later, I went to the official department to take an examination of the scholar department, and was placed as a prince school book. Ding You soon stayed at home. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), Du You appointed Liu Yuxi as our ambassador, taking Huainan as the ambassador and Xu Sihao as the ambassador. Later, Du You returned to Yangzhou. Du You wrote many forms during his stay in the curtain.
In the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan (802), he was transferred to the main book of Weinan County, Jingzhao Prefecture, and soon transferred to supervise the imperial history. At that time, both Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan worked in Yushitai, and the three became friends and had a very close relationship.
A life of relegation
In the first month of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Tang Dezong died of illness and Shunzong acceded to the throne. Wang He and Wang Lai, the attendants of two former princes, are famous for their ambition to reform graft and are trusted by Shunzong to enter the center. Liu Yuxi and Wang are good friends, and his talents and ambitions are highly valued by his uncle. Therefore, he was appointed Yuan Wailang, sentenced to a salt and iron case, and participated in the management of state finances. During this period, Liu Yuxi's political enthusiasm was extremely high, and together with Liu Zongyuan, he became the core figure of the reformists. Liu Liu, the "two kings" group took many progressive measures during its short reign, but because the reform infringed on the interests of the buffer region, eunuchs and big bureaucrats, it soon failed under the joint counterattack of conservative forces. Shunzong was forced to give way to Prince Chun Li, and the king died. Wang Pi died after being demoted. Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan and other eight people were first demoted to Yuanzhou secretariat, and then to Sima Yuanzhou. This is the famous "Eight Sima Incident" in history. Go to Jiangling, and then demote Lianzhou (now Lianzhou City, Guangdong Province) to the secretariat. At the same time, eight people were demoted to distant Sima, which was called "Eight Sima" in history.
In December of Yuanhe 9 (865438+February 2005), Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were recalled to Beijing.
In March of the 11th year of Yuanhe (865438+February 2007), Liu Yuxi wrote the poem "In the 11th year of Yuanhe, I was called to Beijing from Langzhou, and I gave a play to the gentlemen who looked at flowers", which offended the ruling and opposition parties and was released as the secretariat of Lianzhou. Liu Yuxi was exiled in Langzhou for nearly ten years. In the meantime, he created a large number of fable poems, expressed his great dissatisfaction with the powerful people of the current dynasty, and wrote many fu poems to express his ambition of being unwilling to be left behind. Because of his contact with local folk songs, he absorbed nutrition from them, and his poetry creation showed some new characteristics. During this period, he also wrote many philosophical papers, the most important of which was Three Essays on Heaven, which echoed Liu Zongyuan's Tian Shuo.
In December of the 9th year of Yuanhe (8 14), he returned to Beijing with Liu Zongyuan and others. However, he was soon banished to Bozhou, which is farther away, as a secretariat. Fortunately, with the help of Pei Du and Liu Zongyuan, he was changed to Lianzhou as a secretariat. Liu Yuxi stayed in Lianzhou for nearly five years.
In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe (8 19), he was able to leave because of his mother's death.
In the winter of the first year of Changqing (82 1), Liu Yuxi was appointed as the secretariat of Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Sichuan).
In the summer of the fourth year of Changqing (824), he was transferred to Hezhou (now Hexian County, Anhui Province) for secretariat.
In the second year of Bao Li's reign (826), he was transferred back to Luoyang and worked in Shangshu Province, the eastern capital. It has been 23 years since he was demoted for the first time.
Old age life
In the first year of Daiwa, Liu Yuxi was appointed Minister Du Dong. The following year, he returned to North Korea as the guest of honor, and Langzhong wrote "Wandering Du Xuanguan's quatrains", which showed his indomitable will after repeated blows. Later, officials from Suzhou, Ruzhou and Tongzhou made a secretariat. From the first year of Kaicheng (836), he was appointed as the guest and secretary of the prince to supervise Du Dong.
In the first year of Huichang (84 1), the collation department added the title of Shangshu. The world calls them Liu Binke and Liu Shangshu. In his later years, Liu Yuxi went to Luoyang, where he made friends with Bai Juyi, Pei Du and Wei Zhuang. Singing in harmony and living a leisurely life. Together with Bai Juyi, he left Bai Liu Songs and Bai Liu Songs Volume, and together with Bai Juyi and Pei Du, he left Ruoluo Songs Masterpieces. Since then, he has served as a bachelor of Jixian Temple, a doctor of rites, a secretariat of Suzhou, a secretariat of Ruzhou and a secretariat of Tongzhou, and finally divided the capital with the Prince.
