The origin and origin of surnames. There are more than 65,438+0,000 surnames in China, including their origin, the origin history of each surname, ethnic distribution, population and so on. The following is the origin and origin of the surname I compiled for you. If you are interested, come and have a look together.
Origin and origin of surnames 1 1. Origin of surnames
There were surnames as early as the primitive clan period. Surnames originated from the female line and surnames originated from the male line. "Surname means lineage, surname means official position, household registration and occupation", and now surnames are only used to mean family. The explanation of surnames in Shuowen is: "people are born" and "surnames are born of women." Therefore, the oldest surnames such as Ji, Jiang and Yao are all related to women. In matriarchal society, descendants of the same matriarchal line cannot marry. In order to distinguish different marriage groups, they have surnames. Some major surnames are over 4000 years old. With the constant appearance of the same surname, surnames came into being in order to distinguish the status and origin of the family, and the earliest clear surname records began in the Zhou Dynasty. The original meaning of surnames is "support" and "qi", and the purpose is to distinguish the origin of future generations. The same surname can be divided into many different surnames. With the continuous emergence and increase of "Zhi" and "Qi", surnames also increase, and some are based on ancestral home or temple number, country name or place name, official position, flora and fauna, number and location. Some take titles, titles, official positions, residences, fiefs, occupations, etc.
In ancient times, Emperor Yao surnamed Tang, and his descendants took Tang as their surname; Qi, Lu, Qin, Jin and other surnames are also ancient country names; Many descendants of Hehe took posthumous title's "Wen" and "Wu" as surnames respectively; Dongguo, Nanmen, Nangong, etc. Take both the place name and the direction as the surname; Animals, plants and figures are cattle, horses, sheep, dragons, bears, willows, poplars, flowers, plums, thousands, hundreds and thousands. There are also Stuart, Shuai, Wei, Wang, Gong, Hou and so on. Whose surname is official position, title, title. There are twists and turns, solutions, businesses and so on. Take the fief as the surname; There are pottery, martial arts, tu, bu and so on. A person whose surname is occupation. Many surnames and surnames are homologous, so apart from the change of people's social relations from matrilineal to paternal, the homology of surnames and surnames is also an important reason for the combination of them.
Second, "Wanjia surname"
Last name? In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 468 surnames among hundreds of surnames. Because the emperor of the dynasty was Zhao, and Zhao ranked first. The thousand surnames of the Ming Dynasty * * * collected 1968 surnames. Since liberation, there have been many surname sampling statistics. According to the statistics in 1980s, there are 6,363 surnames in * *, including 3,730 single surnames, 2,633 compound surnames, 3-character surnames 146, 7 four-character surnames and 5 five-character surnames. There are also more than 930 surnames in modern Chinese dictionaries. According to recent data, including ethnic minorities, there are more than 1.3 million surnames in China, which is a veritable "ten thousand surnames".
"Zhang Wang Li Zhaoman",1May 2, 987 Xinhua News Agency announced according to the data provided by the Institute of Genetics of China Academy of Sciences: Li is the first surname of China (according to other data, Zhang is the first surname), and Zhang ranks second and third respectively. The three surnames account for 7.9%, 7.4% and 7. 1% of the total population, among which the population of Li has exceeded 1 100 million. There are Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Hu, Zhu, Gao, Lin, He, Guo, Ma, etc. 16, and the population exceeds 1%. These 19 surnames add up to about 55.6% of the total population. There are many surnames such as Li, Wang, Zhang and Liu in the north, and Huang, Liang, Lin and Wu in the south. Among the Hui people, most of them are surnamed Ma, and many others are surnamed Li and An. There are thousands of villages or towns with surnames in China, such as Li Jiacun, Hejiazhai, Pengjiadun, Jiangjiachong and Zhangjiagang.
Surnames have various orientations. In addition to the various surnames mentioned above, there are five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth, metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and tin, colors such as red, yellow, blue, white, black, green and purple, grains such as rice, wheat, millet, natural phenomena such as wind, frost, rain, snow and lightning. It is worth noting that the population of big surnames continues to grow, while the small surnames with a very small population may die out.
