The scale and shape of the eighteen tombs in Tang Dynasty are different, and the types and quantity of stone carvings and the setting of cemeteries are also different, but they all reflect the political, economic and cultural conditions at different stages in the history of nearly 300 years and the characteristics of the mausoleum system in Tang Dynasty.
The shapes of tombs in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into two types:
The first is to accumulate soil for burial. Imitating the mausoleum of Qin and Han Dynasties, the paddock is tall and looks like a bucket. That is to say, choose the land of Gaofu and dig the tomb from the ground. The tomb was called "Zhong Fang" in ancient times, and the land above the ground was called "Fangshang". This kind of mausoleum is called "Mountain Mausoleum", also known as "Mountain". Just because it is shaped like a mountain. In the ninth year of Zhenguan in the early Tang Dynasty (AD 635), great-grandfather Li Yuan died and built a tomb. Emperor Taizong wrote: "Mountain Mausoleum is based on the story of Han Changling (Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangling) and served in Chonghou." After the advice of the ministers, Fang's opinion was adopted, that is, "Fang thought that Changling in the Han Dynasty was nine feet high and the original mausoleum (Guangwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty) was six feet high. Today, nine feet is too worship, and three blades are too humble. Please follow the original mausoleum system. " (Mirror Mirror) Later, it was modeled after the tombs where the tombs were buried, including Zhuangling, Liyan Duanling and Jingling. ***4 seats. However, due to the lack of national strength and financial resources in the early Tang Dynasty, Xian Ling imitated the Han system. However, Zhuang Ling, Duanling and Jingling were formed in a hurry due to the decline of the countries in the late Tang Dynasty and the anxiety of the imperial regime, especially Jingling.
The other is to take mountains as the mausoleum. It began in Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty and was perfected in Ganling of Emperor Gaozong. Since then, a system of 14 blocks has been formed. The system of relying on mountains as tombs also originated from the previous dynasty. Emperor Xian of Han ruled the tombs, "Because of mountains as tombs" and "Because of mountains, I can't afford graves". In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, many emperors took mountains as their tombs, and in the Southern Dynasties, many emperors followed suit. In the tenth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 637), Empress Wende died. Because of the peak of Jiuyi Mountain, Emperor Taizong ordered the construction of Zhaoling Stone Palace, and ordered his descendants to abide by this law forever. The method of building a mausoleum by the mountain is to dig tombs from the middle of the mountain to the bottom of the mountain, in which the stone masonry is strong and abnormal. This kind of tomb system is stronger and safer than a tomb with soil as its tomb. That is, the so-called "I don't know where it is after several generations", so I can make "rape and theft". Shi Xiong, a poet in the Song Dynasty, thought that the mountain was the mausoleum. He said: "Guan Yu was luxuriously buried in the Mausoleum since ancient times, unlike the Qin Emperor Hanwu at all. He worked 600,000 yuan, and one third of the taxes in the world were paid to the Mausoleum. Qinling Mountain is only 50 feet high, and Maoling Mountain is only 14 feet high, because it is not because of the Tang Dynasty. The reason for Zhaoling is Jiuzhang, the reason for Ganling is Liangshan, and the reason for Tailing is Jinsu and Feng Weizhong. They rise from the top of the mountain and are surrounded by hills and have the shape of dragons and phoenixes. The people are strong and the situation is strong. And Han's feet are full! "
Tang 18 Mausoleum has Zhao Cheng planning, cemetery architecture and stone carving layout, but the scale and quantity are different for different reasons. According to the literature, the scope of each tomb is the largest in the early Zhaoling period, 60 kilometers per week; Ganling is second, 40 kilometers per week; Tailing is second, 38 kilometers a week; The Ming Tombs are followed by Ding, Qiao, Jian, Yuan, Chong, Feng, Jing, Guang, Zhuang, Zhang, Duan, Xun and Jing, and the surrounding area is still 20 kilometers; Fairy spirit is the smallest, only 10 km per week. (According to He Zicheng's statistics). All graves have walls, and the city circle surrounded by walls is an irregular square, and those with accumulated soil are buried more regularly. There are 1 gates in the middle of the east, west, north and south walls, Zhuque Gate in the south, Xuanwu Gate in the north, Qinglong Gate in the east and Baihu Gate in the west. There is a memorial hall in Zhuquemen, which is a lower palace in the southwest of the mausoleum. The Xuanwumen and Zhaoling tombs have sleeping halls, both of which are places for offering sacrifices to the mausoleum. There is a Shinto outside the Suzaku Gate, and stone utensils are set on both sides of the Shinto, forming a system from Ganling. From south to north, there are 65,438+0 pairs of watches, 65,438+0 pairs of exotic animals, 65,438+0 pairs of ostriches, 5 pairs of stone birds and 65,438+00 pairs of stone men, 3 pairs of stone horses outside Xuanwu Gate, and 65,438+0 pairs of stone lions in front of Sicheng Gate. There are 1 opposite gates outside the four city gates, one at each corner gate in the city, 1 opposite chest platform to the south of Shinto outside Zhuquemen, and 1 opposite magpie platform to the south. This 16 que building, together with four gatehouses and other halls, makes the whole cemetery magnificent and magnificent. The layout of the whole cemetery building is considered by researchers to be modeled after Chang' an city; Mausoleum (or Xuan Palace) is the main building, which stands high in the north of the cemetery, surrounded by city walls, with a city gate in the middle and a memorial hall in Zhuquemen. This part seems to be Miyagi in Chang 'an. The distance from the gate que outside Suzaku Gate to the chest platform is about 700 meters. Stone utensils are placed on both sides of Shinto, which symbolizes the ceremonial ceremony of the emperor's inspection, just like the arrangement of nine temples in three provinces in Chang 'an City, and this part seems to be the imperial city of Chang 'an City. Within a distance of about two or three kilometers from Rutai to Quetai, there are Summer Palace, Kinmen's Tomb and Heroes' Tomb dotted all over the place, just like Fangli, which is also the outer city of Chang 'an.
The burial system in the Tang Dynasty originated from the Han Dynasty. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (AD 637), the imperial edict said: "From now on, if there is a hero's death, it is appropriate to give him a position and a secret weapon so that there is no funeral when he dies, and the company will prepare accordingly." In the 19th year of Zhenguan (AD 645), many descendants were buried. Therefore, from the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, all tombs were buried with them. According to the investigation in recent years, there are 52 buried tombs in Xianling, including Zhaoling 180, Ganling 17, Dingling 15 and Qiaoling 12. From the bell, there were one or two, but most of them didn't. The rise and fall of the funeral system in Tang Ling is a reflection of the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Li Yuan and Emperor Taizong Li Shimin were the founding kings, and the country was thriving and full of vitality. The relationship between the monarch and the minister is "like a boat". Being buried in one place, we have both heroes and descendants of heroes, which is beneficial to consolidating the political power. Since the Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, the royal family has been cannibalized by each other, divided between the monarch and the minister, used martial arts to do injustice, killed people like hemp, and was arrogant and extravagant. Everyone is in danger. Who else is worth burying in this kind of interpersonal relationship? Who dares to be buried with him? After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the party struggle intensified, eunuchs were in power, treacherous court officials were in power, the separatist regime in Fanzhen became increasingly serious, the political situation in the imperial court was unstable, interpersonal relationships were weak, and the burial system naturally declined.