There are four common special sentence patterns in junior middle school classical Chinese: judgment sentence, ellipsis sentence, passive sentence and inversion sentence.

First of all, the verdict

Sentences that affirm or deny objective things and constitute the relationship between judgment and judgment are called judgment sentences. Usually consists of the following ways:

1. Judgment sentences expressed by function words with certain sentence patterns, such as loanwords such as "zhe" and "ye".

(l) Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, also wrote Chen She's Family.

(2) the war, courage also "Cao Gui debate".

(3) Surrounding all the mountains of the Chu River, it is also called Zuiweng Pavilion.

(4) Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a beauty of Qi. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi.

With the help of words such as "Nai", "Yes", "Wei", "Ze", "Xi" and "Ben".

(1) Fu Su's Chen She Family

(2) Si's Humble Room Ming is Humble Room Ming.

(3) Xiang Yan is a general of Chu, Chen She family.

(4) This is also the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

(5) This is an example of Minister Zhen Liang's death.

(6) I am a cloth "model"

(7) This honest autumn is also a model.

3. Omitting "zhe" and "ye" and using nouns or noun phrases as predicates to express judgment is also a form of judging sentences in classical Chinese.

(1) Qilu Ku's Book of the Son of Heaven and Huang Sheng's Borrowing Books

(2) "Huang Sheng Borrowing Books", sweating and rich.

Second, ellipsis

Some sentences omit some components in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called ellipsis. Ellipsis in ancient Chinese is common in the following forms:

1. Subject omitted

(1) There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou. [Snake] Black and white, printed with "snake catcher's statement".

(2) [Peach Blossom Spring middleman] "Seeing the Fisherman" is a big surprise "Peach Blossom Spring"

2. Predicate ellipsis

(1) mustered up the momentum, then [drummed] and declined, and finally [drummed] and tired Cao Gui debate.

(2) Chen She established himself as a general and took Guangwu as his surname, Chen She family.

3. Object ellipsis

(l) Ambassador [Fu Su] Foreign generals "Chen She family"

(2) It is necessary for the fisherman to return to the home of Taohuayuan.

4. Preposition ellipsis

(l) The "Chen She family" in the belly of fish.

(2) Wu Lingren's Peach Blossom Spring is about fishing.

Third, passive sentences

In ancient Chinese, narrative sentences with passive subject-predicate relationship are called passive sentences. There are usually the following forms:

Use "for ……" and "for" to express passivity.

(1) Print "Trapp" obtained for Quncong.

(2) villages suffering from "early Zhou"

(3) Erchong tried his best to swallow "the fun of childhood"

2. Use "Wei+verb" to express passivity.

(1) Most of Wu Guangsu's lovers and foot soldiers are users "Chen She family".

(2) the rabbit can't be recovered, but just like Song's Waiting for the Rabbit.

3. Use "Yu" to express passivity.

(1) only humiliated by the slave "Ma Shuo"

(2) Thanks to "Le Gong Luo Cheng" by Wu Zong.

Fourth, inverted sentences

Inverted sentences in modern Chinese are to meet the needs of rhetorical expression, but in ancient times, inverted sentences were normal syntax, so appropriate adjustments should sometimes be made in classical Chinese translation. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following forms:

1. verb inversion

(1) What a pity! You don't appreciate Yugong Yishan.

(2) What is sad for the world is "the overseas Chinese of the public offer their pianos".

2. Preposition object

A. Use the auxiliary word "zhi" to advance the object

He Luzhi has "Humble Room Inscription"

B. interrogative pronouns are used as objects and placed in front of verbs or prepositions.

Who will return to Yueyang Tower?

3. Attributive postposition

"Zhe" is often used as a marker in translation and placed before nouns.

(1) The records of the nuclear ship were written by those who stamped and narrowed the peach pit.

(2) A Ma Qianli, what you eat or do is all millet and stone "Ma Shuo"

(3) He led his children, grandchildren and grandchildren to form a "Yugong Yishan".

4. Postposition of prepositions and object phrases

It is equivalent to the adverbial of modern Chinese, and it should be placed before the predicate when translating.

(1) Throw a bone on the wolf.

(2) Debate against Cao Gui.

(3) The "Chen She Family" who offered sacrifices to Wei Shou.

The above four special sentence patterns of classical Chinese are often encountered in junior high school classical Chinese learning. Mastering the usage of these special sentence patterns is of great help to improve our reading ability of classical Chinese.

