David Bohm was not born in a scientific family. His father came from Austria-Hungary and was descended from Jews. He is a successful furniture entrepreneur. Later, he moved to a mining town in northern Pennsylvania, USA. David was born in that small town. David was interested in science when he was a teenager, and he began to read science novels when he was eight. An astronomy book has a great influence on the formation of his intelligence. Decades later, Professor Bohm still clearly remembers that he was deeply fascinated by the vast and orderly universe. Since then, David has formed an indissoluble bond with science. A lot of time is spent reading and thinking. He is often obsessed with exploring the mechanism of affairs and sometimes even designs some mechanical devices. For example, a "Drip Pot" is his masterpiece. David's father began to worry about his son's fascination with science and always wondered how a person could make a living by "science". On the other hand, David is unwilling to follow his father's orders and run the family business. In order to meet the challenge of future life, he imagined making a living by inventing and going to the market to investigate the "drip-free pot".

In the high school stage where he received the enlightenment education of physics, his abstract thinking ability was greatly improved, and he even thought about such a question: How does physics theory make people construct their understanding of reality? When he first systematically studied quantum mechanics and relativity in his hometown of Pennsylvania University, he was immediately fascinated. For David, taking the road of science has become his irreversible choice. He is determined to mold himself into a theoretical physicist and explore the mysteries of reality in the form of physical cognition.

1939, Bohm received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Pennsylvania, and then went to the University of California, Berkeley, where he became a doctoral student of Robert Oppenheimer. At that time, Oppenheimer led the United States to develop the Manhattan Project of the Atomic Bomb. Bohm participated in the research of Manhattan Project at the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. His earliest project was the ionization of sodium fluoride in electric arc, which is a sub-project of Manhattan U238 project.

1943, Bohm completed the theoretical research of neutron-atom scattering and obtained his doctorate. After that, he continued to stay in the radiation laboratory to do theoretical research on plasma, cyclotron and synchrocyclotron. Many of his daily work in the laboratory is to solve various technical problems. But he paid special attention to analyzing the physical mechanism of plasma phenomenon. He found that individual particles in plasma were highly correlated. He was the first to realize that plasma theory provided many practical possibilities for improving the understanding of metal electronic theory. Because he is convinced that metal can be described as a high-density plasma with uniformly distributed positive charges instead of positive ions. Bohm thinks that the Coulomb interaction in plasma is organized to a great extent (manifested by the effects of electric shielding and electromagnetic oscillation), so it is valuable to try to design a metal plasma theory as a main supplement to the single electron metal theory.

From 65438 to 0947, Oppenheimer recommended Bohm to Princeton University in New Jersey as an assistant professor to teach quantum mechanics. At the same time, he also teaches plasma physics and advanced quantum mechanics to graduate students and instructs them to write papers. He cooperated with Panis, a graduate student, and made a systematic study on the plasma description of electron interaction [1], which was conducted under the guidance of Bohm's previous research ideas. For the first time, they used collective coordinates to describe the long-range behavior of electron interaction and particle coordinates to describe the short-range behavior of electrons. Under the random phase approximation, the collective mode completely eliminates the coupling of single electrons, leaving a short-range interaction electron system, which can be treated by micro-entanglement theory. The random phase approximation introduced by them can be regarded as a time-dependent mean field theory, which has been widely used in many-body problems from shell electrons of atoms to quark matter.

At Princeton University, Bohm also instructed other students such as Gross, Weinstein and Ford to do other pioneering research in the field of quantum plasma physics [2]. Gross wrote: "... David was and is immersed in a quiet and affectionate exploration of the nature of things." He is at peace with the world and is not cunning. Bohm gave me the first impression that he gave an academic report on plasma physics shortly after he came to Princeton. I'm looking for a thesis supervisor. David Bohm provides a wide range of topics for students with his unique style. Obviously, the problem areas that must be explored are enormous. The interweaving of conceptual problems and practical problems is very attractive and exciting. According to the ongoing outline, the overall thesis is a simple next step. How lucky it is to have the opportunity to do a paper with much more content than this! I try to take notes and write speeches very carefully. I gave it to David. So he chose me as his student. We are often together. We sometimes do calculations on the blackboard, but mainly talk. David can discuss theoretical physics without pen and paper. Mathematics is handy, and meaningful results will naturally come. "

