"Ecological environment" in a broad sense includes the whole natural environment. The history of ecological environment deterioration caused by human activities can be said to be as long as the history of human activities in utilizing natural resources [1]. Looking back on the history of human development, since the earliest recorded public nuisance event in the 20th century-1February 1930, a serious public nuisance event caused by industry has appeared every 1O year in the world on average. The photochemical smog incident in Los Angeles, the Minamata disease incident in Japan, the Bhopal incident in India, the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the Soviet Union and the pollution of the Rhine River by highly toxic substances have sounded alarm bells for human development again and again. Since entering 2 1 century, the shadow of ecological disasters has not left, but has occurred more frequently. In the new century 1 year 10, infectious diseases such as SARS, avian influenza and influenza A (H 1N 1) came one after another, and the whole "global village" fell into panic. In addition to diseases, global warming, ozone layer destruction, world water crisis, forest destruction, ecological species reduction, land degradation, desertification and other environmental problems also seriously threaten human survival. [2]
Eco-environmental problems have had a great impact on international politics and international relations, and attracted the attention of all countries in the world. In developed countries, the emission of waste gas mainly causes environmental pollution. In addition, developing countries also show over-exploitation of natural resources at the expense of the environment in exchange for their own economic development. Environmental problems have become a major issue affecting the survival and development of the whole world. The United Nations has successively adopted and signed more than 180 international conventions, agreements and conventions related to environment and resources, aiming at protecting the environment and arousing people's attention to environmental issues. Ecological crisis has been and will continue to be the biggest challenge facing mankind in the 2 1 century.
2 China's ecological and environmental problems
Like all industrialized countries, environmental pollution in China is accompanied by industrialization. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's industrialization had just started, the industrial base was quite weak, the total population was small, the contradiction between economy and environmental resources was not prominent, and environmental protection did not attract enough attention. In a sense, the economic development of this period can be summarized as "emphasizing quantity, neglecting quality, emphasizing immediate and neglecting long-term".
With the rapid development of economy, some areas are developing blindly. Deforestation of forests and grass, and reclamation around lakes have further worsened the ecological environment, and various environmental problems have emerged, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) The contradiction of water shortage has intensified. China is one of the countries with the most water shortage in the world. The per capita water resources are only 1/4 of the world average, and the water resources per mu of cultivated land are only 80% of the world average. The total water resources in China are not only insufficient, but also unevenly distributed in time and space. Due to the shortage of surface water, groundwater can only be over-exploited. The ground water level in China is almost gradually decreasing. The groundwater level in North China Plain drops by 65438±0.5m every year on average. The Yellow River, the cradle of Chinese civilization, has been cut off frequently since 1985. Among the 6 17 cities in China, 300 cities are short of water, and more than 50 cities are seriously short of water. Due to the discharge of industrial sewage and domestic sewage, seven major water systems in China are seriously polluted.
(2) Serious soil erosion. There are 646 counties with serious soil erosion in China. In the past 50 years, China lost more than 3,333,300 hectares of cultivated land due to soil erosion, with an average of 66,700 square kilometers per year. Based on the data of 200 years, the economic loss caused by soil erosion is at least 200 billion yuan, equivalent to 2.24% of the national GDP in that year.
(3) Industrial pollution is relatively large. Industrial pollution is the main killer of the environment. Some industries, such as paper making, mechanical processing, steel making, steel rolling, casting, building materials, food processing, chemical industry, etc. , directly caused serious pollution to the environment.
(4) Forest destruction and land desertification. China is a country with small forest coverage. After liberation, there were three major deforestation climaxes, and a few forests were further destroyed. The loss of forest resources is caused by natural and man-made factors. In addition to war, fire and other reasons, excessive deforestation and accelerated decline of forests are mainly the result of human activities. Forest destruction leads to soil erosion, poor soil, reservoir siltation, intensified flood and drought disasters, land desertification and so on. China is one of the countries most seriously affected by desertification in the world.
(5) The number of ecological species has decreased. Animals, plants and microorganisms on the earth interact with the natural environment on which they live, forming the biodiversity on the earth. However, due to the influence of climate, topography and competition among organisms, especially the destruction of the environment by human beings, many species have lost their living conditions and been eliminated. At present, some lawless elements in our country are still engaged in the activities of preying, hunting and smuggling rare creatures, resulting in the continuous decline of biological species.
3 China efforts to improve the ecological environment
3. 1 The ecological environment has been effectively improved through soil and water conservation.
Over the past 60 years, China has managed a total area of 67,700 square kilometers of soil erosion, 654.38+300 million hectares of basic farmland, 46 million hectares of soil and water conservation forests, and more than 6.8 million small water conservancy and soil conservation projects such as warping dams, ponds, reservoirs and ancient places. The national vegetation coverage increased by L 1.46%, effectively improving the ecological environment.
