Economy: Sweden implements a "mixed economy" which combines developed private industry and commerce with relatively perfect state-owned public service departments, and is famous for its high wages, high taxes and high welfare. Forest, iron ore and water power are the three major natural resources in Sweden. On this basis, it has developed and formed four traditional industrial systems: mining and metallurgy, forestry and papermaking, electric power and machinery manufacturing. As a country rich in timber, iron ore and water resources, Sweden focuses on developing an export-oriented industrialized economy. Industry occupies a very important position in the national economy, and 82% of industrial products are exported abroad. After the mid-1970s, the industrial structure of Sweden has changed significantly. Sweden has increased the intensity and investment in scientific research and development, and the high-tech industry has developed rapidly. Transportation, communication, medicine and health, information, environmental protection and other fields have strong competitiveness in the world. Steel and wood processing, once Sweden's main export sectors, has been gradually replaced by industrial sectors such as machinery manufacturing, electronic precision instruments and automobiles. Shipbuilding, textile and other industries are declining, and the government has provided a lot of funds for subsidies, restructuring or nationalization. Metal processing and machinery manufacturing are the most important industrial sectors in Sweden. Swedish mechanical products are characterized by precision, durability and high technical level. Traditional products such as ball bearings and refrigeration equipment enjoy a high reputation in the international market. Iron and steel industry is one of the industrial sectors with a long history. Chemical industry is one of the main industrial sectors in Sweden. In the chemical industry, especially petrochemistry, petroleum refining is the most prominent, and plastics, chemical fibers, medicines and fertilizers have also made great progress. The automobile industry developed rapidly after the war, producing all kinds of trucks besides cars. One third of the car production is sold to the United States. The energy industry plays a very important role in the Swedish economy. Sweden is a country with developed industries and many energy-intensive enterprises. Besides, it has a long winter and a long transportation line. China is a country with high energy consumption, and the per capita annual electricity consumption is about10.3 million kwh. Sweden's agriculture and service industries are also relatively developed. The Swedish economy mainly relies on foreign trade and advocates open markets and free trade. Sweden's main export products are: automobiles and transportation equipment, machinery and instruments, electronic products, wood pulp and paper, medicines and chemicals, steel and metal products. More than 60% of Sweden's imported goods are parts and raw materials for manufacturing, mainly including electronic products, mechanical instruments, automobiles and transportation equipment, food, textiles and footwear.
Ericsson, 1876, founded in Stockholm, is the largest company engaged in electronic and communication services in Sweden and a world-famous telecom manufacturer. Its technology in fixed and mobile communication networks, mobile phones and information communication systems is in a leading position in the international telecommunications industry. Ericsson's business system includes: communication network system, professional telecommunication service, technology authorization, enterprise system and mobile terminal business (with 50% shares of Sony Ericsson Mobile Communication Company). As of July, 1999 has more than 654.38+million employees, distributed in more than 40 countries and regions around the world. Ericsson and China have long-term friendly cooperation in the fields of electronics and communication. Its business in China is mainly concentrated in three areas: public network program-controlled switching, mobile phone system and office switching system. 1985, Ericsson opened its first office in Beijing. 1in April, 1994, Ericsson (China) co., ltd. was established, wholly owned by Ericsson of Sweden, and was the coordinator of Ericsson in China, headquartered in Beijing. By the end of 2000, Ericsson had more than 4,000 employees, 24 offices and 65,438+00 joint ventures in China.
AB Volvo, founded in 1927, is one of the largest manufacturers of trucks, buses and engineering equipment in the world, occupying a leading position in the fields of marine and industrial energy systems and aircraft engine parts. The group is the largest enterprise in northern Europe and one of the top 60 companies in the world. Its business includes Volvo Trucks, Mike Trucks, Renault Trucks, Volvo Buses, Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo Engines, Volvo Aerospace and Volvo Financial Services. In addition, many commercial organizations provide group-wide support in the fields of engineering, R&D, IT, parts and logistics. Headquartered in Gothenburg, the group has production bases in 25 countries around the world, and its products are sold to more than 130 markets. There are about 76,000 employees. The net sales of Volvo Group in 2003 reached 1.9 1.5 1 billion euros. The subsidiaries of the Group are: Volvo Car Company, Volvo Truck Company, Volvo Bus Company, Volvo Construction Equipment Company, Volvo penta Engine Manufacturing Company, Volvo Aircraft (Aviation) Engine Manufacturing Company, etc.
2 Norway: Politics: The current Constitution was adopted in May 2004 18 17, and has been revised many times. According to the constitution, Norway has a constitutional monarchy. The king is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and nominates the prime minister, but he has no right to dissolve the parliament. Parliament is divided into upper and lower houses, and all other issues are discussed by both houses except that laws are formulated by the lower house and then discussed by the upper house.