Bohm's early understanding of quantum mechanics was deeply influenced by Bohr's complementary thought. As early as when he was a doctor, he often discussed the philosophical meaning of quantum theory with Joseph Weinberg, another doctoral student who studied quantum mechanics seriously. Bohm was confident that he was a supporter of Bohr's views. He listened to a friend's suggestion and began to write his book Quantum Theory before he went to Princeton University, trying to clarify the internal physical meaning of abstract mathematics of quantum mechanics from Bohr's point of view, so as to achieve the purpose of understanding quantum mechanics. This work was completed on 1950. The following year, it was first published by prentiss-Hall Company in new york, and it is still being reprinted. It is generally believed that this course was one of the best courses in quantum mechanics at that time. Its main advantages are: it clearly expounds the main physical ideas behind the mathematical program of quantum mechanics, and discusses in considerable detail the difficult problems that are usually ignored by other courses (such as the classical limit problem of quantum theory, measurement problem and EPR paradox, etc.). These problems are still the subject of many basic research papers. In particular, Bohm saw the nonlocality of quantum mechanics at that time. His EPR experiment restated by spin system not only helps to clarify the substantive controversy of EPR paradox, but also inspires people to design practical experiments with electron dipole decay or photon cascade radiation. These experiments that have been carried out now have turned this metaphysical debate in physics into highly technical hard physics.

During Bohm's writing of quantum theory, a series of most unpleasant events happened in Bohm's life. As we all know, at the beginning of the post-war cold war, the United States had a period of McCarthyism. That is, the Committee on Non-American Activities led by U.S. Senator joseph mccarthy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation launched the cleaning campaign in the late 1940s and early 1950s. This movement endangers Bohm. 1On May 25th, 949, Bohm was summoned to the hearing room of the Committee on Non-American Activities of the House of Representatives, asking him to prove the loyalty of some friends and colleagues who worked with him in the Manhattan Engineering Research of Berkeley Radiation Laboratory during World War II, because they were accused of being spies of the * * * production party or their sympathizers. Because of his strong belief in freedom, Bohm refused to testify. After legal consultation, he decided to beg the Fifth Amendment to the American Constitution on civil rights. This amendment (179 1 approval) clearly stipulates that "the person involved cannot be required to testify about his crime". A year later, his request was rejected and the FBI sued Bohm for contempt of Congress. Fortunately, while waiting for the court's decision, the Supreme Court stipulated that "if I have not committed a crime and my testimony is trapped in the law, I should not be forced to testify". The charges against Bohm were dropped accordingly. During this period, Princeton University advised Bohm not to show up on campus, which prompted him to finish writing quantum theory much earlier than expected.

However, as soon as Bohm finished reading this book, he felt that he didn't really understand quantum mechanics. He is particularly dissatisfied that this book does not leave a place for such a suitable concept as independent reality (such as the actual process of atomic transition). So he began to investigate another view of quantum phenomena, that is, if one wave propagates from a certain source, then another wave must converge at the observed place; In this way, one wave somehow produces another wave ... and the new wave will spread to the place where the electrons will be observed.

Bohm distributed his books to Einstein, Bohr and Pauli. Bohr didn't answer. Pauli enthusiastically called him a good writer. Einstein invited Bohm to his apartment for in-depth discussion. Their discussion focused on criticizing that quantum mechanics does not allow any understanding of the world structure. After many in-depth discussions, Bohm's belief that physics should make an objective and complete description of reality has been greatly strengthened, and quantum theory lacks some basic things. Under the direct excitation of Einstein, Bohm became very interested in finding the deterministic extension of quantum theory. At this time, Bohm's contract at Princeton University expired, and Oppenheimer advised him not to look for a job in the United States, lest something should happen after McCarthyism came to power.