3.2 Adjust the industrial structure to reduce industrial pollution
Since the founding of New China, the state has continuously adjusted the industrial structure, shut down small thermal power plants, eliminated backward production capacity in industries such as papermaking, cement, ironmaking, coking, alcohol, monosodium glutamate and citric acid, opened "green channels" for projects that meet environmental protection requirements, strictly controlled "two high-tech and one capital" projects, and adhered to the road of green ecological circular economy industry development. Reduce the discharge of major pollutants such as COD, so 2,468,600 t and chemical oxygen demand 38,400 t each year, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing production and reducing pollution.
3.3 Strengthen the protection of forest resources and promote the sustainable development of forests.
In view of the problems of forest resources and ecological environment faced by the world, especially China, the China government has taken many active measures in recent years to strengthen the protection of forest resources and promote the sustainable management and utilization of forests, including accelerating the establishment of its own forest certification system, participating in the establishment of international systems, striving for the international market share of forest products and the right to speak and make decisions on the certification system, further safeguarding national interests, and at the same time developing industrial forests scientifically, expanding forest resources and increasing green vegetation.
3.4 Pay attention to biodiversity protection and increase ecological protection.
As one of the countries with 12 high biodiversity in the world, China attaches great importance to biodiversity protection, and has made great efforts in establishing protected areas and protecting endangered rare wild animals and plants, and achieved gratifying results. At present, 646 species of national rare and endangered animals and plants have been listed as key protected objects, including 257 species of wild animals, 389 species of plants, and more than 60 species of rare and endangered wild animals have been successfully artificially propagated. Since the founding of New China 60 years ago, many nature reserves at all levels have been established, accounting for 7. 19% of the national territory. Among them, Zhangzishan, Wuyishan, Dinghushan, Fanjingshan, Wolong, Xilingol, Bogda Peak, Shennongjia and other 10 nature reserves have been listed in the "World Man and Biosphere Reserve" network by UNESCO. China has also formulated the China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan to strengthen the environmental safety management of alien invasive species and genetically modified organisms. Internationally, China has joined the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and signed the International Convention on the Protection of Biological Diversity, taking on more obligations and making contributions to the global biodiversity protection.
3.5 Take various measures to improve environmental quality.
Focus on solving environmental problems such as water pollution, particulate matter, noise, catering industry pollution, domestic garbage and motor vehicle exhaust pollution; By adjusting the energy structure, establishing "coal-free zones" in the central areas of some large and medium-sized cities, and replacing direct coal burning with clean energy such as natural gas and electricity, the air quality in urban areas has been significantly improved. Study and demonstrate the total amount control scheme of nitrogen oxides, and put forward prevention measures.
Strengthen joint prevention and control of regional air pollution. Summarize and promote the experience of environmental quality assurance for the Beijing Olympic Games, continue to improve the assurance mechanism, and promote the joint prevention and control of air pollution in Beijing and Tianjin. In view of the prominent regional environmental problems such as smog weather in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations, environmental management policies for Guangzhou, Shanghai and other regions to break through administrative boundaries and promote air quality standards have been further studied and formulated.
3.6 Advocate environmental protection and energy conservation from all aspects.
Environmental protection is not only reflected in water, soil, forest, atmosphere and ecological resources. In architectural design, engineers constantly adopt new technologies and make contributions to environmental protection. For example, the design of the China Pavilion of the 20 10 Shanghai World Expo attaches great importance to environmental and energy issues, and has a complete strategic system of environmental protection and energy conservation, aiming at expressing the "environmental declaration" with architecture. As a "green landmark" of the Shanghai World Expo, China Pavilion naturally shades the sun with a layered shape to reduce the energy consumption required for refrigeration; Semi-outdoor glass gallery provides thermal insulation in winter and ventilation in summer through passive energy-saving technology; The roof is effectively insulated by technical measures such as eco-agricultural landscape; LOM-E double glazing is used for windows to reduce energy consumption. A series of ingenious designs have realized the new concept of environmental protection and energy saving and opened up new ideas for environmental protection development.
4. Understanding of developing economy and protecting ecological environment
4. 1 Development cannot be at the expense of the environment.
Environmental protection is a strategic issue related to the long-term development and overall situation of China. Economic development must be considered as a whole with population, environment and resources. We should not only arrange the current development, but also think about future generations and create better conditions for future development.
