The development of capitalism needs more commodity sales markets and raw materials producing areas. At this time, China was in the late stage of agricultural civilization, with political corruption, the dominant natural economy and closed mind, showing signs of decline and becoming the target of aggression by capitalist countries. The corrupt social system can't resist the emerging capitalism. 1840~ 1842 The failure of the Opium War opened the door to China's "closed door" and gradually reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The Opium War became a turning point in the history of China, marking the beginning of the modern history of China. The failure of the Opium War awakened the advanced people in China, and the landlord class intellectuals, represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, put forward a new idea of learning from the West.
The Second Opium War (65438+1950s) was an era of rapid development of world capitalism. Expanding foreign markets and plundering colonies became the common aspiration of capitalist countries at that time. Due to China's natural economy, the dumping of capitalist goods has not achieved the expected results.
In order to further open the China market, Britain and France jointly launched the Second Opium War. The Second Opium War deepened the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China, China lost more territory and * * *, the invasion of foreign capitalism deepened, and China gradually became a foreign commodity market and raw material producing area.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was finally triggered by the intensification of class contradictions in China and the invasion of foreign capitalism. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was the highest peak of the peasant war in China, shouldering the dual tasks of anti-feudalism and anti-aggression, which accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty and feudal system.
Due to the limitations of the peasant class and the joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement dealt a heavy blow to the Qing Dynasty and stopped the colonization of China.
1860~ 1879 Westernization Movement 19 In the 1960s, the economies of European capitalist countries continued to develop. In order to obtain more aggressive interests, they stepped up their economic aggression against China, which made China involved in the capitalist world market. The popular uprising in China is still going on, and the border crisis is everywhere.
Faced with domestic troubles and foreign invasion, the landlord class Westernization School set off the Westernization Movement. The Westernization Movement didn't make China prosperous, but it introduced advanced western science and technology and trained a group of new talents.
The Westernization Movement started the process of industrialization in China and played a certain role in promoting the development of Chinese national capitalism. 1880~ 1899 Sino-French War1At the end of the 9th century, world capitalism changed from a stage of free competition to a stage of monopoly.
In order to meet the requirements of the monopoly bourgeoisie, capitalist powers have stepped up their struggle for commodity markets, raw material producing areas, capital exporting areas and colonies. China, with its vast territory, became the main target of their struggle. China border crisis, France launched the Sino-French war.
The Qing Dynasty * * * won the peace by signing the Sino-French New Testament with France, seized Vietnam and opened the gateway to the southwest of China. The Sino-French War fully exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty, and * * * undermined the ambitions of the great powers to further invade China.
After Meiji Restoration, capitalism developed in Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Due to the narrow domestic market and sharp domestic class contradictions, Japan urgently needs to find a way out from aggression and expansion. Therefore, a "continental policy" centered on the invasion of China was formulated and the Sino-Japanese War was launched.
This is the first foreign war with modern significance in form and content in China's modern history, and its main symbol is the appearance and competition of navy. China's fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War declared the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement.
The signing of treaty of shimonoseki reflects the imperialist demand for capital export and world division of labor. The invasion of China by foreign capitalism has entered a new stage, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the invasion of China by foreign powers has changed from commodity export to capital export. They not only controlled the economic lifeline of China, but also stepped up their political aggression against China in an attempt to carve up the territory of China. The national crisis in China is unprecedented.
At the end of 19, China's national capitalism had a preliminary development, the national bourgeoisie, as a new political force, stepped onto the historical stage, and the bourgeois reformists set off a reform movement to save the nation and survive. This is a political movement of patriotism and national salvation carried out by the bourgeois reformists, and it is also a bourgeois reform movement.
Although the political reform finally failed, it publicized the bourgeois reform thought, formed the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China, and promoted the awakening of the people in China. At the end of the Boxer Rebellion 19, imperialism set off a wave to carve up China. The national crisis in China is serious, and the activities of foreign missionary forces are rampant. The peasant class launched the boxer movement.
The tenacious struggle between the Boxer Rebellion and imperialism embodies the spirit of the Chinese nation's brave struggle and shattered the imperialist plan to carve up China. However, due to the limitations of the peasant class and the joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Boxer Movement failed.
This is a clear-cut anti-imperialist patriotic movement, and it is the peak of Japanese people's anti-aggression and anti-partition after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. 1900~ 19 19 Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China. After the western capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism, the demand for foreign aggression turned into capital export and dividing up the world.
In order to oppose foreign aggression, the people of China launched a vigorous Boxer movement, and Qing attempted to take advantage of the Boxer's foreign aggression. Britain, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, the United States, Austria, Italy and other countries jointly launched a war of aggression against China in order to suppress the resistance struggle of the China people and force the Qing Dynasty to yield.
This war suppressed the resistance struggle of the people of China, forced the Qing Dynasty to yield completely, and signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with 11 western countries, which plunged China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal abyss. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China.
After the "Xin Chou Treaty" entered the stage of imperialism, capital export became the same requirement for foreign aggression of western capitalist countries. In the process of invading China, we met with strong resistance from the people of China.
Therefore, the consciousness of western capitalist countries.
2. Are there any detailed books about the history of the War of Liberation? A brief introduction to the history of China people's war.
Authors: teaching and research section
Book publishing house: teaching and research section
Book appearance: 9 appearance of finished products
Inventory: 1 copy
Book price: 10.00 yuan
Book category: history
Book label: * * Brief introduction of China People's War History Teaching and Research Section.
Date of submission: 20 10-0 1-04
Publication time: 1985 Printing time: 1985
Format: 16 format: 30 pages
Binding: paperback