Posterity memorial former residence
Liu Yuxi's former residence has been expanded and rebuilt in Ming and Qing Dynasties since the Song Dynasty. 1986, the shack was restored by Hexian County, Anhui Province. In the same year, the humble room was approved by the provincial people as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit, covering an area of more than 5 mu. In 2008, Anhui Hexian County invested10 million yuan to repair Liu Yuxi's former residence.
memorial hall
Liu Yuxi Memorial Hall is located in Yanxi Mountain, lianzhou middle school, with cornices, arches and vermilion columns, showing the classical court architecture style of China. The antique and resplendent memorial hall, after careful display, is full of charm: the collocation of lights, murals, poems, bronze statues and other scenes sets off a rich and colorful sense of history.
There are three opinions about Liu Yuxi's birthplace. The first statement is Xuzhou, Jiangsu, the second statement is Luoyang, Henan, and the third statement is Jiaxing, Zhejiang.
Cheng Peng said.
But Bai Juyi called it "Liu Pengcheng Meng De". I wonder if Bai Juyi has any basis for this statement? Journal of Xuzhou Normal University holds that Liu Yuxi's birthplace is Pengcheng, not Jiaxing. The main reasons are as follows: First, Liu Shi lived on the wall, not born on the wall, but once lived in Jiaxing. It cannot be assumed that he was born in Jiaxing. Two. Liu and Pei "step on the square". Fishing together, at least as teenagers. Liu was born in 1972, and Tafang became a fisherman in about 783. At this time, it has been nearly 3000 years since Dong Liu moved. In thirty years, Liu Xu may not settle in Jiaxing for a long time. Liu Yuxi may have lived in Jiaxing after growing up in other places and then avoiding the soil or studying. In his poems, he often said that he lived in the south of the Yangtze River, which proved that Liu Yuxi lived in the south of the Yangtze River as a teenager, rather than taking it as his hometown. Third, Liu Yuxi once called himself a "Shandong native" and a "Shandong scholar". Shandong in the Tang Dynasty refers to the east of Taihang Mountain, the north of Huaihe River and Jiaxing in the south of the Yangtze River, which is obviously wrong. But Liu Yuxi's county is in Zhongshan, Zhongshan is in "Shandong" and Pengcheng is also in "Shandong". Pengcheng should be Liu's hometown. Fourthly, according to the author's research, Liu Xudong moved from 76/KLOC-0 to 769. He married Lu here, and Liu Yuxi, born in 1972, is probably also in Pengcheng, so Pengcheng is also the birthplace of Liu Yuxi.
Luo Yang said.
Liu Yuxi's native place, he himself said clearly. At the age of seventy-one, Liu Yuxi claimed in the autobiography of Zi: "Zi, whose real name is Yuxi, is a dream. First, Han Jingdi's wife won the title of Zhongshan King, overflowing with Jing, and her descendants were also named Zhongshan people. Zuliang, who served as the secretariat of Jizhou in the Northern Dynasties, often moved to Luoyang on horseback. He was from Duchangli in the North. The world is an official and a Confucian, and the tomb is in the north of Luoyang, and the place behind it cannot be relied on. This is the Tanshan Garden where Yang was buried ... My father was afraid of Confucianism, and Tianbao did not enter the scholar and moved eastward to avoid disaster. " Because it was used by the governors of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and later by Xixi, our government added salt as an assistant to the special envoy and then transferred it to the temple to take charge of the soil moisture bridge. Obviously, his distant ancestor was Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan in Han Dynasty, and his descendants were Zhongshan people. Seven generations of ancestors moved to Luoyang in the Northern Dynasties, and later generations became Duchangli people in Luoyang. Liu Yuxi's father Liu Dongqian took refuge. In this way, Zhongshan is Liu Yuxi's county hope and Luoyang is his native place, so there should be no problem. Moreover, in the same year, Liu Yuxi said in "Thank the Prime Minister in Ruzhou": "I suddenly got a blessing, moved to Luoyang, died of illness, and always saw trees in the countryside. It is natural to be proud. " This was written after he was transferred from Suzhou secretariat to Ruzhou. The article says that his home is in Henan and his native place is in Luoyang, which should be correct. Later, the Qing Dynasty revised the "Luoyang County Records" and said that Liu Yuxi was "a native of Luoyang, Henan".