Economy: Norway is a country with developed modern industry. The existing recoverable crude oil reserves are 4.28 billion cubic meters and natural gas is more than 4 trillion cubic meters. Other mineral resources are: 200-500 million tons of coal, 300 million tons of iron and 0/80,000 tons of titanium/kloc. There are abundant hydropower resources, and the exploitable hydropower resources are about 654.38+87 million kWh, which has been developed by 63%. The northern coast is a world-famous fishing ground. Agricultural area 10463 square kilometers, including 6329 square kilometers of grassland. Non-staple food is basically self-sufficient, and food is mainly imported. Industry plays an important role in the national economy. The main traditional industrial sectors are machinery, hydropower, metallurgy, chemical industry, paper making, wood processing, fish product processing and shipbuilding. Western Europe is the largest aluminum producer and exporter, with magnesium production ranking second in the world, and most of ferrosilicon products are exported. The offshore oil industry, which rose in the 1970s, has become an important pillar of the national economy, the largest oil producer in Western Europe and the third largest oil exporter in the world. The main tourist spots are Oslo, Bergen, Leros and North Point.
Press and publication: 1999 There are 65 kinds of daily newspapers published nationwide, with an average daily circulation of 2.29 million. Other newspapers and periodicals are about 1 10. The main newspapers are Evening Post, Road to the World, Daily and Bergen Times, among which Road to the World has the largest circulation. The Norwegian National Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) was founded in 1933. It is divided into two parts: radio and television, and belongs to the Ministry of Culture.
The Norwegian News Agency (NTB), founded in June 5438+September 65438+0,0867, is the only news agency in Norway. Headquartered in Oslo, Norway, it is a joint-stock company of Norwegian newspapers. The highest decision-making body is the Press Congress and its Standing Committee. The manager and editor-in-chief are appointed by the Committee to lead the daily work. Nuotong News Agency relies on the subscription fee for telegrams and pictures paid by national 1 15 newspapers. Novotel has no branch in China, but has resident reporters in Bergen and Trondham. Domestic news is mainly provided by journalists appointed by local newspapers. Nuotong Society has a special report group in Parliament. International news mainly relies on telegrams forwarded by Reuters, AFP, united press international and Nordic news agencies. Nuotong News Agency signed telecommunication exchange contracts with DPA, TASS and other news agencies, and maintained close cooperation with Nordic news agencies, sending resident journalists to Beijing, Washington, Moscow and Bonn. Sometimes, journalists are jointly sent abroad to cover and report. 1974, Nuotong News Agency and Xinhua News Agency exchanged news and letters.
3 Finland; Politics: According to the Constitution, the legislative power of the country is formulated by the Parliament and President People's Republic of China (PRC). As the head of state, the president has the real power to appoint the government, take charge of foreign affairs and command the three armed forces, and is elected every six years. 1999 the Finnish parliament adopted a new constitution, and the name of the constitution was changed from the government organization law to the constitution. The new constitution strengthens the role of parliament and government in the political life of the country, and reduces some powers of the president. Parliament is a unicameral system, which is the highest organ of state power and legislature. It consists of 200 members directly elected by voters for a term of four years. Its main function is to legislate, supervise the government and finance. The highest judicial organs are the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. The Supreme Court is composed of the President and 19 judges, and is responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Administrative Court consists of the president and 20 judges, and is responsible for hearing administrative cases of government organs and provincial, municipal (county) institutions. Procuratorial organs are procuratorates at all levels. In addition, there is a national legal inspector who has the right to attend cabinet meetings and supervise whether the decisions of the president, the cabinet and government departments are in accordance with the constitutional provisions. Presidents, judges and prosecutors of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are appointed by the President.
Economy: Finland is extremely rich in forest resources, with 66.7% of its territory covered by lush forests, making Finland the first in Europe and the second in the world, with a per capita forest ownership of 3.89 hectares. Rich forest resources make Finland a "green treasure house". Finland's wood processing, paper-making and forestry machinery industries have become the mainstay of its economy and have the world-leading level. Finland is the second largest exporter of paper and paperboard and the fourth largest exporter of pulp in the world. Although the Finnish country is small, it is very distinctive. After World War II, Finland became a powerful country by relying on forest industry and metal industry. In order to adapt to the development of the international economy, Finland has adjusted its economic and technological development strategy in time, making its technology and equipment in the fields of energy, telecommunications, biology and environmental protection in a leading position in the world. Finland has a developed information industry, which is not only famous as the most developed information society in the world, but also among the best in the global international competitiveness rankings. In 2002, the GDP was 654.38+0397 billion euros, and the per capita GDP was 26,800 euros. In 2004, Finland was named "the most competitive country in the world" by the World Economic Forum in 2004/2005.