195 1 autumn, Bohm was recommended by a Brazilian friend to be a professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. There, he engaged in research based on quantum theory and philosophical problems in physics. As expected by Oppenheimer, during Bohm's stay in Brazil, American officials cancelled his passport, which led Bohm to start his academic career in exile.

Bohm's reflection on the current capacity theory convinced him that we have not actually reached the bottom of quantum theory. On the one hand, he accepted Einstein's view that the description of physical reality in quantum mechanics is incomplete, and set exploring a more detailed description of physical reality as his research goal; On the other hand, Bohr's holistic view of quantum phenomena is adopted to emphasize the global correlation between microscopic particles and macro-environment, so as to coordinate the contradiction of orthodox theory of quantum mechanics. This eclectic method made him avoid the limitation of von Neumann's argument about the impossibility of hidden variables, but only deformed the Schrodinger equation according to the requirements of Hamilton-Jacobian theory, giving it new meaning and successfully discovering his causal explanation of quantum mechanics ontology. It is worth mentioning that this discovery is the product of Bohm's so-called "physical concept experiment" during the intermission before going to teach at the University of S? o Paulo.

Bohm's two papers on causal explanation of hidden variables in quantum mechanics were published in Physical Review 1952+0. The first paper is aimed at single particle system; In the second chapter, causal explanation is extended to multi-particle system and electromagnetic field system. The latter was written to answer the criticism of Pauli and others. When Bohm informed De Broglie of his first paper in Yin Gao, he realized that his initiative was essentially the guided wave theory put forward by De Broglie at the Solvi Physics Symposium in 1927. De Broglie had to give up at that time because he failed to answer Pauli's criticism and could not get the support of Einstein, who held the counter-mainstream quantum theory view. Now Bohm is accused by Pauli as "old wine in new bottles" and a hungry thing that has long been refuted. Bohm's second paper not only resisted the criticism of orthodox views, but also brought De Broglie back to his original position.

From 1953 to 1956, Bohm published a series of papers 2, which made his causal explanation impeccable in technical details. It can not only derive all the statistical experimental information that can be explained by the orthodox viewpoint, but more importantly, it eliminates all the conceptual puzzles related to the superposition principle and measurement problems of quantum mechanics in the orthodox explanation. The core idea of Bohm's causal explanation of quantum mechanics involves two kinds of variables: one is particle variable with continuous trajectory; The second is wave function, which follows the deterministic evolution equation (Schrodinger equation), not only has the conventional meaning of probability amplitude, but also determines the quantum potential acting on particles. Quantum potential is the only source of all quantum effects. When the quantum potential is much smaller than the classical potential, quantum particles will degenerate into classical particles. In this way, Bohm provided people with an independent ontological thought of quantum mechanics for the first time, which is consistent with the classical ontology. At that time, Bohm regarded the particle variable which is completely described by quantum mechanics as the hidden variable and the wave function as the explicit parameter of quantum mechanics. In fact, the particle variables are directly displayed in the measurement, while the wave function is implicit in the quantum measurement. Therefore, after Bell pointed out the improper use of words for this historical reason, Bohm gave up the word "hidden variable" and called his own explanation ontological explanation or quantum potential causal explanation.

Before and after he published his paper on causal explanation of hidden variables in quantum mechanics, Bohm has been trying to convince Einstein of his explanation. 1on February 4th, 953, Bohm wrote in a letter to Einstein: "Thank you for sending me the paper to be published in the Collection of Born Memorial (this is a famous paper.

1In the autumn of 955, Bohm left Brazil and went to Israel to work as a professor at the Technical College of Hafa University. This is the most difficult moment in Bohm's career, although he can get spiritual support and comfort from close friends and students during his exile. However, in the field of quantum theory, the philosophical trend of logical empiricism has occupied a dominant position, and general physicists are no longer interested in the theoretical basis of physics. Therefore, his new ideas about quantum theory are met with cold shoulder by most theoretical physicists. At that time, he deeply felt the lack of opportunities to discuss with his peers. In the most difficult moment, Bohm was lucky enough to meet Miss Shana wolfson, who wrote, "When I first met David, I was deeply moved by his great courage to look at everything sincerely and without hesitation. He is always ready to face the reality, no matter how it ends. " Bohm and Shana got married in Israel on 1957.

