Graptolite Stratigraphy Jeff devoted most of his energy to the study of graptolite fauna and graptolite-bearing strata. In the geological world, when it comes to graptolite, everyone knows Xu Jie; Similarly, speaking of Jeff, everyone knows his outstanding achievements in the field of graptolite research. Graptolite is an extinct marine zooplankton, which lived in Paleozoic, hence its name, because its fossils are very similar to the handwriting preserved on the rock level. Graptolite fauna has evolved rapidly, migrated widely and fluctuated clearly. It has become an important category in paleontology, and it is a very important standard fossil to distinguish early and middle Paleozoic strata, especially Ordovician, Silurian and devonian period strata. Jeff has made outstanding achievements in the systematic classification, evolution and ecology of graptolite, the structure of graptolite body, and the division and comparison of graptolite zones, which laid the foundation for the study of graptolite in China. Xu Jie first described and studied the graptolite fauna in southern China in detail, and on this basis, divided and compared graptolite-bearing strata, and named some early Paleozoic strata. Then, from the point of view of biological evolution, he studied the internal fine structure of graptolite and discussed its evolution process and classification. He studied the relationship between different graptolite groups and the surrounding environment, and then discussed the development, evolution and migration of graptolite groups from both internal and external causes. On the basis of studying and comparing the distribution of graptolite-bearing strata in China and other parts of the world, he proposed the origin center of graptolite on the earth. These important conclusions are of great theoretical and practical significance to the study of Paleozoic strata and their division in the world. In the early 1930s, after he entered the Institute of Geology of Academia Sinica, he mainly conducted geological surveys in Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Hubei in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. During the investigation, he collected many graptolite fossils, and his colleagues also provided him with graptolite specimens from different regions. These laid a good foundation for his research. 1930 ——1931year, his first batch of graptolites was published in the Annual Summary Report of China Academy of Sciences, covering dozens of Silurian and Ordovician graptolites in Fangxian, Yuan 'an, Wuning, Guichi, Taiping, Ningguo, Changhua, Zhejiang and Shan Lun, Jiangsu. 1934, his first monograph, graptolite fossils in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, came out. Immediately after its publication, it attracted the attention of geological and paleontological circles at home and abroad. The book is published in English, with abstracts and a large number of charts. There are 9 genera and 9 species of graptolite 19 in Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces, including 35 new species. Three graptolite zones of Ningguo shale, three graptolite zones of Le Hu shale and two graptolite zones of Gaojiabian shale were established. And compared with graptolite-bearing strata abroad. The drawings in the book are all hand-drawn by Jeff with Lapworth plotter under the microscope, and then scaled by photography. The image is clear and striking. No matter from the scientific content and research level, or from the fine drawing skills, this book is better than Ludman's North American Graptolite, and can be compared with Alice and Wood's English Graptolite, the best classic at that time. The graptolite belt sequence established by him is still widely used as the standard of stratigraphic division and correlation. The book is highly praised by peers at home and abroad and is regarded as a classic with international level. After the publication of the monograph, he went to Hule Temple in Ningguo County, Anhui Province, systematically measured the stratigraphic section from Miaoshan to Lanniwu, collected a large number of graptolite fossils, described the lithology of each layer and the horizon of graptolite layers, and compiled the second draft of Graptolite in the Lower Yangtze River, which not only revised some of the original contents, but also supplemented many new materials. Unfortunately, the manuscript was lost in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and failed to be preserved. He has always deeply regretted this. It was not until 1983 published the Collected Works of Xu Jie's Pen Stone that it was revised and supplemented. Since then, he has made a more extensive and systematic study of graptolite-bearing strata in southern China. 1936, he first discovered a well-preserved graptolite from England in the green shale under Ningguo shale in Tanjiaqiao, Taiping County, Anhui Province, which is very precious for stratigraphic correlation and graptolite research. 1937, he collected graptolite fossils from the bottom of Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian in Yuqiantashan, western Zhejiang, which was the first major discovery on the boundary between Ordovician and Silurian in southern China. From 65438 to 0947, he studied three new species of China graptolite from Ningguo shale in southern Anhui, western Zhejiang and northwestern Jiangxi, and further clarified the close relationship between graptolite from southern China and Australian graptolite. 1948 In cooperation with Ma Zhentu, graptolite was discovered for the first time in the Yangtze region through the study of the Bazinao section in Yidu, Hubei Province, and three CAMBRIAN-Ordovician Yichang fossil zones were established, including 9 species and subspecies of graptolite belonging to 2 genera. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was busy with social work and continued to study graptolite. In his later works, he is not limited to the description of species, but uses dialectical materialism to analyze, explain and study problems, which raises the study of graptolite to a new height. 1959 The graptolite with special attachments from Wufeng Formation of Upper Ordovician in Zhuxi, Hubei Province and the new graptolite of Lower Ordovician in Qaidam, Qinghai Province 1. 