1, which meets the production process requirements.

This is the basic starting point for determining the design scheme of industrial buildings. The technological requirements related to industrial buildings are: ① technology. It directly affects the order and relationship of each plate and department plane. ② Means of transport and modes of transport. It is closely related to the plane, structural type and economic effect of the workshop. ③ Production characteristics. For example, a large amount of waste heat and flue gas are discharged, and a large amount of corrosive substances such as acid and alkali or toxic, flammable and explosive gases are discharged, which have sanitary requirements such as temperature, humidity, dust prevention and bacteria prevention.

2. Reasonable choice of structural form

According to the requirements of production technology, materials and construction conditions, choose the appropriate structural system. Reinforced concrete structural materials are easily available, easy to construct, fire-resistant and corrosion-resistant, and have a wide range of applications. They can be prefabricated or cast on site, and are widely used in single-storey and multi-storey factories in China. Steel structures are mostly used in workshops with large span, large space or large vibration, but fire prevention and corrosion protection measures should be taken. It is best to use industrialized buildings to save investment and shorten the construction period.

3. Ensure a good production environment

(1) has good lighting and illumination. General factory buildings are mostly natural lighting (see industrial building lighting), but the lighting uniformity is poor. For example, the worsted and weaving workshops in textile mills are mostly natural lighting, but the problem of direct sunlight should be solved. If natural lighting can't meet the technological requirements, artificial lighting is used (see industrial building lighting). ② Good ventilation. If natural ventilation is adopted, it is necessary to know the internal conditions of the plant (heat dissipation, heat source, etc.). ) and local meteorological conditions, and design the exhaust passage. Some hot working and dusty workshops (such as foundry workshops) that emit a lot of waste heat should focus on solving the problem of natural ventilation. ③ Control noise. In addition to the general noise reduction measures, you can also set up a sound insulation room. (4) For some workshops with special technological requirements in terms of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, sterility, vibration prevention, electromagnetic shielding and radiation protection, corresponding measures should be taken in terms of industrial building plane, structure and air conditioning. ⑤ Attention should be paid to the design of the overall environment inside and outside the factory, including color and greening.

4. Reasonable arrangement of housing

The living room includes clothes storage room, toilet, bathroom, shower room, health station, restaurant and so on. The layout depends on the production needs and sanitary conditions. Workshop administrative rooms and some auxiliary production rooms with little space can be arranged together with living rooms.

5. General plan

This is the primary link of industrial architecture design. The general layout after site selection should be based on the production process to determine the site selection and zoning tanks of the whole plant, the general layout and vertical design of the plant, the configuration of public facilities, the distribution of transportation roads and pipe networks, etc. In addition, the layout of the production, operation and management rooms and staff welfare facilities of the whole plant also belongs to the general layout. Solving the pollution problem in the production process and protecting the environmental quality must also be considered in the general layout. The key of general layout is to reasonably solve the separation and communication between all parts of the plant and consider the overall problem from the perspective of development. The general layout involves a wide range of factors, and the best scheme is often selected by comparing multiple schemes or using computer-aided design methods.

What are the design requirements of the workshop for your reference: 1. Meeting the requirements of production technology is the basic starting point for determining the design scheme of industrial buildings. The technological requirements related to industrial buildings are: ① technology. It directly affects the order and relationship of each plate and department plane. ② Means of transport and modes of transport. It is closely related to the plane, structural type and economic effect of the workshop.

The design requirement of container building is 1. Characteristics of container architecture

The container modular tools used in architectural design have the characteristics of low carbon, low cost, short construction time and detachable transportation. At the same time, it is limited by objective conditions such as space and materials. When designing container architecture, we should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of container modular tools and give full play to their structural advantages. First of all, container building units are easy to transport and move as a whole, and container modular buildings are easy to assemble and disassemble, which is especially suitable for buildings with limited service life and need to change positions; Secondly, this kind of building is durable, and its main structural unit is composed of high-strength steel, which has strong earthquake resistance, compression resistance and deformation resistance; Third, the sealing efficiency is good, and the strict manufacturing process makes this movable building have good water tightness; Fourthly, the container building is based on the integral box steel structure, and through splicing and combination, rich combined space can be derived. Such as office space, living space, even long-span space and so on; Fifth, the weight of the structure is lighter than that of concrete and brick-concrete structure, and the energy consumption required for construction is less. At the same time, it has superior efficiency, stability and firmness, as well as excellent seismic efficiency. Sixth, most parts of container buildings can be recycled, which greatly reduces the generation of construction waste and is low-carbon and environmentally friendly.