Bohm never stopped pursuing scientific truth when his academic research was almost isolated. His book Causality and Opportunity in Modern Physics 1 was written during his stay in Brazil and Israel. This book has been translated into French, Russian, German, Japanese and Chinese. After 25 years of continuous printing, the original edition was published in the new edition of 1984. In this book, Bohm advocates and eloquently expounds a brand-new view of natural philosophy, that is, determinism and statistical chance law are two sides of a single structure of natural law, which are deeper and more comprehensive than the two. In order to support this view, he suggested that the track obtained in quantum causal interpretation should be regarded as the average effect of a deeper process at the level of sub-quantum mechanics. At this sub-quantum mechanical level, there is a structural entity that obeys the new causal law and the new statistical fluctuation. Bohm opposed all forms of mechanism and put forward the concept of infinite nature. He emphasized the infinite diversity and quality of things in the universe, while emphasizing the integrity of things in the universe. He believes: "The basic reality is the sum of things that exist in the process of change. ..... This whole is all-encompassing. Therefore, its existence, its significance and any of its characteristics do not depend on anything except itself. In this sense, the infinite whole in the process of things changing is absolute. ..... In the process of change, the totality of things can only be represented by abstract sequences, and each abstraction can only be approximately effective in a limited scope, limited conditions and appropriate time intervals. There are many reasonable relationships between these abstractions. Therefore, they represent all kinds of things in a reciprocal relationship; Every theory expressed by a specific abstraction helps to define the effective domain of different theories expressed by other abstractions. "

1957, Bohm left Israel for England. From 1957 to 196 1, Bohm worked as a researcher in the Wilson Physics Laboratory of Bristol University. There, he accepted a brilliant graduate student, Aharonov, who worked effectively and studied many important issues. Among them, the most far-reaching influence on the mainstream research of physics is the systematic study of the position of electromagnetic potential in quantum electrodynamics. They proved for the first time that even in the area without electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic potential still has an effect on charge. Physical isomorphism is called AB effect.

196 1 autumn, Bohm gained an academic position commensurate with his reputation and became a professor of theoretical physics at Birkbeck College, University of London. Although, before this, the US government had withdrawn all charges against him and finally allowed him to return to the United States. However, Professor Bohm chose Birkbeck College as his destination for continuing to study quantum theory, relativity and contemporary philosophical issues.

In the early 1960s, Jackson and Panis organized and edited a set of physics teaching notes and supplementary series. This series of books is clear, solid and novel in dealing with problems, and it is a favorite reading for senior students majoring in college physics. Bohm's special theory of relativity for this series was published in 1965 and 1. Bohm's works, like his quantum theory, are different from many other monographs on the same subject by paying attention to the clarity of physical concepts and emphasizing the integrity of physical concepts and physical theories.

1In the autumn of 983, Professor Bohm retired from the Department of Physics of Birkbeck College and became an honorary professor at the University of London. After retirement, he still cares about and guides the basic research on quantum theory and relativity initiated by him in the Department of Physics of Berkbeck College. During this period, Bohm's academic views and scientific thoughts gained more and more recognition, understanding and support in various academic circles. On Bohm's 70th birthday, Quantum Hints, a commemorative anthology edited by Harry and Pitt, came out. Writers span many fields such as physics, philosophy, biology, art and psychology, including some of the most outstanding scientists of our time. This is an important anthology to study Bohm's thought and its influence.

