16 years old, working as a scout in a relative's house.
190 1 year, he left home and went to Wuchang, where he was sent to study in Wuhu Academy, where he met Huang Xing. After that, he taught in a private school in Zhu Qiqian.
1March, 902, entered Nanjing Lushi School to study military affairs. Joined the Shanghai Patriotic Association the following year. In May, he was the chief editor of Shanghai Su Bao, because the newspaper published anti-Qing articles by Zhang Taiyan and others continuously. It was seized in July. In August, together with Chen Duxiu, Zhang Ji and others, he founded the National Daily and established the Mainland Book Translation and Printing Bureau. In the winter of the same year, he and Huang Xing organized the Huaxing Association to engage in anti-Qing activities.
1903 in April, the anti-Russian movement took place and students from various schools in Shanghai went on strike. Despite the dissuasion of Yu Mingzhen, the general manager of the school, Zhang led more than 30 Lushi students to Shanghai to attend a military-civilian education meeting organized by Cai Yuanpei and others to teach military science. Soon, he was hired as the chief editor of Shanghai Su Bao, and often made fierce revolutionary remarks, so he met Zhang Taiyan, Zhang Ji and Zou Rong, who were congenial and became brothers. Among the four brothers, Zhang Taiyan, Zhang Ji and Zou Rong all have books encouraging revolution. So Zhang compiled Thirty-three Years' Dream of Falling Flowers by Junichiro Miyazaki of Japan into a book "Great Revolutionist", and connected Sun's nickname "Zhongshan Bridge" with his surname. So in September of 1903, it was published under the pseudonym of Huang, and it was learned that Sun Yat-sen was valued in China. 1At the beginning of July, 903, the Qing government detained Su Bao and arrested seven people including Zhang Taiyan and Zou Rong. Zhang was lucky enough to get rid of the bias of Yu Mingzhen, Jiangsu alternate road and general manager of Lushi College who undertook the case, and did not pursue it. On August 7th, he founded the National Daily with Chen Duxiu, Zhang Ji and others, and continued to vigorously advocate the revolution. 1June 903,165438+1October, he and Huang Xing went from Shanghai to Changsha to prepare for the establishment of Huaxing Club.
1in February, 904, he and Yang Shouren established the Patriotic Association in Shanghai and served as the vice president. Yang Shouren is the president. 1In August, 904, Huaxing Society decided to hold an uprising in Changsha on1October 6. Zhang is setting up a secret office to help secretly. Because the machine is not secret, it failed without starting. On June+10, 5438, Huang Xing went to Shanghai to hold a meeting with Yang Shouren, Chen Tianhua, Zhang, Yang Du and others, and prepared to raise the banner of righteousness in Hubei and Nanjing. Later, more than ten people, including Zhang, were arrested for the destruction of the Huaxing Society, and the re-uprising plan failed to be realized. Zhang and others were rescued by Cai E, detained for more than 40 days and released on bail pending trial. People who were released from prison were afraid that the official would go further and rushed to Japan. 1905 went into exile in Japan and studied English in Tokyo regular schools. Looking back on the past, Zhang thought that he was "weak in talent", which brought trouble to his colleagues and made him feel guilty. 1In August, 905, the League was established in Tokyo, Japan, but it did not join the League and later did not join other political parties.
1907, went to study in Britain.
From 65438 to 0908, he entered the University of Aberdeen in England to study law, politics and logic. 1April, 909, he married Wu Ruonan, a Communist Youth League member, in London. After marriage, I went to the University of Aberdeen to study political economy and attack logic. During his stay in Britain, he often wrote articles for domestic newspapers, introducing the political theories of various factions in Western Europe, especially the theory of constitutionalism, which had a great influence on China's political circles at that time.
19 1 1 After the victory of Wuchang Uprising, Zhang returned from England with his family and gave heartfelt affirmation and support to Sun Yat-sen and the Revolution of 1911. At the invitation of Sun Yat-sen, Britain returned to China to preside over People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the League. Seeing that the alliance did not meet the standards of western political parties, it advocated "destroying the (old) theory of party building (new) party" in order to promote the cabinet system of political parties, which was opposed by the members of the alliance and was denounced as a "royalist party". Zhang resigned in a fit of pique and went north at the invitation of Yuan Shikai. Yuan gave a huge house and entrusted it to the president of Peking University.