Third, the evolution of surnames.
In the long history, surnames are constantly evolving. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many great national integrations in history. Many ethnic minorities have integrated into the Han nationality and become part of the Chinese nation, and their surnames have also become part of many surnames in China. The Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty was a Xianbei people. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong, he made great efforts to reform and accelerate the sinicization of Xianbei people. He took the lead in changing his surname to Yuan. After the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yu Wentai, who was in charge of the Western Wei Dynasty, ordered the 36 most popular surnames, including Yuwen, Dugu, Daxi, Heba, He Ruo and other Xianbei surnames, to be changed to Chang 'an people, so as to be integrated into the Han people. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were many ethnic minorities integrated into the Central Plains. In Chang 'an District, there are still descendants of Lu Yeren in Liao Dynasty who were sinicized. In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians scattered all over the country mostly used the surnames and first names of the Han people. Similarly, after the end of the Qing Dynasty, many Manchu people changed their names to Han people. Nowadays, many surnames such as An, Jin and Guan in Beijing are descendants of Manchu. Haller, the ancestor of the famous historian Jane Bozan, was a general who fought against the Yuan Dynasty at the beginning of the 3rd century A.D./KLOC-0. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was given the surname "Mao" because of his successor's "meritorious service in cutting off hostile forces", making him live in Taoyuan County, Hunan Province.
Feudal emperors often gave "surnames" to some meritorious ministers. Lou Jing in the early Han Dynasty was given the surname "Liu" for suggesting Chang 'an as the capital. Jin Ridi, the minister of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was the Crown Prince of Xiutu in Xiongnu. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty entered the Han Dynasty, he gave the Japanese the surname Jin because the Xiutu people worshipped Jin people. Now there are descendants in Jiangxi province, and similar phenomena have occurred in almost every dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the famous Xu Shi was made Duke of England, and Emperor Taizong also made him Lee. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Hun, also assumed Liu's surname, on the grounds that many princesses were married to Huns in the Han Dynasty, and he thought he was their descendants. The emperor especially likes weeping willows and named them Yang. The reigning emperor named trees, which is unique in history.
It is not uncommon for people to change their surnames, some are forced and some are natural. During the Spring and Autumn Period, civil strife broke out in Chen State, and his son Chen Wan fled to Qi State and changed his surname to Tian. Since then, Chen Hotan has become a family. Ma, a famous family in Xingping, was an aristocrat of Zhao, who moved to Guanzhong after the reunification of Qin. In those days, Zhao She, a famous soldier, named the horse for his work, and later generations took the horse as their surname. The descendants of Zhao also have a father or surname, because King Wuling of Zhao called himself "the father" after he abdicated. After his death, some of his descendants took the father as their surname, and later gradually evolved into the main surname; After Sima Qian's death, his family separated the words "Si" and "Ma" for fear of being implicated. Some people add an apostrophe to the left of the word "four", while others add two dots to the left of the word "horse" to change their surname "Feng", which is unique in China. During the reign of Shi Jingtang, in order to avoid the emperor, your surname was forced to be changed to Gou. A few years ago, with the approval of the relevant departments, many people with Gou surname in Henan Province finally recovered their honorifics.
Many different surnames can be derived from one surname, which is also an important reason for the increasing number of surnames in China, but most of them are changed from complexity to simplicity, and more stops are taken, such as changing Gongsun to Gong and Sun, and Ouyang to Ou and Yang. Or just take one word, such as changing Dongguo to "country". There are several other cases of changing surnames: the adopted man changes his surname to the woman, the mother remarries his children with his stepfather's surname, the parents change their surnames after divorce, the woman takes her husband's surname after marriage, and the surnames of both parents are merged into their children's surnames. In addition, writers and artists who change their pen names and stage names to pseudonyms due to work needs do not belong to changing their surnames.
A person's name will accompany him all his life, from birth to death. The diversity of surnames not only reflects the long history of our country, but also shows that our Chinese nation is a big family with multi-ethnic origin, multi-culture and multi-cultural life exchange and integration.