Special sentence patterns in classical Chinese

passive sentence

The so-called passivity means that the relationship between subject and place is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior expressed by the verb, not the active and implementer.

Passive with "for" table.

"If you die, you will smile for the world." (... laughed at by everyone)

Passive belt "quilt" table

"If you are loyal and slandered, can you complain?" (loyalty is vilified by others, can you not resent it? )

Passive use of "look" table

"... only see cheating" (... cheated for nothing)

Use "Yu" to indicate passivity.

"subject to people" (controlled by people)

"Can't tolerate distance." (The neighborhood can't stand it)

In classical Chinese, the subject of a passive sentence is the passivity and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the initiative and agent. There are two main types of passive sentences in ancient Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences.

Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms:

After the verb, the preposition "Yu" indicates passivity, and "Yu" plays a leading role in the action. For example, "So, I was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally." (Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here are what Zhang Yi did after "Yu".

Sometimes, the preposition "Yu" or the verb is preceded by "Shou" to form the form of "Shou" ... Yu ... "is passive. For example, "I can't raise Wu Jin's land, I am subject to others." (Purple Tongzhi Sword)

Use "Jian", "Yu" and "Jian ... Yu ..." tables to be passive. For example, "Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, but seeing bullying." (Historical Records. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) "I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king and lose my Zhao." (ditto) "Violence is found in kings." ("Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia")

"Jian" has a special usage, which is very similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as: "Ji Junshi may see anger." The word "see" is not passive here, it is a polite way to show how you are before you release the verb, just like "forgive me" in modern Chinese. Use "for" or "for" .................................................................................................................................................................... table passively. For example, "(the giant) is in a distant county,

Will merge with others. "("History as a Mirror ")

Use "quilt" to show passivity. For example, "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested in Ding Mao's hope in March." (Zhang Pu's Tomb Monument of Five People) An unmarked passive sentence refers to a passive sentence without passive verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attach symbols to force soldiers to take advantage of the situation." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "forced by military intelligence" means "forced by military intelligence".

passive sentence

Passive sentences are sentences that express passive meanings. In classical Chinese, some prepositions are often used to express passivity.

1. Take the prepositions "Yu" and "Suffering" as examples:

Then today's high ranking is obvious. Once you make amends, or escape, you can't tolerate it. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")

The six arts are all spread in Zhizhi, regardless of the times, learning from each other's strengths. (Han Yu, Shi Shuo)

I can't afford to support the whole kingdom of Wu, hundreds of thousands of people, subject to people. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")

Step 2 use "for" and "for"

For example:

And its decline, dozens of actors trapped, the country died and died, laughing at the world. (Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Lingguan)

Wu Guang loves his wife, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")

If you don't leave soon today, you may be the first to go. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")

There is such a trend, and it was robbed by Qin people. (Su Xun's "Six Kingdoms")

If you don't, if you belong to all, you will be captured. (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")

3. For example, use "see" and "see" in:

When can I see it? Can I see it? (Cao Pi and Wu's Quality Book)

My parents laugh at generous families. ("Zhuangzi Qiushui")

4. Use the preposition "Bei" to express passivity. For example:

To commemorate the arrest of Duke Zhou. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")

All the assistants are tied up. ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu Huannan County Good Hunting")

5. The verb itself is passive. This is an ideological passive sentence that needs to be judged according to the context. For example:

The creeping weeds are still unstoppable. Where's Kuang Jun's pet brother? ("Zuo Zhuan Zheng Boke Duan Yan Yu")

Fu Shuo was raised between buildings, and glue was raised in fish and salt ... ("Mencius was born in sorrow and died in happiness")

Judgement

Judging from the table of "zhe … ye"

"Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people also." (Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng)

"Fang, the stationmaster of China Xiaozhan." (Fang can be the stationmaster of Chinese website)

"Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also." (Lian Po is a good soldier of Zhao)

At the end of the sentence, use "ye" to judge.

"Xu Gong in the north of the city is also the beauty of Qi." (Duke Xu in the north of the city is a beauty of Qi)

"Before, a genius." (You can be a genius)

Judging from the "zhe" table

"Fang Zhe Ke is from China." (Only, from China)

Judging from the "yes" table

"Managing money for the world is not for profit." (... can't say it's to make money)

Judging from the "Nye" table

"It's a wolf." (This is a wolf)

"Computers are high-tech equipment." Computer is a kind of high-tech equipment.