Developed countries have gone through an environmental protection road of pollution first and then treatment, sacrificing the environment for economic growth, which has caused serious environmental harm. We must avoid taking the road of environmental protection: pollution first, then treatment. Pollution before treatment is the treatment of "insufficient prevention", and the cost of investment is bound to be too high, and the price paid is bound to be too high. Controlling pollution at the same time is a mode of "preventing" losses and "controlling" debts. Although it has alleviated the harm of environmental pollution to a certain extent, it can not fundamentally change the passive situation of environmental protection, and even easily delay the fighter plane to protect the environment. Efficient governance is to achieve maximum governance results with the least investment under the premise of effective prevention, and fundamentally reduce environmental pressure.
4.2 Development cannot be denied because of environmental problems.
Environmental problems are brought about by development and can only be solved through development. It is a narrow idea to deny industrialization because it has caused environmental damage. Our reflection on industrialization is to propose a new road to industrialization, not to oppose industrialization. In the process of industrialization, we should try our best to reduce a lot of energy consumption and environmental damage and advocate a conservation-oriented society. [3] China is still a developing country, and development is a big problem. Without necessary economic growth and lack of environmental improvement conditions and financial support, it is difficult to protect the environment. The emergence and solution of environmental problems are closely related to the stage of economic development and the degree of technological progress. Only by paying attention to environmental problems while developing the economy can the problems be properly solved.
4.3 adhere to the road of sustainable development
China has a large population, relatively insufficient per capita resources, low level of science and technology and weak economic and technological foundation, so the task of protecting the ecological environment is arduous. Therefore, in economic development, we must strive to achieve less investment, less resource consumption, high economic and social benefits and good environmental protection. The new economic development goal and the current actual situation require us to combine economic development with resources, environment, population and other factors and make overall consideration. Rely on domestic demand to expand reproduction, improve the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to economic growth, develop products with low input, low pollution or no pollution, high output, high efficiency and high added value, and realize a virtuous circle.
4.4 Change the mode of economic growth and build an ecological civilization
Ecological civilization is the refinement and sublimation of the traditional concept of harmony between Scientific Outlook on Development and China. Being promoted to the same level as material civilization, spiritual civilization and political civilization is another leap in understanding? 1。 For a long time, human beings have mainly taken two actions towards nature: one is to regard nature as a storehouse of resources, which is inexhaustible and priceless, and people's use of it is a gift from nature. The second is to use nature as a waste dump. The wanton plunder and abuse of natural resources by human beings has caused serious environmental pollution and ecological imbalance, which has led to the crisis of human society and the "man-nature" system and put the "man-society-nature" system in trouble. We should get out of this predicament as soon as possible, reverse the economic growth mode of "high energy consumption, high pollution and low output" and pay attention to ecological protection. Promote the transformation from linear economy to circular economy and take the road of harmonious development between man and nature. Really realize the one-vote veto of environmental protection for construction projects, so that those projects with heavy pollution and poor efficiency can never be launched. Focus on developing products with high output, high efficiency, high added value, low pollution or no pollution. Accelerate the shift from attaching importance to economic growth and neglecting environmental protection to paying equal attention to environmental protection and economic growth, from environmental protection lagging behind economic development to simultaneous transformation of environmental protection and economic development, and from mainly using administrative means to comprehensively using legal, economic, technical and necessary administrative means to solve environmental problems. We must persist in putting environmental protection in a more prominent strategic position and make overall consideration, unified arrangement and simultaneous deployment with economic and social development; Adhere to environmental protection planning first, coordinate with industrial planning, land planning and urban planning, and optimize economic and social development with environmental protection planning.
4.5 Actively rely on science and technology to explore new ideas and methods.
Through technological innovation, we will strive to promote circular economy, tap the potential of resources, and reduce waste through the "4R" innovation of reduction, recovery, reuse and replacement. Organize scientific research to tackle key problems and continuously improve the scientific and technological content of pollution reduction. Focus on the development of water pollutant emission reduction technologies in steel, petrochemical, nonferrous metals, building materials, papermaking, chemical industry, wine making, printing and dyeing industries. Do a good job in the construction of urban sewage treatment plants and supporting pipe networks and desulfurization facilities in coal-fired power plants, and give play to the benefits of emission reduction as soon as possible. Adjust the economic and industrial structure, speed up energy conservation and emission reduction, and promote the orderly withdrawal of backward production capacity in power, cement, steel, ferroalloy, coke, paper making, alcohol and other industries. Vigorously develop new energy, new resources and alternative energy, and at the same time focus on energy saving and consumption reduction, and vigorously adopt new technologies and new processes to transform traditional industries. Only by adhering to the road of new industrialization, changing the mode of economic development and forming an industrial system with high technical content, good economic benefits, strong innovation ability, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution and great driving effect can we solve the constraints of energy, land, raw materials and environment on economic growth [4l.
Protecting ecological environment and resources means protecting productive forces. Changing the mode of economic growth and taking the road of sustainable development is the only way to enrich the people and strengthen the country and realize modernization.