Finnish children take a sauna in a mini mobile sauna. Finns like saunas. In this country with a population of only 5.2 million, there are nearly 2 million large and small saunas. Almost everyone in Finland has been fumigated and baptized in sauna since infancy.
Military: The President is the supreme commander of the army. The National Defense Commission is the highest advisory body. The Prime Minister is responsible for leading national defense activities in civil affairs. The Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force is responsible for military defense activities. The compulsory military service system is implemented, and the service period is 8 to 1 1 month.
4 Denmark: Politics: The current Constitution was enacted in 19 15, and was revised twice in 1920 and 1953. According to the Constitution, Dan has a constitutional monarchy. The king and the parliament share legislative power, and the king exercises executive power through cabinet ministers appointed by him. The king is the head of state, and the parliament is unicameral, with 179 seats. Members are elected by universal suffrage for a term of four years. With the consent of the 5/6 majority of the parliament, the government can hand over a certain range of sovereignty to some kind of "international institution". The Danish monarchy was established in 1660, and changed to constitutional monarchy in 1849. Margaret had no right to inherit the throne when she was born, because the Danish Constitution at that time stipulated that only men had the right to inherit. 1953 In June, Denmark adopted a new constitution based on the fact that Frederick IX had no son. It is stipulated that women also have the right to inherit the throne. There is also a lady sovereign in Danish history. She is Margaret I who ruled Denmark in the second half of the14th century, but she ruled in the name of her only son Olaf. In order to show respect for this outstanding queen 500 years ago, Margaret took the title of "Margrethe II" when she ascended the throne. The crown prince of Denmark tied the knot with a civilian woman.
Economy: Denmark is a developed western industrial country, and its per capita GNP has been in the forefront of the world for many years. Natural resources are scarce. Apart from oil and natural gas, there are few other mineral deposits, and all the coal needed is imported. The oil reserves on the continental shelf of the North Sea are estimated to be 290 million tons, and the natural gas reserves are about 200 billion cubic meters. Since 1972, it has been the third largest oil exporter in Europe. The proven lignite reserves are 90 million cubic meters. The forest area is 436,000 hectares and the coverage rate is 65,438+00%. Agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery and food processing industries are highly developed. The characteristics of agriculture and animal husbandry are the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, mainly animal husbandry. There are 2.676 million hectares of cultivated land and 53,500 farms. About 90% of the farms are family farms owned by individuals. The level of agricultural science and technology and production efficiency rank among the advanced countries in the world. Besides meeting the domestic market, 65% of agricultural and livestock products are exported, accounting for 10.6% of the total export. The export volume of pork, cheese and butter ranks among the top in the world. Dan is also the largest mink manufacturer in the world. Industry plays a dominant role in the national economy, and small and medium-sized enterprises are the main body. The main industrial sectors are food processing, machinery manufacturing, oil exploitation, shipbuilding, cement, electronics, chemicals, metallurgy, medicine, textiles, furniture, paper making and printing equipment. 6 1.7% of the products are exported, accounting for 75% of the total exports. Marine mainframe, cement equipment, hearing AIDS, enzyme preparations and artificial insulin are world-famous. The tertiary industry in Denmark is developed, including public and private services, finance, insurance and other services of the central government and municipalities directly under the central government, and its output value accounts for more than 70% of the annual gross national product. Foreign trade is the lifeblood of the Danish economy. The main raw materials are imported, and the product sales depend on the international market. The government advocates building a country through trade and free trade, and formulates preferential policies to encourage the export of products. Imported products mainly include transportation equipment, telecommunications products, paper, crude oil, coal, steel, machinery and feed, while exported products mainly include dairy products, meat, fish, furniture, medicines, electronic products, instruments, ships, textiles and clothing. Denmark is a country with developed animal husbandry processing and production. Animal husbandry accounts for 66% of the total agricultural output value, and a large number of meat, dairy products and eggs are exported. Its refrigeration technology and food processing, storage, transportation and sales are very developed. Denmark is the largest fishing country in the EU, accounting for about 36% of the EU's total catch. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are important offshore fishing grounds. There are mainly cod, flounder, mackerel, eel and shrimp, which are mainly used to produce fish oil and fish. Tourism is the largest service industry in Denmark. The annual average number of foreign tourists is about 2 million. The main tourist spots are Copenhagen, Andersen's hometown-odense, Lego Block City, the west coast of jutland and the northernmost Skayan.