The origin and origin of surnames II. Origin of surname:
1, from Ji's surname, after. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor is the son of Shaodian, whose real name is Gongsun. It was renamed Ji because it lived on the bank of Jishui, and its descendant Hou Ji was honored as the ancestor by Zhou people. After (son of Zhou Wenwang), Wang An was destroyed by Qin, and later people fled to Jianghuai area. Because the locals don't distinguish between "Han" and "He", they misspell why, so later generations use it.
2. He was one of the nine surnames of Zhaowu in Tang Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the clans in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers were collectively called "Nine Surnames of Zhaowu", namely, Kang, Shi, An, Cao, Shi, Mi, He, Huo Xun and Wu Di.
3, from taking the surname or giving the surname. For example, there was a man named He Miao in the Han Dynasty whose real name was Zhu and his surname was He. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, Xianbei's compound surname was He Ba, and his single surname was He. In the Five Dynasties, Tuguhun was also a member of Xianbei. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Tubo carved the son of Sonan in Ming Dynasty, and was given He by the imperial court, and then he was given.
Second, the surname county hopes:
1, Lujiang County: Jiujiang County in Qin Dynasty, which was divided into Lujiang County in Chu and Han Dynasties. It is equivalent to the area north of the Yangtze River in Lujiang, Anhui.
2. Donghai County: the county was established in Qin Dynasty, and the governance was located in Tancheng (now Tancheng North, Shandong Province).
3. Chen County: Qin County was established, the Western Han Dynasty changed to Huaiyang Prefecture, and the Eastern Han Dynasty changed to Chen State, which ruled Chen County (now Huaiyang, Henan Province).
4. Pixian County: Qin Shijian County. He Zushang's branch is He Wu, the minister of the Western Han Dynasty.
5. Fufeng County: In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Youfufeng was one of the three assistants. The ancestors of He's branch are Ruyin (now Fuyang, Anhui), He Bigan, the sixth grandson of He's family, and He Guan, the Han official of Pingyu (now Henan).
Third, the surname hall number:
Water Department Hall: He Xun, an official of Southern Dynasties, is a famous poet and the author of River Department Collection.
Fourthly, the migration and distribution of surnames:
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, it was distributed in some places in Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Hunan and other provinces. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, some people from the Central Plains moved to Fujian, that is, Yongjia was one of the eight ethnic groups who entered Fujian. He family from Central Plains entered Fujian twice in Tang Dynasty. First, now, why do people from Gushi in Gwangju settle in Fujian? Second, in Tang Xizong, there are Gushi people who entered Fujian with Wang Chao and Wang Shen. Since then, he has migrated many times. During the Chunyou period of the Southern Song Dynasty, He Yuji moved from Luoyang to Wenling and Jiang Xun, and then lived in seclusion in Qingyuan Cave. In the Song Dynasty, another He family moved from Lujiang to Fujian, Nanjing and Jiangxi. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, all the way from Wuping entered Wengyuan, Guangdong Province through Xunwu, Dingnan and Longnan in Jiangxi Province, and the other way from Wuping entered Dongjiaoling, Dabu and Meixian in Guangdong Province, and then branched out. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, He Bin was the general manager of the Dutchman in Taiwan Province Province, which was why he first entered Taiwan Province. In the Qing Dynasty, many people from Fujian moved to Taiwan Province Province, and some further moved to Southeast Asia and some countries and regions in Europe and America.
The origin and origin of surnames 3. How did surnames come into being?
Modern Chinese Dictionary interprets "surname" as "a word representing family". In fact, the connotations of "surname" and "surname" are different. The original meaning of the word "surname" is the child born to a woman, that is to say, in primitive society, the surname is taken after the mother's surname. Therefore, many surnames in ancient China came from the "female" line, such as: Jiang, Yao, Si, Ji, Wa, Maid, Pregnancy, Princess, Kindness and Win.
