catalogue
source and course
Branch of discipline
Summarize animal morphology, animal physiology, animal taxonomy, animal ecology, animal geography and animal genetics.
research method
Descriptive method, comparative method and experimental method
Relationship and significance with other disciplines
Zoological scientist
Elton Timbergen Lorenz Fries Lorenz Wang Shi von Frish Wallace
Books of the same name (1)
Executive summary:
Book catalogue:
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Books of the same name (2) Origin and development of basic information zoology introductory catalogue
Branch of discipline
Summarize animal morphology, animal physiology, animal taxonomy, animal ecology, animal geography and animal genetics.
research method
Descriptive method, comparative method and experimental method
Relationship and significance with other disciplines
Zoological scientist
Elton Timbergen Lorenz Fries Lorenz Wang Shi von Frish Wallace
Books of the same name (1)
Executive summary:
Book catalogue:
Editorial suggestions and comments:
Books of the same name (2)
Overview of the development of basic information ecological catalogue
The origin and development of this passage edited by zoologist (2 sheets)
Zoology has a long history and is closely related to human production activities. In the primitive society with fishing and hunting as the main mode of production, human beings gradually realized the living habits and body structures of some animals closely related to human beings, and then tried to raise and domesticate beneficial animals, prevent and control harmful animals, and accumulated some animal knowledge. Many characters such as animals, birds, fish and insects can be identified in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty 4,700 years ago. Later hieroglyphics also took "insect", "fish" and "raccoon" as radicals, which shows that there is a certain classification concept. More than 3,000 years ago, the book "Summer" recorded ecological phenomena such as "floating in May and ants entering the nest in December". There are more than 100 kinds of animals mentioned in the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period. 2,500 years ago, Shang Yu Shu Gong Pian recorded the species of economic animals in nine regions at that time, which was the bud of China's zoogeography. In Zhou Li more than 2000 years ago, animals were divided into five categories: fur, feather, medium, scale and clam, which were roughly equivalent to mammals, birds, crustaceans, fish and mollusks in modern animal classification. Erya in Han Dynasty has five categories: releasing insects, releasing fish, releasing birds, releasing animals and releasing livestock, and each article contains nearly 100 kinds of animals. The phenomenon of human blood circulation mentioned by Bian Que in Difficult Classics in Sui and Tang Dynasties was about 1000 years earlier than that of British scholar W Harvey. The Book of Qi Yaomin written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty summarized many experiences in fishery, mulberry, agriculture and animal husbandry. Lateral line scales number is regarded as an important character of fish classification in Materia Medica by Chen Zangqi in Tang Dynasty, and it has been used ever since. During the Jin Dynasty from 265 to 420 A.D., China took the lead in compiling the Animal Atlas, recorded the Southern Vegetation (304), and drew the scene of people using ants to put out citrus pests, which was the earliest example of biological control in the world. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty recorded more than 400 kinds of animals, many of which were accompanied by outline drawings, which was a masterpiece in the history of zoology. In the west, from 384 to 322 BC, Aristotle in ancient Greece systematically described hundreds of kinds of animals and was known as the father of zoology. Of the 37 volumes of natural history compiled by Pliny Sr, Volume 7 ~ 1 1 is the content of zoology. /kloc-After the 6th century, zoology showed great vitality, and academic works emerged one after another, especially the progress of taxonomy and anatomy. The appearance of/kloc-microscope in the 0/7th century promoted the prosperity of histology, embryology and protozoology in the field of microscopy. /kloc-in the 8th century, C.von Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist, founded the animal classification system and binomial method, which divided animals and plants into five orders: class, order, genus, species and variety, laying the foundation for modern taxonomy. From the end of 18 to the beginning of 19, J-Bde Lamarck, a French biologist, put forward the viewpoint of species evolution, arguing that animals can change, develop and improve under the influence of living environment. At the same time, Habitat has also made contributions to comparative anatomy and paleontology. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the German biologist Wang Shi clarified that the basic structural unit of the animal body is the cell. From 65438 to 0859, British scientist C.R. Darwin established the theory of biological evolution, and analyzed the diversity, identity and variability of natural animals with original vivid examples of "survival competition" and "natural selection", which promoted the progress of zoology. The new achievements of evolution theory in the 20th century further prove that mutation has produced a new genetic basis, which is of great significance in evolution. Natural selection and reproductive isolation make different populations of the same species develop in different directions. Since the 20th century, zoology has developed by leaps and bounds due to the mutual penetration of disciplines and the continuous improvement of research methods. Today's zoology has risen from the stage of observation and description in the past to the peak of studying the law of life activities. Edit this branch of the subject.
abstract
According to the research objects, it can be divided into invertebrate zoology, protozoology, parasitology, mollusciology, entomology, crustacean, ichthyology, ornithology, mammalia and so on. According to the research focus and service category, it can be divided into theoretical zoology, applied zoology, resource zoology, bionics and so on. The main branches of tradition are:
Animal morphology
Study the internal and external morphological structure of animals, as well as the changing rules in individual development and systematic evolution. Including: ① anatomy, specializing in the study of the structure and relationship of animal organs. It was originally a purely descriptive science. Buffon and Ju Ye Wei proved that structure is related to function, and modern morphology also pays attention to studying function. ② Cytology and histology, to study the microstructure of cells and organs; ③ Comparative anatomy, using the differences of modern organ systems to study the evolutionary relationship of animals, which has made great contributions to the establishment of evolution theory in19th century; (4) embryology and developmental biology, which study the formation and development of embryos and the whole process of animal growth and development; And paleozoology and so on. With the development of science, some have developed into independent disciplines.
Cat bone
zoonomy
The study of animal physical functions and general physiological phenomena such as nutrition, growth and reproduction is closely related to medicine and animal husbandry. In recent years, according to the research progress, endocrinology, immunology, enzymology, etc.
Animal classification
From simple classification in the past, it has developed into systematic taxonomy, which studies the similarities and differences between various groups of animals, classifies them into systems, and clarifies their genetic relationship and evolutionary process and laws. Modern taxonomy adds families to the previous Linnaeus taxonomy, and adds a phylum between the boundary and the class, and each order can be subdivided, such as subclass, suborder, superfamily, subspecies and so on. Taxonomy in the 20th century tried to make the classification system reflect the evolutionary relationship and history between species.
animal ecology
The research on the relationship between animals and their environmental factors (both biological and abiotic) has developed from the study of individual ecology to the study of population ecology, community ecology and even ecosystem. In recent years, the development of space technology has attracted ecologists' attention to outer space, thus putting animals into the biosphere for further research. Related to this is animal behavior, which studies animal behavior, including instinct, learning and memory. From protozoan swimming model to the organization and communication of ape community, a lot of work has been done and remarkable results have been achieved.
animal geography
Study the geographical distribution of animal species, as well as the ways and laws of animal distribution, and at the same time study the laws of animal species and classification in various regions from the perspective of geography. It is usually called geographical zoology. This branch combines taxonomy, morphology and ecology to make a comprehensive study of the fauna of various regions and put forward plans for nature protection, resource management and natural transformation, which can be called fauna.
animal genetics
It has always been a branch of zoology, but because the research object of genetics often includes the whole biological world, some people think that animal genetics is difficult to continue to be classified as a branch. At present, genetics, cytology and enzymology are combined to study the essence of life phenomena from a microscopic point of view. Among them, molecular biology, which studies the structure and evolution of protein and nucleic acids, has become a particularly active research field. Due to the in-depth exploration of genetic material, it is possible to directionally change animal traits and guide the formation of new species.