Memorial Hall Liu Yuxi Memorial Hall is located in Liu Yuxi Memorial Hall in Yen Hsi-shan, lianzhou middle school, with cornices, arches and vermilion columns, which fully shows the architectural style of China classical court and looks antique. The antique and resplendent memorial hall, after careful display, is full of charm: the collocation of lights, murals, poems, bronze statues and other scenes sets off a rich and colorful sense of history. Philosophical achievement materialism tendency
Liu Yuxi's philosophical thought has a distinct materialistic tendency. His main works are three essays about heaven. In the view of the world, his materialist thought is more progressive than Liu Zongyuan's. Regarding the relationship between nature and human beings, Liu Yuxi put forward the viewpoint of "mutual win and mutual use" between man and nature, which has a positive enterprising spirit. He believes that the reason why people produce idealism is closely related to social reality. When "Buddhism is great", if the society is "for the public and not for the public", people will not have the concept of fate. When the law was loosened, right and wrong were reversed in society, and man could conquer nature, so the theory of destiny was popularized all over the world; When the law is lax, the right and wrong in society are unclear, and people will be skeptical about their fate. Liu Yuxi's explanation of the origin of the theory of destiny with social practice is a great contribution to epistemology. This is also Liu Yuxi's view on the social roots of theism. He believes that in a society that practices the law, whether for the public or not, people will be rewarded for following the right path, and will be punished for violating the good. People will say that fortune depends on people's behavior and has nothing to do with heaven. In a society with lax laws, right and wrong are reversed and rewards and punishments are constant. People can't find an explanation for unreasonable phenomena, so they have to attribute everything to heaven. He also believes that when "understanding", people will not talk about "fate"; When you are "ignorant", you can't help telling your destiny. Liu Yuxi is unique in explaining the origin of theism from the perspective of legal relaxation and rational ignorance. He pointed out that God was created by people under certain conditions, which is of positive significance. He tried to deepen the debate between Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu and further explore the relationship between heaven and man in Three Essays on Heaven. He believes that "everyone who enters the shape device is capable." Heaven (nature), the tangible is also big; People, especially animals. Heaven can, people can't; People can, but God can't. "Heaven and man have their own natural characteristics," mutual victory "and" mutual use ". Although people can't interfere with the functions and laws of nature, they can use and transform nature.
Respect the laws of nature
Liu Yuxi supplemented Liu Zongyuan's view of nature on the basis of natural science. On the understanding of nature, Liu Yuxi believes that the whole nature is full of tangible material entities, and there is no intangible thing between heaven and earth. He refutes the theories of metaphysics, Buddhism and Taoism in Wei and Jin Dynasties that "emptiness" and "nothingness" are the origin of the universe, and thinks that "emptiness" is a special material form, and it is impossible for it to exist independently beyond the material form. This is a significant development of China's ancient materialistic view of nature. Regarding the emergence and development of everything in the universe, he believes that the growth and development of everything is a natural process, and animals, plants and human beings are all produced by the interaction of yin and yang of heaven and earth. He also believes that the development and change of the objective world has certain laws, and everything in the universe moves and develops endlessly in contradiction and interdependence. Based on this, he established the theory of the relationship between heaven and man, pointing out that everything in heaven and earth has its different functions and functions. The role of nature lies in the growth and reproduction of all things. In the natural development process of birth, illness, health and aging, everything follows the competition law of the strong winning and the weak losing; People's function is to use the laws of nature and the material materials provided by nature to carry out various production activities and seek the necessities of people's lives from nature. Liu Yuxi put forward: "The talented people in heaven give birth to everything; What human beings can do will cure everything. "He believes that heaven can't interfere with the' governance' or' chaos' of human society, and people can't change the laws of motion in nature. He also advocated atheism and criticized theism based on scientific knowledge.
Liu Yuxi's poetic mountains are not high, but there are immortals that make him famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green. There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university. You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. There is no confusion, and there is no complicated form. Zhuge Lu in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu. Kong Ziyun: What's wrong? -Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Ming" in the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty: Liu Yuxi
The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green. There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university. You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. There is no confusion, and there is no complicated form. Zhuge Lu in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu. Kong Ziyun: What's wrong? Classical Chinese in junior high school, the concept of ancient Chinese stopped, praising things, and the character was sad and lonely since ancient times. I say autumn is better than spring. There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky. -Liu Yuxi's autumn poems in the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty: Liu Yuxi
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring.
There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky. Ancient poetry in junior high school, autumn, sad autumn, desolate mountains and rivers, 23 years of neglect. People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed. On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower. Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up. -Liu Yuxi's "The First Meeting of Lotte in Yangzhou" in the Tang Dynasty, the first meeting of Lotte in Yangzhou.
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up. Ancient poetry in junior high school, relegation, inspiration and philosophy 100 See more ancient poetry in early education >>