1965438+arrived in Nanjing in the spring of 2002. At the invitation of Huang Xing and Yu Youren, he served as editor-in-chief of Shanghai People's Daily and consultant of Jiangsu Dudufu. In July, Zhang published the Political Party Organization Case in the Democratic Daily, advocating the dissolution of all the new political parties (including the League) in China at that time, and then divided them into two factions according to their political views, and they ran for election to win the majority of supporters to govern the country. This is the famous "theory of destroying the party building". This theory has been attacked by all sides, and there is great controversy within the alliance. In September of the same year, Zhang broke away from the Democratic Daily and Wang Wusheng to set up the Independent Weekly, continued to discuss current politics, and raised the question of whether the political system of the Republic of China should be French or American.
1965438+In March 2003, Yuan Shikai assassinated Jiao Ren of Song Dynasty and blamed it on Huang Xing. From this, Zhang saw that Yuan had a bad intention. He fled from Beijing to Shanghai, met Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, and was ordered by Sun Yat-sen to unite with Cen Chunxuan against Yuan and draft the Declaration of the Second Revolution. In July, Sun Yat-sen appointed him as the Secretary-General of Yuan Jun. After the failure of the "Second Revolution", Zhang felt desperate for the Japanese.
19 14 in may, he founded Jiayin monthly magazine in Tokyo with Chen Duxiu, Gu Zhongxiu and others. In the first issue, Zhang published an article, reiterating the idea of the two-party system and proposing that the ruling party should maintain progress through the stimulation of the opposition party. Zhang advocates innovation, opposes autocracy, advocates * * and opposes Yuan Shikai, but opposes violence and radical means. Criticizing the revolutionary party has the disadvantages of "good and bad", emphasizing the main tone and spirit. 19 14 published a series of articles about the political system, such as Federalism in Theory, claiming that federalism can achieve the purpose of revolution with the help of the power of public opinion, citing the theory of western languages and combining with the political reality of China, which is rigorous in grammar, full in theory and eye-catching. In July, he served as secretary of the European Affairs Research Association.
19 15 In the winter, Yuan Shikai publicly proclaimed himself emperor and began to protect the national army. In May, Zhaoqing Military Academy was established, and Zhang became the secretary-general of the Military Academy and concurrently served as the secretary-general of the Guangdong-Guangxi Commander-in-Chief. Yuan died in June and Li became president. Zhang stayed in Beijing as a member of parliament and was hired as a professor at Peking University Institute of Ethics at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei.
1965438+In May 2006, Zhaoqing Military Affairs Office was established as the Secretary-General and concurrently served as the Secretary-General of the Guangdong-Guangxi DuDu Command; In June, Li succeeded the president and went to Beijing to discuss the aftermath with Li.
1917 65438+10, Good News Weekly was published in Beijing. 19171month, at the invitation of Chen Duxiu, was hired as a professor at Peking University College of Literature to teach logic. And was elected to the House of Representatives. Zhang also recommended Li Dazhao and Yang Changji to teach in Peking University, and recommended Li Dazhao as the director of the Institute and the president of Peking University.
1965438+In May 2008, he served as Secretary General of the Guardian Military Government. The following year, he held a North-South Peace Conference in Shanghai and was elected as the representative of the South.
1920, Zhang immediately raised 20,000 silver dollars among celebrities in Shanghai's business circles and handed them all over. During the work-study program in France, Cai Hesen and I visited Zhang with Yang Changji's calligraphy and asked for funding. Zhang immediately gave the other party a huge sum of 20 thousand yuan, one for subsidizing students going to France and the other for revolutionary activities in Hunan.
192 1 In the spring of, I went to Europe to inspect politics and visited British scholars Wells, Bernard Shaw and Panty in London. After listening to other people's lectures, Zhang realized that agricultural countries are different from industrial countries.
1922165438+10, was appointed president of Beijing Agricultural University by the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government.
1922, people set up a youth league in Europe and entrusted Zhang to transport a printing machine from France to Germany, which is correct.
After the birth of the * * * Party in China, Zhang saw the future of China and the hope of the Chinese nation in the * * * Party, and his political inclination changed profoundly, becoming a friend of the * * * Party in China.
Leave Beijing for Shanghai in June. On June+10, 5438, Cao Kun was elected president by bribery, and then the editor-in-chief of Shanghai News Zhang wrote an article denouncing the members who accepted bribes.