The most striking feature of classical Chinese judgment sentences is that they are basically not expressed by judgment sentences, and nouns or noun phrases are often directly used as predicates to judge the subject. Their sentence patterns are as follows:

"..., ... also. "This is the most common form of judgment in classical Chinese. Using "zhe" after the subject indicates Teton, which has the function of easing the tone. Using "ye" after the predicate ends the sentence and makes a positive judgment or explanation on the subject. Such as: "Chen She people, Yangcheng people also." (Historical Records. "World Man")

"..., ... also. In the judgment sentence, sometimes "zhe" and "ye" do not necessarily appear at the same time. Generally, only "ye" is used to judge the omitted sentence. For example, "Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, but he is actually a Han thief." (Purple Tongzhi Sword)

"..., ..." Some sentences only use "zhe" after the subject to express Teton, which is not common. Such as: four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father, your father, An Shangchun's father (Wang Anshi's Travel Notes of Baochan)

"... no one. At the end of the sentence, the modal particle "this also" is used to strengthen the positive tone. At this time, the "zhe" does not mean Teton, but only acts as an agent. This kind of judgment sentence is also very common in classical Chinese. Such as: "Xu Gong is in the north of the city, and the beauty of Qi is also." ("Warring States Policy". Qice ")

An unsigned judgment. Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) In addition, in classical Chinese, adverbs such as "Nai, Bi, Yi, that is, sincerity, completeness, then" are often added before verb predicates in order to strengthen the judgment mood.

It should be noted that the "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but an indicative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always mean judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in pre-Qin ancient Chinese, but more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty. Also, the adverb added before the positive judgment predicate and the negative adverb "Fei" added before the negative judgment predicate are not judgment words.

A judgment sentence is a sentence that makes a positive or negative judgment on the nature, situation and relationship of things. The following forms are commonly used in classical Chinese to express judgments.

1. Use "zhe" or "zhe" table to judge. This is a typical form of judgment in classical Chinese. Useful words are "… zhe, … ye", in which "zhe" means pause and "ye" means judgment; There is a single use of "zhe" or "ye"; There is also a "this also" at the end of the sentence.

For example:

Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")

Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. (Han Yu, Shi Shuo)

Four people, Lu's, Changle Wang's father, ... (Wang Anshi's Travel Notes of Baochan)

Jixuan, Qiannan attic. (Gui Youguang's Selected Records of Ji Xiang)

It takes courage to fight. ("Zuo Zhuan Cao Sentence Debate")

Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. (Zhou Dunyi's On Ailian)

2. Use adverbs such as "Nai", "Ze", "Namely", "Du" and "Er" to judge. This form is also more common. For example:

It was childe Sue standing at that time. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")

This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")

Even those who happened to be in the grave today. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")

Husband and Qin six countries are princes. (Su Xun's "Six Kingdoms")

3. Use the verbs "for" and "yes" to judge. Among them, we should pay attention to the difference between "Shi" and "Shi" used as a pronoun. For example:

So now there are five people in the tomb. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")

Nowadays, man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")

You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. (Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden)

Giants are mortals, who are in distant counties and will be merged. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")

The sound of stones is everywhere. (Pronouns, like this) (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection)

4. Use negative adverb "Fei" to express negative judgment. For example:

Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin (Su Xun's "On Six Countries")

The city is not high, the pool is not deep, and the soldiers are not bloody ... ("Mencius, Tao helps more, Tao helps less".

5. Express judgment directly. Neither judgment words nor modal particles are used, and the judgment is made directly through semantic expression. For example:

Liu Bei is a world hero. (Sima Guang "Battle of Red Cliffs")

Liu Yuzhou's royal stomach. (same as above)

Adverbial Postposition \ Attributive Postposition

Adverbials in modern Chinese are placed before predicates, and if they are placed after predicates, they are complements. But in classical Chinese, the elements in complement are often understood by adverbials.

For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight against Hebei and ministers fight against Henan." "Playing Henan" means "playing (in) Henan" and should be understood as "playing Henan". Popularization of knitting: "Covering with the palm" means "covering with the palm" and should be understood as "covering (crickets) with the palm".

In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributive being placed after the head word and quantifier modifying nouns being placed after nouns. Because it is not commonly used, it is not indicated.

