There are usually three steps: scheme design, technical design and construction drawing.
1. Scheme design: Understand the design requirements, obtain the necessary design data, draw the main plane, section and elevation of each floor, and even draw the effect drawing when necessary. It is necessary to mark the main dimensions, area, height, doors and windows, equipment location, etc. of the house, and fully express the design intention, structural form and structural characteristics. At this stage, there is a lot of contact with the owners and the relevant personnel who use the house. If the scheme is determined, we can enter the next stage of technical design.
2. Technical design: generally not a complicated project, and omitted. This stage is mainly to provide information to each other, put forward requirements, and coordinate the relationship with various types of work (such as structure, water and electricity, heating and ventilation, electricity, etc.). ), so as to lay a good foundation for the subsequent construction drawing preparation. In architectural design, this step is to require the construction type to indicate the detailed dimensions related to other technical jobs, and prepare the technical description of the construction part.
3. Construction drawing: This is the biggest workload in architectural design and the last step to complete the results. Its main function is to draw construction drawings that meet the construction requirements and determine all engineering dimensions, materials and shapes. In architectural design, a complete set of drawings needs to be completed in the construction drawing.
Finally, after the construction drawing is completed, it is audited and stamped with the seal of the registered architect, the seal of the design institute, and the signatures of designers, auditors and other relevant personnel.
And cooperate with other structural construction drawings, hydropower construction drawings, electrical construction drawings, etc. This set of drawings can be drawn, this architectural drawing has legal effect, and the relevant personnel will bear corresponding responsibilities for the designed house.
Design instructions are procedures for designing drawings. Read the design instructions carefully before looking at the pictures. The design description includes the general situation of the construction project (building name, construction site and construction unit), economic and technical indicators (building area, building number, building height, fire resistance rating, waterproof rating, seismic fortification intensity, etc.). ) and basic practices (wall, waterproof, doors and windows, glass, etc. ). After understanding these contents, you will have a general understanding of the basic situation of the building.
The general plan expresses the relationship between the building and the surrounding environment, which is the key to building positioning. In addition to buildings, the general plan will also mark roads, parking lots, green spaces, water surfaces, squares and other contents to help us fully understand the site situation. The focus is on the control and positioning coordinates of the site entrance, building entrance and various spaces (fire protection, sunshine and sanitation). Vertical design is another important content of the general plan, which expresses the terrain change of the site and the way of surface rainwater drainage, and is easily ignored by beginners.
The floor plan shows the layout of the building. When looking at the floor plan, you should grasp the key points, otherwise you will get lost in the complicated labels and drawings. Looking for a compass. Although most drawings are high in the north and low in the south, there are exceptions. You must "look north" before looking at the picture. Second, look at the location of entrances, stairs, elevators and escalators and the direction of corridors, understand the traffic organization inside the building, and "walk through" the building in your mind. Third, look at the layout of shaft net, column and shear wall to understand the building structure system. Fourth, look at the layout of the gutter, rainwater outlet and rainwater pipeline on each plane to understand the rainwater drainage system. 5. Pay attention to practice index, detail index and cutting symbol, so that the plan can be connected with elevation, section and detail.
Elevation view and section view show the appearance and height change of the building. When looking at the picture, on the premise of clearly understanding the corresponding relationship with the plane, pay attention to the marking of the building elevation and height, and confirm with the building height in the design description. The materials, colors, specifications and practices of exterior wall facing are mainly displayed on the facade, which should be paid attention to.
In addition, we should pay attention to the combination with other professional drawings when looking at pictures, and we should not look at a major in isolation. For example, fire pool, water professional design size and connecting pipes; Location and access of building layout; Structural design, pool wall reinforcement; Electrical installation, fire fighting, water level detection, etc. It should also be noted that there are no clear practices in the drawings, such as "ordering finished products" and "designing by professional companies".
In short, looking at an architectural drawing is to sort out several lines and then string them together. You must be thorough and meticulous to understand the design intent.
Provisions of lines in architectural drawings
The width b of the drawing line should be selected according to the complexity and proportion of the drawing and the Unified Standard for Architectural Drawing (drawing line). When drawing a simple pattern, you can use two line width groups, and the line width ratio should be b: 0.25b.
Drawing method of building construction drawing
1 The direction of the plan should be consistent with the direction of the master plan. The long side of the plan should be consistent with the long side of the horizontal format. 2 When drawing multiple floor plans on the same drawing, the floor plans of each layer should be arranged from left to right or from bottom to top in the order from low to high. 3. Except the ceiling plan, all kinds of plans shall be drawn by orthographic projection method. 4 The building plan should be cut horizontally at the doors and windows of the building (the roof plan should be above the roof), and the figure should include the building structure visible in the cutting plane and projection direction, as well as the necessary dimensions and elevations. If you need to represent the invisible parts such as high windows, holes, vents, troughs, ditches, cranes, etc., you should draw them with dotted lines. The name or number of the room should be indicated on the building plan. Pay attention to the numbers in the circle drawn by a thin solid line with a diameter of 6MM, and list the room names on the same drawing. For a building with a large plane, the plan can be drawn in different regions, but each plan should draw a combined schematic diagram. Each district should be numbered in capital Latin letters. The partition indicated in the assembly drawing should be indicated by shading or filling. 7 The ceiling plan should be drawn by mirror projection method. In order to indicate the position of indoor facade on the plan, the position, direction and facade number of the viewpoint should be indicated with internal visual symbols on the plan. The circle in the symbol should be drawn with a thin solid line, and the diameter of the circle can be selected between 8 ~ 12mm according to the drawing scale. The elevation number should be Latin letters or Arabic numerals.