Now we often say "surname", actually refers to "surname". But before the Qin and Han Dynasties, "surname" and "surname" were not the same concept, and "surname" appeared before "surname". The surname comes from the name of the village where you live or the tribe to which you belong. The "scholar" appeared in the process of gradually transforming into a patriarchal society, which originated from the fiefs, knighthood and official positions of monarchs or posthumous title added after the death of emperors, ministers and nobles. So nobles have surnames, and famous people have surnames; Ordinary civilians have famous surnames and no surnames.
It was not until Qin Shihuang unified the six countries that "surname" and "surname" became one. In the Western Han Dynasty, "surname" and "surname" completely became a whole, which is the same as our current concept of surname.
Second, what is the significance of the emergence of surnames?
Today, when we meet people with the same surname, we often like to say "we were a family 500 years ago". "Surname" is indeed an important basis for distinguishing blood relatives in the early days. In marriage, if the surname and surname are different, you can get married. For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the surname of Luan in the State of Qi was Jiang, and that of Luan in the State of Jin was Heng, so they could marry. If the surname and surname are different, marriage is not allowed. Although women's rights gradually declined in that period, women's surnames are still an important basis for distinguishing blood relatives. A woman's surname is more important than her first name. People often put girls in the waiting list to show the difference. For example, we are all familiar with, in fact, it is not Meng, but Jiang, and Meng is her ranking. In ancient times, the ranking order of children in a family was generally Meng (Bo), Zhong, Shu and Ji, that is, the eldest, the second, the third, the fourth and the eldest daughter of the Jiang family.
The ancients did this because they found out very early that inbreeding was bad for future generations. At that time, the appearance of surnames effectively curbed inbreeding and was of great significance to the evolution of human physique and intelligence. Of course, surnames have evolved into modern times, and with the increase of population, the same surname does not necessarily represent blood relationship, so this meaning has gradually faded.
Third, check the origin of our own surnames.
The origin of surnames is complicated. Generally speaking, there are the following situations:
The vassals took the fiefs as their surnames, and the Qing doctors took the names of fiefs or new homes as their surnames, such as Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Song, Lu, Wei and Wu.
Take titles and official positions as surnames. Such as: Wang, Hou, Sima, Situ, etc.
Take the ancestor posthumous title or Zi as the surname. Such as: Wen, Wu, Cheng, Jing, Zhao, and so on.
Take a skill or occupation as the surname. Such as divination, witchcraft, money, Jia, Tao and so on.
Take the original worship as the surname. Such as: dragons, horses, cows, etc.
Take the characteristics of residence as the surname. Such as: Li, Sang, Shi, Yang, Liu, Dongguo, Ximen and Dongmen.
Take minority transliteration as surname (mostly compound surname). Such as:, Murong, Huyan, Yuwen, etc.
Fourth, the origin of hundreds of surnames
We are familiar with hundreds of surnames, which have a history of more than 1000 years. "Three Thousand", together with "Three Thousand" and "Three Thousand", is an enlightenment textbook for ancient children in China. According to expert research, it was edited and bound by an unknown Confucian scholar in wuyue area (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the early Song Dynasty.
"Hundred Family Names" is named after "Hundred Family Names", but it actually contains more than one hundred surnames. During the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960), there were 408 single surnames, 30 compound surnames and 438 * * in The Collection of Hundred Surnames. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the book Hundred Surnames appeared again, which added hundreds surnames and recorded 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames. In fact, Chinese surnames far exceeded the number of records of hundreds of surnames, and later reached 4 100, but only about 1000 was commonly used.
According to textual research, the arrangement of the first four surnames in Hundred Family Surnames is particularly particular: the first name is Zhao, because Hundred Family Surnames was written by Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty, and the emperor in the Song Dynasty was Zhao, so Zhao naturally became the "first surname in the world", otherwise the editor may commit the crime of "bullying the monarch"; Qian ranked second, because it was the surname of King Wu Yue of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, and the editor of Hundred Family Names was born in wuyue. "Sun" ranked third because the princess of wuyue Wang Qianchu was surnamed Sun at that time; The reason why the surname "Li" ranks fourth is because the royal family in the Southern Tang Dynasty is Li. The order after the first four is not particularly particular.