Attributive post

In classical Chinese, some modified attributes are often placed after the head word. For example:

Then he led his descendants to take three husbands. ("Liezi Gong Yu Yishan")

How many people are unable to realize their ambitions during the castration, and how many in the world? (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")

The sound of stones is everywhere. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)

4. Preposition structure is postposition. In modern Chinese, prepositional structure is often placed before verbs as adverbials, while in ancient Chinese, prepositional structure is often placed after complements. For example:

Green comes from blue, and green is blue. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning")

Put two stones on the pool. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)

A gentleman is knowledgeable, but he can help himself. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning")

Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. (Han Yu, Shi Shuo)

Alliance altar, sacrifice to the captain. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")

Verb inversion

In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject. This is only because of the need of language expression. For example, "It's a pity that you are not good (wise)!" In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributives placed after the head words and quantifiers to modify nouns placed after nouns.

Hey! If Yanzi's family is poor! ("Yan Zi Chun Qiu Yan Zi Ci Qian Jin")

Preposition object

Pronoun preposition object in negative sentences

This prepositional object must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, it must be a negative sentence, expressed by negative words such as "no", "no" and "mo". In this case, pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words.

For example, Say: "When I was three years old, I was willing to take care of you." "Don't care about me" should be understood as "Don't care about me".

Pronoun preposition object in interrogative sentences

In classical Chinese, interrogative pronouns such as Who, He, Xi and An are often used before verbs.

For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Liang asked,' What is your majesty doing here?" "Fuck" should be understood as "fuck".

Preposition preposition object

In modern Chinese, prepositions are followed by objects to form an object-object structure, which is used to modify verb predicates. In classical Chinese, the preposition object is often placed before the preposition, forming the phenomenon of inverted sentences.

For example: "Yueyang Tower": "Guess! Who is Weiss? " "To whom" should be understood as "to whom".

Common prepositional object

In general, prepositional objects, everyone should pay attention to language sense.

Preposition object

In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the object will be placed in front. The conditions are as follows: 1. In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects and prepositional objects. In this kind of sentence, the object of a preposition is also a preposition. Such as: "Is Pei Hongan there?" The key of this kind of sentence is interrogative pronouns (such as who, he, die, Hu, evil, An, Yan, etc. It is worth noting that the object of the preposition "one" is active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be prepositioned. For example, "the rest is to remember it and let people who observe it get it." (Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher) The word "yes" is a general pronoun, but it is also a preposition. Second, in classical Chinese negative sentences, pronouns are used as objects and prepositions are used as objects. There are two points to pay attention to in this kind of sentence. One is negative sentences (there must be negative words such as "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "nothing" and "nothing" in general sentences); Second, pronouns are used as objects. For example, "it is impossible for people to make promises." (Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang) The normal word order should be "It is impossible for people to make promises." Third, use "zhi" or "Shi" to bring the object before the verb in advance to emphasize the object. At this time, "zhi" is only a symbol of prepositional object, and it has no real meaning. For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it." (Han Yu's Shi Shuo) Sometimes a range adverb "Wei" can be added before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei" ... Yes ... ". Such as: "mercenary", "obedient" and so on. Fourthly, in addition to the first case, there is another case where preposition preposition objects are sometimes prepositioned when locative words and time words are used as objects; For example, "Ye Wen is sitting in the south." (Historical Records of Xiang Yu) means "Ye Wen sits facing south"

Preposition object

Preposition objects are common, and there are several situations. First, pronouns are used as objects in negative sentences, prepositional object.

People in ancient times were not bullied. (Don't bully me) (Shi Zhongshan of Su Shi).

When the weather is cold, the water in the salt pond freezes into ice and I can't stretch my fingers. I still don't relax reading. (Fu Zhi Zhi) (Song Lian's "Preface to Dongyang" 9)

First, the pronouns in interrogative sentences are the objects of verbs or prepositions, and the objects come first. For example:

What is the king doing here? (Fuck) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet)

Pei Hongan is here? (In Ann) (ditto)

Why do children rely on it? (Stone Crane) (Peng Duanshu's "Learning")

Wes, who are we going home with? (With whom) (Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower)

Why else would this book be here? (Why) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet)

One is to use "zhi" or "yes" to put prepositional object. For example:

I don't know what to look at, but I'm confused. (I don't know how to read a word, I don't understand it) (On Teacher Han Yu)

Profit-seeking (profit)