Provisions on elevation of architectural drawings
1 Various elevations shall be drawn by orthographic projection method. 2. The elevation of the building should include the outer contour line of the building and the foot line of the wall, components, wall practices, necessary dimensions and elevations, etc. 3 Indoor fa? ade should include indoor contour lines and decorative structures, doors and windows, components and fittings, wall practices, fixed furniture and lamps, necessary dimensions and fa? ades, unfixed furniture, lamps and decorative objects that need to be expressed (the ceiling contour lines of indoor fa? ade can express only the ceiling or both the ceiling and the structural ceiling according to specific conditions). 4 For buildings with tortuous plane shape, the unfolded facade and indoor unfolded facade can be drawn. For buildings with a circular or polygonal plane, the elevation and indoor elevation can be drawn in sections, but the word "expanded" should be added after the name of the drawing. Simple symmetrical buildings or symmetrical components, etc. Without affecting the structural treatment and construction, you can draw half of the elevation and draw symmetrical symbols on the axis of symmetry. On the facade of the building, the same doors and windows, balconies, cornices are decorated and constructed. You can highlight some parts, you can draw their complete graphics, and the rest can only draw outlines. On the facade of the building, the grid lines on the surface of the external wall should be clearly marked. Use words to explain the surface materials and colors used in each part. 8 For buildings with locating axes, the names of elevation drawings shall be compiled according to the locating axes at both ends. Buildings without positioning axis can be named according to the orientation of each face in the plan. The name of the indoor facade of a building should be determined according to the numbers or letters of the internal visual symbols in the plan.
Provisions on section of architectural drawing
1 For the cutting part of the profile, according to the purpose or design depth of the drawing, select the representative part that can reflect the whole picture, structural characteristics and plan view for cutting. 2. Various sections should be drawn by orthographic projection method. 3. The building profile should include the building structure, components and necessary dimensions and elevations, which can be seen in the profile and projection direction. 4 When drawing an indoor facade with Arabic numerals, Roman numerals or Latin alphabets, 5, cross-sections of walls and floors at corresponding positions shall be marked. When necessary, the section of equipment, pipes, lamps, etc. It takes up a lot of space and should be drawn on the drawing.
Architectural drawings-plane cross-sections with different scales
Provisions for omitting legend of plastered floor materials: For plan and section drawings with the scale of 1 greater than 1:50, the surface line between plastered floor and floor and roof shall be drawn, and the legend of materials shall be drawn; 2 The surface lines of the ground and roof shall be drawn on the plane and section with the scale of 1:50, and the surface lines of the plastering layer shall be determined as required; 3 The plastering layer may not be drawn on the plan and section with the scale less than 1:50, but the surface lines of the floor and roof shall be drawn; 4 Simplified material legends can be drawn on plans and sections with the scale of1:100 ~1:200 (for example, masonry walls are painted red, reinforced concrete is painted black, etc. ), but draw the surface lines of the floor and roof; 5 The material legend may not be drawn for plans and cross-sections with the scale less than 1:200, and the surface lines of floors and roofs in cross-sections may not be drawn. English entry name: [CENTER][/CENTER] 1 There are three dimensions: general dimension, positioning dimension and detail dimension. When drawing, the dimensions to be marked should be determined according to the design depth and drawing purpose. 2 The elevation of indoor and outdoor floors, floors, underground floors, balconies, platforms, cornices, roofs, parapets, awnings, doors, windows and steps should be marked on the plane, elevation and profile of buildings. Flat roof and other parts that are not easy to indicate the building elevation can be marked with the structural elevation and explained. For a flat roof with structural slope, the roof elevation can be marked at the lowest point of the structural panel, and the slope of the slope can be indicated. For a roof with a roof truss, the laying point of the lower chord of the roof truss or the elevation of the top of the column should be marked. On the section of the workshop with crane, the elevation of the derailment roof, the elevation of the lower edge of the lower chord of the roof truss or the elevation of the bottom of the roof beam slab should be marked. The beam suspension crane shall be marked with the gauge size (in meters). The height, size and elevation of three floors, basements, balconies, platforms, cornices, roofs, parapets and steps shall be marked as follows: ① The floor plan and its detailed drawings shall be marked with the elevation of the finished surface. (2) The elevation and height dimensions of the finished surface shall be marked on the elevation, section and detail drawings. (3) Write down the approximate size and elevation of the remaining remarks. (4) When marking the positioning dimensions of each part of the building plan, pay attention to the dimension between the nearest axis and it; When marking the positioning dimensions of each part of the building outline, please pay attention to the dimensions in the elevation. ⑤ When it is difficult to express the positioning dimensions of components and fittings that are repeated continuously in interior design drawings, the positioning dimensions can be expressed by words such as "EQual division" or "eq" under the control of the total size, instead of numerical values.