1924, Duan came to power. Zhang advocated destroying the contract law and the Congress, so Duan invited Zhang to go north. Zhang, 44, joined the Beiyang Warlords Group. Duan suggested that he should serve as president and prime minister in the name of "temporary ruling" and appoint Zhang as chief justice.
1925 In April, Zhang was appointed Minister of Education. After Zhang took office, he declared that he wanted to rectify the style of study, announced the unified examination for universities, and merged eight universities in Beijing, which caused opposition from progressives and young students in education. On April 9, the whole school students gathered to petition for the removal of Zhang. Zhang Sui resigned and went to Shanghai. After Duan's persuasion, he resumed the post of Chief Justice. In July, Jiayin Weekly was published to oppose the New Culture Movement. At the end of July, Zhang was appointed as the chief of education and asked him to continue to "rectify" the style of study. Despite the people's opposition, Zhang replaced a group of university presidents who opposed him. /kloc-in August, 2000, he sent armed police to escort Yang Yinyu, president of Beijing Normal University, to take office in the school, and then ordered the dissolution of the "Women Normal University" to suppress the patriotic student movement. Zhang Yin's Jiayin magazine was used as a speech position to rectify the style of study. A tiger was painted on the cover of Jiayin, which was then called "the chief tiger".
1926, during the "March 18th" tragedy, Zhang was appointed as the Secretary-General of Duan government. After being expelled by the national army, Zhang left Tianjin and continued to publish Jiayin Weekly in the Japanese concession. Zhang borrowed a magazine to emphasize his opposition to the New Literature Movement and the New Culture Movement, to vernacular Chinese and to Europeanization, which attracted a lot of criticism, but he still went his own way. Lu Xun's article called Duan and Zhang "Reservoir Dogs", which made them notorious.
1927 In April, Comrade Li Dazhao was arrested by warlords in Beijing, and he ran around to rescue him. 1928 After the National Revolutionary Army regained Beijing, it was wanted because it was a senior official in charge of the government, so it went to Europe.
1930 was hired by Zhang Xueliang to return to China as a professor at the College of Literature of Northeastern University in Shenyang, and served as dean the following year. After the "September 18th Incident", Zhang returned to Shanghai as a guest of Du, and soon officially listed as a lawyer.
1932 10, Chen Duxiu and others were arrested by the Kuomintang government in Shanghai. He volunteered to defend Chen and asked the court to acquit Chen. His "complaint" focused on the theory that the government should tolerate different political parties, and its strength shocked the court and was published in Chinese and foreign newspapers.
From 65438 to 0934, he served as Dean of Shanghai Law School, and successively served as President of Beijing Mingde University, Beijing Agricultural University and Dean of Shanghai University of Political Science and Law. Cen Chunxuan and other southwest warlords pushed out Sun Yat-sen and manipulated the military government of South Protector, with Cen as president and Zhang as secretary-general.
1April, 937, he was appointed as a member of the government affairs committee and chairman of the legal affairs committee of Jicha.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he stayed in the Shanghai Concession. In March of the following year, the Nanjing "Reform" puppet government was established. The traitor Liang Hongzhi lured Zhang into the partnership, but Zhang refused. Soon, Du sent someone to pick him up, and Zhang was transferred from Hong Kong to Chongqing, and the National Government made him a "senator".
1938 from June to present, he has been a member of the first, second, third and fourth sessions of the National Political Consultative Conference.
1943 The Essence of Logic was published in Chongqing.
1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, President Mao Zedong went to Chongqing to negotiate with the Kuomintang on postwar issues. After the signing of the "Double Ten" agreement, Mao was stranded in Chongqing because of something. He held talks with Chiang Kai-shek in Chongqing and asked Zhang for his opinion on the current situation. Zhang wrote the word "go" in his hand, whispered "36 plans, go first", and advised Mao to get out of danger quickly. 1946 returned to Shanghai to teach at Tongji University Law School and continue to be a lawyer; In the same year, 1 1 was elected as a representative of the Constitutional National Assembly.
1948 After the constitution was enacted, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Yuan.
In the later period of the Liberation War, as a representative of the "Shanghai Peace Delegation" and an informal representative of the Nanjing government peace negotiation delegation, he ran for the cooperation of the country.