2. Case and analysis of container building adaptability design.

Generally speaking, container construction can be divided into three forms: the transformation of container box; Container-type combined structure; Container boxes (and their components) and other structures play a structural role. This paper mainly discusses the reconstruction design of single box container and the design of container box combined building.

2. 1 Internal design of single box

Containers are used in different building models, representing different functional attributes and different indoor layouts. Commonly used in room design, the main modules are kitchen, bathroom, writing desk and storage space. However, kitchen and bathroom are limited by the mode of pipeline construction, so it is difficult to change their positions during use, which plays a key role in indoor functional layout. According to the spatial attributes and entrance position of these two parts, the indoor plane of the container can be qualitatively analyzed. Taking the indoor space of 20-foot container residence as an example, the layout statistics and analysis of indoor space are carried out respectively.

The classified query of periodical articles is in the periodical database.

When the porch is set at the end of the box, the kitchen/bathroom and other fixed facilities are set near the porch, and the box space changes from public to private, so that a more complete internal living space can be obtained; If the kitchen/toilet and other fixed facilities are located far away from the entrance end of the container building, it is difficult to use the lighting at the box end indoors, so it is generally necessary to add lighting at the side to illuminate the room. When the entrance is set in the middle of the box, the kitchen/toilet and other fixed facilities can be set in the middle of the entrance, and two independent and complete spaces can be obtained at both ends of the box. These two independent complete spaces can be used as two independent rooms or an effective functional dividing slot, such as setting two independent bedroom spaces or putting the bathroom and bedroom at both ends to divide the slot.

2.2 Design of Single Box Space Expansion Kit

The invention has flexible use, convenient transportation and strong adaptability to the environment; However, it is limited by space. Therefore, the space expansion kit of container deformation and stretching is an effective channel to increase the internal space of container and increase the functional adaptability of container building. Button residence is a way to expand container space. By integrating hydraulic and electronic control systems into the container structure, the container becomes a functional capsule that can be freely deployed and retracted. When the control button is pressed, the side plate and part of the top plate of the container, together with all kinds of furniture fixed on it, will be stretched, releasing functional furniture such as beds, kitchens, bathrooms, tables and chairs that are closely attached to each other and becoming an open-air living space. Although this kind of expanded house is temporarily uninhabitable, it provides an idea to expand the space utilization ability.

Single container can also be used as the basic unit of container assembly building and large container building. In the container student dormitory project of Australian National University, a 40-foot standard sea container was used as a building unit. Each single room is fully equipped, including bathroom unit module; Kitchen unit module, including induction cooker, microwave oven, oven, large-size single-door refrigerator, sink, water supply and drainage pipeline, operating table and other equipment; Workspace module, including bookshelf, desk, chair and broadband connection; Rest module, including single bed, storage space under the bed, wardrobe and other facilities; The room is also equipped with heating, TV, telephone and other facilities. At the same time, for the diversification of huxing, the adaptability of unit space to functional requirements is expanded through the connection of two units. The box is opened on one side near the corridor, the toilet module is placed near the entrance, and the pipeline well is close to the corridor, which is convenient for maintenance and management; There are kitchen facilities and a writing desk in the middle of the box, forming a wide area in the middle, where a pair of small tables and chairs are placed for dining; One end of the box far from the corridor is provided with a bedroom space, and a bookcase is hung above the bed; And open a small piece in the middle of the box as a balcony, which can make the room more integrated with nature and play a role in shading.

2.3 Forming of combined box

The adaptability of container architecture to functional space is not only the space utilization of a single box, but also the creation of more kinds of buildings and the unique artistic quality of container architecture through the combination of boxes. Modern container architecture has changed various architectural modes through adaptive transformation and combination. From residential buildings to long-span sports buildings; From small single-box buildings to large-scale combined buildings with hundreds of containers, the scale varies widely according to the needs of actual projects. It can be said that the development standard of container architecture design lies in the combination mode of container architecture and the expansion suite of space adaptation scope. The combination mode of container building directly depends on the size and type of space it can support. Different internal space scales correspond to different container combination design methods.