1964 cooperated with Chen Peiluo, carefully dissected a rare and well-preserved three-dimensional specimen of graptolite, and wrote the article Trigonometric Graptolite. They dissected the cell tubes of triangular graptolites, reconstructed four rows of graptolites, showed the structural principle of triangular graptolites, and further proved that the classification of triangular graptolites proposed by him in 1934 was correct, which provided a strong basis for accurately determining its classification position. From 65438 to 0965, Xu Jie published an important paper on the complexity of graptolite, which is his important representative work on the evolution of graptolite from the perspective of dialectical materialism. He studied the evolution trend of graptolite from the analysis of internal and external causes. He believes that the graptolite body has changed from many branches to few branches, which is easy to float and has a wide range of activities, which is conducive to the extensive intake of more nutrients. This is the general evolution trend of graptolite, which is completely in line with the viewpoint of evolution. However, sometimes due to the changes of external and internal factors, the opposite situation may occur in some periods, that is, the number of graptolite branches changes from less to more, from simple to complex, that is, the evolution trend of graptolite becomes complex. This complex phenomenon was observed seven times in Paleozoic, which was divided into three stages: Late Early Ordovician 1 time, 3 times in Middle and Late Ordovician, and 3 times in Silurian. Jeff believes that the internal cause of the complication of graptolite is the change of internal metabolism of graptolite, namely assimilation and alienation. When the function is vigorous, the number of organisms increases and the number of reproductive individuals increases. On the contrary, if the function declines, the body will shrink and reproduction will decrease. As a graptolite, the external factors of living environment conditions will also change. In a favorable living environment, such as calm sea water, suitable temperature and salinity, and abundant food, the budding ability will be strengthened and the graptolite branches will increase. It is precisely because of the more suitable living conditions outside that the metabolism inside the graptolite is strengthened, which makes the graptolite mutate. However, the favorable living environment does not often occur and is not common in the region, so the complexity of graptolite in different periods has its own characteristics and personality problems. It is embodied in the different ways of increasing branches of graptolite in different periods. The complication of graptolites at the end of Early Ordovician is characterized by the increase of lateral branches of graptolite fauna, that is, the ancient branching method of "same branch"; From the Middle Ordovician to the end of the Late Ordovician, the graptolite fauna showed a secondary branch, that is, a new way of "post-branch"; What happened in Silurian is that the single raptolite fauna developed in the form of "young branches" from the mouth of cells or the mouth of fetuses. These reflect the particularity of graptolite complexity in different periods, that is, personality. These important arguments of Jeff are of great theoretical and practical significance for studying the systematic classification and evolution of graptolite fauna and the division and correlation of graptolite strata. During the period of 1976, Jeff and Zhao Yuting cooperated to make a systematic study on the evolution and classification of Graptoclaceae in China. According to the data at home and abroad, according to the deformation of tracheid and the decline of graptolite branches, they divided China Graptoliteae into 3 evolutionary series, including 5 subfamilies, 1 1 genus, and 45 species. During 1978, Jeff visited the Ordovician strata in Guozigou, Huocheng, Xinjiang, and observed the phenomenon of mixed graptolite molecules, and put forward an important hypothesis about the origin center of graptolite animals. Co-published the article "Lower Ordovician Graptolite Fauna in Guozigou Area, Huocheng County, Xinjiang" with Huang Zhigao. In addition to establishing three graptolite zones (assemblage zones), which provide reliable fossil basis for the division and correlation of Ordovician in Tianshan area, this paper focuses on the scene and causes of molecular mixing with different graptolites in this area. This mixed zone can be compared with Texas in the western hemisphere, and it is considered that both of them may have migrated from the development center of the same Pacific graptolite fauna in South China and Australia. 1982 autumn, Jeff gave an academic report entitled "Characteristics of Ordovician graptolite fauna and division and correlation of graptolite-bearing strata in China" at the second academic meeting of the National Graptolite Professional Group of the Chinese Paleontological Society. Together with Huang Zhigao and Wang Xiaofeng, he analyzed in detail the types and zoning characteristics of Ordovician graptolite fauna in China, and pointed out that there are mixed transitional graptolite fauna widely distributed between the two regions of the world (Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean). Thirdly, the controlling factors of graptolite fauna development center and division are discussed and discussed in detail. This study greatly promoted the breadth and depth of China's graptolite research. 1983 1 1 In June, 2008, Geological Publishing House compiled an important paper 1 1 on Xu Jie's graptolite research into "Essays on Xu Jie's graptolite", which is a comprehensive achievement of Xu Jie's graptolite research for half a century, not only enriching the research contents of Ordovician and Silurian graptolites in China. Xu Jie is a versatile geologist. He not only studied graptolite, but also studied many branches of geological science. In 1930s, he studied gastropods and trilobites. 1935, monographs such as Neogene and Quaternary Freshwater Snail Fossils in Guangxi and Gastropoda Fossils in Xiashu were published one after another. During the period of 1936, the Hukou, Pengze and Duchang areas on both sides of Poyang Lake were investigated to study the Quaternary glacial remains from Lushan to Poyang Lake. 1937 cooperated with Ma Zhen Tu and Li Yuyao respectively, and published papers such as Geological History and Orogenic Movement in Southern Anhui and Ancient Moraine Layer in Lantian, which contributed to the improvement of geological research in these areas. From 65438 to 0937, he inspected the geological profile of the Three Gorges area. Together with Yu Deyuan, he rented a boat and went upstream. On the boat, in the temple, he passed Shipai, Nantuo, Huangling Temple, Sandouping, Xintan, Xiangxi, Zigui and Xietan, conducted geological and mineral surveys, collected a large number of rock minerals and fossil specimens, and established two early Ordovician trilobite fossil belts in the Three Gorges area, which is the Three Gorges area. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, he visited the coal fields near Wuchang and the iron mines in Changyang area. During his tenure as a professor in the Department of Mining and Metallurgy of Yunnan University, he also inspected the geological and mineral conditions in Dongchuan and Huize. The survey results have been published in geological research institutes and related publications in Yunnan and Hubei. Xu Jie, an expert in scientific management, took part in the Great Revolution in the late 1920s and joined the early China * * * production party. In the early 1930s, he translated Stalin's works based on Leninism. In the 1940s, he joined the China Democratic League in Kunming and took an active part in patriotic and democratic activities. During the War of Liberation, he went to the mountainous area in southern Anhui to deliver communication equipment, medicines and progressive books and periodicals to the guerrillas of the New Fourth Army. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, under the leadership of the underground party in China, he United and persuaded colleagues in Academia Sinica to oppose the Kuomintang government's relocation of personnel and equipment to the south. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), entrusted by the Party, he served as the leader of the takeover team of Academia Sinica, and was appointed by the East China Military and Political Commission to take over and reorganize Anhui University. 1954 was transferred to the Ministry of Geology as a deputy minister at the beginning of the year, and he was in charge of the leadership of geological science and technology for a long time. At his initiative and under his auspices, 1959 Institute of Geological Sciences was established and concurrently served as the president, which contributed to the development of geological science and technology in China. Under his advocacy, the National Geological Library and the National geological museum were established one after another. During his tenure as the leader of the geological department, Jeff often went deep into grassroots investigation and research. He has been to Heilongjiang in the north, Hainan Island in the south, the East China Sea in the east and Xinjiang in the west. I have been to the Qaidam Petroleum Geological Team in Qinghai and the Bohai Sea to inspect the marine geophysical exploration. I have visited Yunnan, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other remote areas for many times to attend professional on-the-spot meetings on gold mines, uranium mines, lead-zinc mines, potassium salts and tungsten mines. He actively advocated the investigation of water resources, geothermal resources and environmental geology. During the Cultural Revolution, he directed the compilation and publication of Geological Atlas of China, Geological Map of China, Structural System Map of China and Geological Map of Asia under difficult circumstances, and actively supported the compilation of Regional Stratigraphic Table of China and paleontological fossils in various regions. He edited and directed the publication of the geological dictionary, a large reference book. Assist Li Siguang in writing the book Astronomy, Geology and Paleontology, and organize leaders to sort out Li Siguang's posthumous works. In order to carry out international cooperation and exchanges in geological science and technology and promote the progress of geological science and technology in China, Jeff has led many delegations to study abroad, visit and attend international conferences, and received visits from foreign geological scientists. 1in the winter of 957, he visited the Soviet Union for two months as the leader of the geological group of China's scientific delegation to the Soviet Union and participated in the formulation of the Sino-Soviet scientific and technological cooperation agreement. 1February, 966, led a delegation of the government of China to Africa to participate in Zanzibar's Independence Day celebration and inspect the work of China Geological Assistance Mission. 1976, the International Union of Geological Sciences resumed China's legal seat in the organization, and Jeff led a geological delegation from China to attend the 25th International Geological Congress and the 5th Council of the International Union of Geological Sciences in Sydney, Australia. At the meeting, he made a report on the Development of Geological Work in China, which systematically introduced the development and achievements of China's geological cause and expanded the influence of China's geological work in the international geological community. Jeff's scientific research achievements in geoscience research have gained great international reputation. From 65438 to 0958, due to his great achievements in paleontology research, he was awarded the title of honorary member by the Soviet Paleontology Society. 1985 In September, in recognition of his achievements in geology and paleontology, the German Federal Geological Society awarded him the highest scientific prize of the year-the Leo Polder von Buch Prize. Since the award was established by 1946, he is the first geologist in China among 37 world-renowned geologists. Jeff has made great contributions to the country and people during his geological career of more than 60 years. The party and the people also gave him high honors. 1July, 949, on the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he was sent to Beijing to attend the preparatory meeting of the National Science Conference. 1954 Since September, he was elected as 1-6 deputy to the National People's Congress. In March 1978, he was elected as the fifth and sixth NPC Standing Committee. From 65438 to 0956, he served as the 2nd-5th Central Standing Committee of China Democratic League. 1955 was elected member of the Department of Geology, China Academy of Sciences. From 1958, he was elected as a member of the National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology 1 and the Standing Committee of the Second National Committee, and was awarded the title of honorary member in June of 1986. 1957 until now, he has served as the executive director, vice chairman and acting chairman of geological society of china. 1984 1 was awarded the title of honorary director of the 33rd Council.