Chiang Kai-shek stepped down. Acting President Li Zongren wanted to explore the possibility of peace talks with China, but invited Zhang, Jiang Yong and Yan Huiqing. After Zhang returned to Shanghai, he made a special trip to Nanjing to meet Cheng Qian, director of Changsha appeasement office and chairman of Hunan provincial government. He introduced the interview to Cheng, conveyed Mao's expectation for peace, and played a certain role in eliminating Cheng's doubts about "punishing war criminals". On March 25th, Li Zongren decided to formally set up a delegation, and sent representatives from Zhang Zhizhong and Zhang Wei to Beiping for peace talks with China on April 1 day. On April 22nd, the peace talks broke down, and Zhang, Shao and Zhang stayed in Beiping. Later, he went to Hong Kong. In June of the same year, Cheng Qian sent a delegation to Hong Kong to meet Zhang. Cheng wrote a letter to Cheng Qian, conveying the expectation of Cheng's peaceful uprising and Zhong's enthusiastic attitude towards General Chen Mingren, and persuading Cheng and Chen to revolt.
1April, 949, Li Zongren was appointed by the acting president to come to Peiping with Shao Lizi, Zhang Zhizhong, Liu Fei, etc. to hold peace talks with China's * * * production party. Because the Kuomintang government refused to sign the agreement drafted by the representatives of both sides, it stayed in Beiping. Then go to Hong Kong; In June, Cheng Qian wrote to persuade Cheng and Chen (Chen Mingren) to rebel. In September, at the invitation of China Producers' Party, he attended the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference held in founding ceremony. Settled in Beijing from then on. After the founding of New China, he served as a member of the Political and Legal Committee of the State Council, and was elected as a member of the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and a member of the Standing Committee of the second and third National Committees. Elected as the representative of the first, second and third National People's Congress and the member of the third the NPC Standing Committee.
1951July was appointed as the deputy curator of central research institute of culture and history.
1952, he signed a letter with Ye Gongchuo and others to Mao Zedong, calling for the protection of the tomb of Yuan Chonghuan, a national hero in the old and new Yiyuan Garden in Beijing and Guangdong, in order to preserve Yuan's tomb.
1955, 1958 and 1960 were ordered to contact Taiwan Province province three times to discuss the issue of cross-strait reunification.
1957, during the rectification movement in China, Zhang made a remark that "things will rot, and then worms will grow" and was ordered to review. Only with Mao Zedong's intervention can he be released.
1959 10, as a curator. He spent most of his later years studying literature and history, and taught Liu Wen in the Department of Chinese Teaching and Research of China Renmin University. So, according to his own research experience, he collected a book called Liu.
196 1 year, the country was poor and the people were in difficulties. In the name of "paying back the money and returning the profits", Mao gave Zhang 2000 yuan every year on the second day of the first month to solve their difficulties, which lasted for ten years.
1963, Mao's seventieth birthday, set up a family banquet for Zhang, Cheng Qian, and to Zhongnanhai, each with a son.
1965, the debate on the authenticity of Preface to Lanting Collection was passed. Because of refuting Guo Moruo's article, Zhang Xiangmao recommended Gao Wen.
During the "Cultural Revolution", when the rebel directed at the "Liu Deng Command", he was full of worries about the future of the country, regardless of his personal safety, and frankly wrote to the chairman, intending to turn the tide. At the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", Zhang was criticized for his property problems. Zhang wrote to Mao, who asked to take over the seal and go to 30 1 hospital for protection. Zhang was very concerned about his fate. He wrote to Mao and Liu to mediate and asked Mao to offer a humble apology for his Lin Xiangru story, so as to unite Mao, but his death was broken by the cruel reality. From then on, I devoted myself to sorting out Liu Yao Wenzhi, and with Mao's support, it was published in 197 1, which was a rare special case in the Cultural Revolution.
What I look forward to most in my later years is the peaceful reunification of the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. Therefore, regardless of my age of 92, I went to Hong Kong to resume contact with Taiwan Province Province, and finally died in Hong Kong, making my final contribution to the great cause of peaceful reunification between the two sides of the strait.
1973, Zhang came uninvited for the fourth time. He wanted to talk with Taiwan Province Province about the cause of cross-strait reunification, but he died before he finished his work. At the age of 92. When the memorial service was held in Beijing, Deng Xiaoping, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian and others attended the ceremony.