3. Concluding remarks

The application design of container architecture has been widely carried out abroad, but the research in this field is relatively few in China. At present, low-carbon economy has become a worldwide theme, and all countries are actively exploring ways to save energy and reduce emissions. As a new design concept, transforming containers into houses, offices or other buildings has become popular all over the world. Based on the architectural design concept of container transformation, combined with the "energy-saving" and "low-carbon" requirements of sustainable development buildings, this paper discusses the application of containers as architectural design elements with typical examples, and discusses its application in the architectural field by using the low cost, mobility and standardized design of container buildings, hoping to provide ideas and enlightenment for the development of low-carbon buildings.

References:

Zhou Jia. Research on Container Supply Management of APL South China Branch [D]. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2008

[2] Huang Ke. The container housing market is in the ascendant [J]. Containerization, 2008, (2)

[3] Sichuan Architectural Design Institute. Container Earthquake School [J]. World Architecture Herald, 2008, (4)

For the basic design requirements of public buildings, see General Principles for Civil Building Design.

What are the design requirements for fire elevators in high-rise civil buildings? The number of fire elevators in high-rise civil buildings shall meet the following requirements:

1 When the building area of each floor is not more than 1500m2, 1 unit shall be set. When 2 is greater than 1500m2 but not greater than 4500m2, two sets shall be set.

3 When it is more than 4500m2, three sets shall be set.

Fire elevator can be used with passenger elevator or work elevator, but it should meet the requirements of fire elevator.

The setting of fire elevator shall meet the following requirements:

1 Fire elevators shall be located in different fire compartment slots.

2 The fire elevator room should be provided with a front room, and its area: the residential building should not be less than 4.50m2；; * * * The public building should not be less than 6.00m2. When the front room is shared with the smoke-proof stairwell, its area: residential building should not be less than 6.00 m2; ; Public buildings should not be less than 10m2.

3 The front room of the fire elevator machine room should be set by the external wall. The first floor should have a direct outdoor exit or a passage with a length not exceeding 30m.

4 The door in the front room of the fire elevator room should be a Class B fire door or a fire shutter with stagnation function.

5 The load capacity of the fire elevator should not be less than 800kg.

6 Between the fire elevator shaft and machine room and other adjacent elevator shafts and machine rooms, a partition wall with a fire resistance limit of not less than 2.00h should be adopted. When opening the door on the partition wall, a Class A fire door should be set.

7 The running speed of the fire elevator shall be calculated and determined according to the execution time of no more than 60s from the first floor to the top floor.

8 Non-combustible materials should be used for interior decoration of fire elevator car.

9 waterproof measures should be taken for power and control cables and wires.

10 fire elevator car should be equipped with a dedicated telephone; And should be set on the first floor for firefighters dedicated operation button.

1 1 The front door of the fire elevator room should be equipped with water retaining facilities.

The bottom of the fire elevator should be equipped with drainage facilities, the volume of the drainage well should not be less than 2.00m3, and the displacement of the drainage pump should not be less than10l/s.