Since the late 1960s, Bohm thought it necessary to fundamentally reconstruct our view of reality based on quantum potential and quantum integrity. He realized that to achieve this goal, we must fundamentally reform the way of thinking and language expression based on the hypothesis of separability of things used in physics. He wants to abandon the traditional concept of particles and fields in continuous space-time and replace it with the concept of structural process. He called the basic structural process holographic motion, the things discussed in physics (including time, space, particles and fields, etc. ) is the expression of metastability and semi-consistency of this holographic motion.

From the concept of complete motion to Bohm's concept of hidden entanglement order, it is only a small step. There are three reasons worth mentioning here. First, it dates back to Bohm's contact with the Indian philosopher Krishna Moti in 1960s. The book "The First and the Last Freedom" by the eastern philosopher mentioned that the observer and the observed are inseparable, which is also the topic of quantum theory, which caused Bohm's strong * * * sound. However, Krsna and Moti refer to the whole spirit. Bohm realized that the situation in quantum theory is very similar to that in spirit. He gained great power from eastern philosophers to explore the true meaning of human consciousness beyond physics. As a result, a western physicist and an oriental philosopher soon became academic friends exploring the whole order of reality (including matter and spirit).

Secondly, I want to mention an experiment that inspired Bohm. This is an ink glycerin experiment broadcast by BBC TV and arranged by the Royal Institute: a special jar is equipped with a rotatable cylinder, which is controlled by the handle at the top. Fill the narrow space between the glass bottle and the cylinder with glycerin, and then drop a drop of ink from the top of the bottle. When Bohm watched the handle turn, he suddenly found that the black ink had been "involved" in the light-colored viscous glycerin and was almost smoothed out. Then the handle is reversed, like magic, and the original ink drops appear again, which is "inflated" by glycerol. When Bohm saw it, he exclaimed, "Well, that's what I need!" " Since then, the ink drop-glycerin experiment has become a vivid metaphor for him to explain his implicit entanglement (involvement) and explicit analysis (expansion) theory.

Thirdly, the most meaningful driving factor to participate in expanding the concept may come from the Green's function method of quantum mechanics. Because this method expresses the involvement-expansion relationship of wave function information before and after time in an accurate mathematical form. Because Green's function method can be algebraic, Bohm thinks that the basic mathematics needed to describe the hidden entanglement order will involve matrix algebra.

Bohm's above thoughts were first published in two papers, and later included in Bohm's fourth book, The Entanglement of Sacredness and Implication. This masterpiece is the product of his exploration of the whole (universal) reality and the nature of special consciousness in the 1960s and 1970s, which represents the new development of his natural philosophy. Bohm eloquently proved that science itself needs a new and indivisible world view. Because, "the current research method of dividing the world into independent parts is very ineffective in modern physics." ..... Facts have proved that the concept of universe wholeness implied in relativity and quantum theory will provide a highly orderly way of thinking for understanding the nature of the universe in reality.

In the Department of Physics of Birkbeck College, Bohm's research work was fully understood and supported by his colleague Dr. Hailey. Hailey has been Bohm's close friend and partner since 1970s. They cooperated effectively in the basic research of quantum theory and relativity and published a series of papers. During this period, with the help of Hailey, Bohm instructed their graduate students to do two things. Firstly, the early quantum potential model is applied to the specific cases such as double Gaussian gap, one-dimensional barrier (well) scattering and spin measurement, and the spatial distribution of quantum potential and particle track in these cases is given by computer simulation numerical calculation. This work was carried out by Pieris and Doytini. The significance of their work lies in clearing up the fog of "wave-particle duality" that has enveloped physics for more than half a century, so that people can intuitively grasp the essential characteristics of quantum reality. The second important work is their restatement of the ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics. In the new formulation, the formal characteristics of quantum potential are emphasized, so that the causal explanation of quantum potential can be better extended to the fields of relativity and quantum field theory. The latter work is the theme of Dr. Carlo Yero's thesis.

Bohm-Haley's ontological explanation of quantum mechanics accords with Bohm's concept of hidden entanglement order. In their view, in the causal explanation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the particle variables as explicit order are regulated as the information field of first-order implicit entanglement order (that is, quantum potential); In the causal explanation of relativistic quantum field theory, the field variables as the first-order implicit entanglement order are regulated as the universal information field of the second-order implicit entanglement order (that is, superquantum potential). In Bohm's view, the implied entanglement sequence is endless.