High-rise buildings below 1 shall be equipped with fire elevators: 1. 1 Class I public buildings. 1.2 tower residence. 1.3 12 and above units and corridor rooms. 1.4 Other Class II public buildings with a height exceeding 32m. 2. The number of fire elevators in high-rise buildings shall meet the following requirements: 2. 1 When the building area of each floor is not more than 1500m2, 1 set shall be set. 2.2 When it is greater than 1500m2 but not greater than 4500m2, two sets shall be set. 2.3 When it is more than 4500m2, three sets shall be set. 2.4 The fire elevator can be used with the passenger elevator or the work elevator at the same time, but it should meet the requirements of the fire elevator. 3. The setting of fire elevators shall meet the following requirements: 3. 1 Fire elevators shall be set in different fire zones. 3.2 The fire elevator room shall be provided with a front room, the area of which: the residential building shall not be less than 4.50m2；; * * * The public building should not be less than 6.00m2. When the front room is shared with the smoke-proof stairwell, its area: residential building should not be less than 6.00 m2; ; Public buildings should not be less than 10m2. 3.3 The front room of the fire elevator machine room should be set by the external wall. The first floor should have a direct outdoor exit or a passage with a length not exceeding 30m. 3.4 The door of the front room of the fire elevator room shall be Class B fire door or fire shutter with stagnation function. 3.5 The load capacity of the fire elevator shall not be less than 800kg. 3.6 The fire elevator shaft and machine room shall be separated from other adjacent elevator shafts and machine rooms by a partition wall with a fire resistance limit of not less than 2.00 h. When the door is opened on the partition wall, a Class A fire door shall be set. 3.7 The running speed of the fire elevator shall be calculated and determined according to the execution time of no more than 60s from the first floor to the top floor. 3.8 Non-combustible materials should be used for interior decoration of fire elevator car. 3.9 Waterproof measures should be taken for power and control cables and wires. 3. 10 fire elevator car should be equipped with a dedicated telephone; And should be set on the first floor for firefighters dedicated operation button. 3. 1 1 The front door of the fire elevator room shall be equipped with water retaining facilities. The bottom of the fire elevator should be equipped with drainage facilities, the volume of the drainage well should not be less than 2.00m3, and the displacement of the drainage pump should not be less than10l/s.

The toilet design of commercial buildings requires three subjects of the second-level constructor's examination, including two public subjects, Construction Management of Building Engineering, Regulations and Related Knowledge of Building Engineering and one professional subject, Professional Engineering Management and Practice. Practice is divided into six professional categories: construction engineering, highway engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering, municipal public works, mining engineering and electromechanical engineering.

What are the design requirements of outdoor fire water supply network in buildings? The design requirements of building outdoor fire water supply network are:

(1) The outdoor fire water supply network is arranged in a ring shape. In the early stage of construction, when the ring network is difficult to use, the branch network can be used, but the possibility of future ring network connection should be considered. At the same time, in units with large fire water consumption (such as fire water consumption exceeding 2OL/s), fire pools should be set up. In general residential buildings, enterprises and institutions, if the fire water consumption is not large, for example, the fire water consumption is less than 15L/s, and it is difficult to set up a ring pipe network, a branch pipe network can be used, and the fire brigade can take corresponding measures to ensure the safety of fire water.

(2) There should be no less than two main water pipes and water pipes supplying water to the circular pipe network. When one of them fails, the remaining main pipes should still be able to pass the total amount of fire water.

(3) In order to ensure the fire water supply and avoid the interruption of the water supply of the pipe network caused by the damage of individual pipe sections, the annular pipe is divided into several independent sections with no more than five fire hydrants in each section. The setting of fire dampers on the pipe network shall be based on the principle of "n-l" at the nodes of the pipe network (N is the number of pipe sections, for example, the number of valves to be set at the tee joint is 3- 1=2), and the number of fire hydrants on the pipe between two valves shall not exceed 5. If it exceeds 5, a fire damper should be added.

(4) When designing the outdoor fire water supply pipe network of enterprises and institutions, the fire water consumption of the fire point should be calculated according to the number of fires in the same time and arranged at the most unfavorable point of the pipe network. When the production and domestic water consumption reaches the maximum hourly flow, the second flow of fire water should still be guaranteed.

(5) The minimum diameter of outdoor fire water supply pipeline should not be less than100 mm. ..

(6) The velocity in the outdoor fire water supply pipeline should not be greater than 2.5m/s. ..

(7) When two independent water supply systems are set up for the fire fighting pipe network and the production pipe network in enterprises and institutions, under the premise of not causing production accidents, connecting pipes can be used to connect the low-pressure fire fighting pipe network and the production pipe network, or fire hydrants can be set on the production pipe network, and the production pipe network can be used as the standby water source for the fire fighting pipe network. However, when the production water is changed to fire water, the number of valve opening and closing should not exceed two times and should not exceed five minutes. It should be pointed out that in the design of fire water supply system, the water source of production pipe network should not be the main source of fire water, and the flow of fire water pipe network should still meet the requirements of water consumption.