Here, I will talk about the influence and teaching of Professor Bohm. When I was young, I loved theoretical physics and was very interested in philosophical problems in modern physics. Bohm's book Causality and Chance in Modern Physics attracted me deeply. I quickly translated it into Chinese. The translation was revised by Qin Kecheng and published by the Commercial Press. 1965. 1980 At the beginning of this year, I had the honor to study under Professor Bohm of London University. The first impression he gave me was modesty, kindness and quick thinking. In introducing myself, I apologize for translating his works without prior consent. He is generous, and he is happy to tell me that his book has been translated into German, Russian, French and Japanese. I'll translate Chinese to him right away. He was so happy that he took out the whole book and related catalogue from the shelf and gave it to me. According to my situation, he suggested that I go to Imperial College London Institute of Physics to listen to Isham's algebraic topology and King's College to listen to Taylor's quantum gravity, which made me have a deeper understanding of Bohm's physics thought. I found that Professor Bohm attached importance to academic dialogue and communication, but didn't ask Wenda to socialize. He has a strict style, a simple life and likes classical music. A few pieces of bread and a glass of milk are his working lunch. He basically goes to work on foot, and his wife picks him up in the parking lot a few miles from school.

One day in February of the following year, I came across a paper entitled "Metaphysics and Modern Physics" in the library by A. Hook. I was so encouraged that I had the idea of writing a book about physics and physical reality. Back in the department, I suddenly realized that a complete physical theory should be a four-dimensional system, that is, the operational definition of the basic concepts of the theory, the mathematical structure of the theory, the ontological interpretation of the theory and the historical extension of the theory. I was very excited. I ran to Professor Bohm's office next door without an appointment and talked to him about my plan. He was interested in my research on physical metaphysics and expressed his support. He turned around and wrote the word metaphysics on the blackboard. He said: "Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that studies the first principles of things. People don't know the ultimate essence of reality, so many modern philosophers and scientists oppose metaphysics. As we all know, metaphysics is unavoidable for anyone. The problem is that we should adopt a correct and open attitude towards metaphysics, and we should reflect and correct the old metaphysical concepts from time to time so that better metaphysical concepts can replace them. " He wrote ontology, epistemology and methodology side by side on the blackboard, connected them with lines respectively, and explained their relationship to me in detail. Bohm's teaching has a potential impact on my later work. Four months later, my manuscript "The Structure and Development of Physical Theory" was written. Bohm turned over chapter by chapter and even made up for the missing articles in the manuscript. His extremely serious and responsible spirit deeply touched me. It was while reviewing that he had a heart attack. In July, he was hospitalized and underwent cardiac vascular bypass surgery. One week after operation, when I visited him in the hospital, Mrs Bohm told me that Professor Bohm had insisted on taking care of himself and walking independently. When he learned that I was going to return to China in June+February, 5438, he continued to review my manuscript immediately after leaving the hospital. Finally, at the end of 1 1, Bohm and Hailey spent the whole afternoon writing a preface for my book. After returning home, Bohm and Haley kept in touch with me, and from time to time they sent Yin Gao a preview of their new works and important papers. I will never forget what my teacher taught me.

Prigozin (Belgian theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize winner) wrote: "... there is no need to list his basic contributions to modern theoretical physics; These are well known to the scientific community. However, David Bohm is unique because he is deeply involved in epistemological problems. " De Spanier (French philosopher of theoretical physics and physics) wrote: "Einstein asserted that the most basic thing in physics is not mathematics, but a set of basic concepts. ..... In our generation of physicists, David Bohm is obviously the first person to illustrate the profound truth of Einstein's maxim with his own examples. Many people (including myself) read his paper 1952 and woke up from a' dogmatic coma * Kandi'. But Bohm warned us more strongly than anyone: don't jump from one dogma to another.