The study of ancient genealogy and surnames in China is well developed. Genealogy is a subject that specializes in genealogy and genealogy. "Genealogy" is a book genre that records the reproduction of family lineage and the deeds of its own people in the form of genealogy. There are also many related books. According to the existing materials and research status, the process of China's genealogy can be roughly divided into two stages, namely, the embryonic stage of Shang Dynasty (1500- 1000 BC) and the formation stage of Western Zhou Dynasty (1000-800 BC). There were some simple genealogical tables in Shang Dynasty, which were the rudiments of genealogy. A relatively complete and mature genealogy was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The genealogy and genealogy mentioned by Sima Qian all happened after the week. By the Spring and Autumn Period, genealogy was quite popular, but because this kind of thing is not a special work, there is not even one that has been circulated today.
Written by Zheng Qiao, a famous historian of Putian in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was written in the 31st year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (1 16 1). Tongzhi is a general history book with 200 volumes, among which the first genealogy is a monograph on the study and discussion of surnames, and * * * contains 2255 surnames.
In addition, Zheng Qiao is also a famous scholar in the study of surnames in China, and he has written books on surnames such as Genealogy, Origin and Rhyme.
This 40-volume encyclopedia of ancient and modern surnames was written by Deng, followed by his son Chunshou. This book collects the documents of surnames before and after the Song Dynasty, and makes a detailed or slight textual research on the origins, counties, celebrities and circulation of surnames that can be seen at that time, leaving valuable documents for future generations to study surnames. It is a masterpiece of surname research in Song Dynasty and an important work of genealogy of ancient surnames in China. Deng was dissatisfied with the predecessors and most of the surname research at that time stayed in the current situation of recording surnames, but took it as his responsibility to verify the authenticity of surname documents, hoping to clean up the achievements of previous surname research and make some academic innovations. His purpose is to compile a complete collection of ancient and modern surnames, so "eloquence" has become a major feature of this book. After the advent of dialectics, it has been highly valued by contemporary scholars and has had a far-reaching impact on the study of surnames in later generations. Zhu's school praised Deng's "knowledge of the world, one surname, detailed examination and false cover", and his "Urgent Chapter on Surnames" and "Students with Learning Difficulties" were all quoted by Deng Zhu. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Tongzhi was compiled and continued, and Genealogy was supplemented by dialectics. Among the existing genealogical documents of surnames, Dialectics of Surnames in Ancient and Modern Times, Collection of Surnames in Yuanhe and Genealogy of Tongzhi by Deng Zhu occupy an important position.
Compilation of Yuanhe Surnames is a monograph on genealogy of surnames of China in Tang Dynasty. Originally 10, there are now 10 and 18 volumes. Li Jifu, Prime Minister of Tang Xianzong, ordered Lin Bao to compile this book, which was completed in the seventh year of Yuanhe (8 12).
Genealogy flourished in history for a while, and then disappeared with the disintegration of patriarchal clan system. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties (AD 200-300), genealogy became popular again after the formation of the aristocratic family system, but it was different from the genealogy of the Western Zhou Dynasty in content and form. At this time, there are three main forms of literature called "genealogy":
The first is "family biography", which is the most elementary form. When a family is prosperous in a place, there must be several people who have made outstanding contributions to the development of this family, or who used to be important officials of the court or government officials. Their descendants will make biographies for them, commend their achievements and show their family identity. Such as: Xun's family biography, Yuan's family biography (Runan), Pei's family biography (Hedong), Chu's family biography (Yang Zhai), Xie Cheqi's family biography (Chen Jun) and so on.
The second form of genealogy is "genealogy", or genealogy of single surname, with one copy for each family. A genealogy is a biography, not a genealogy. It can only record the deeds of family celebrities, not all of them. It is impossible to find out the blood relationship of all family members by family genealogy alone. Therefore, based on family genealogy, some people connect all ethnic groups, including celebrities and non-celebrities, and indicate their blood relationship. This is a family tree. For example, Pei Songzhi's Notes on the Three Kingdoms: Cui Shi's genealogy (Boling), Guo's genealogy (Taiyuan), Chen's genealogy (Banchuan), Ji's genealogy (Qiaoxian), Ruan's genealogy () and Wang's genealogy (Taiyuan); Notes in Shi Shuo Xin Yu include Wang (Langya), Yuan Century (Runan), Wang's genealogy (Donghai), Xun's genealogy (Yingchuan), Xie's genealogy (Chenjun), Yang's genealogy (Taishan) and Gu's genealogy.
The third form of genealogy, which is also the highest and most typical form, is the book-like genealogy, which was later called Hundred Family Genealogy, Southeast Genealogy, Eighteen States Genealogy, All over the World Genealogy, One County Genealogy and so on. Family genealogy and genealogy are written by private individuals and have no legal effect. There must be an official genealogy recognized by the court to determine who is the gentry and who is the common people, as well as to select officials, judge people and intermarry. The official genealogy is not the genealogy of a surname, but the genealogy or anthology of all the gentry in the whole country or a county, so it is called "Hundred Spectrum" (Hundred Fingers) and so on. In this official genealogy, all the surnames and county names of all the gentry in the world are listed, and each surname gentry lists the names, official positions and blood relations of its members in detail. This is a genealogy. The so-called "taking the test in the world before taking the post" (Taiping Yulan, volume 214, quoted from Jinyang Qiu) and "Selected genealogy" (Zheng Qiao Tongzhi, volume 25, Brief Preface of Genealogy-Preface of Genealogy) refer to the genealogy revised by the government. The official genealogy is not only vital to the official career of the gentry, but also a very complicated job. It is necessary to identify and identify all families who think that gentry and genealogy belong to the official, and to constantly revise and rewrite them according to the changes of the situation. So the court set up a special permanent organization-Atlas Bureau, presided over the compilation work, and let Lang, responsible ("Southern History" volume 59 "Biography of Wang Seng-ru" contained)
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the gentry system was fully developed. The gentry and non-gentry should be identified by genealogy, and people entering official positions should also be identified by genealogy. Therefore, the study of genealogy has become a specialized knowledge, and there are specialized people engaged in research. The world is so big, there are so many gentry, and the relationship between them is so complicated. The history of each family can be traced back to the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, at least for hundreds of years. It is really not easy to understand their internal and various relationships (such as blood relationship, taboo, official position, in-laws, etc.). In addition, many new gentry ask for genealogy, and many ordinary clans try to squeeze into genealogy by means of impersonation and forgery, which further increases the difficulty of genealogy compilation. In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Su Jun rebelled, burned the original genealogy, and then rebuilt it, which was called "Jin Ji", and its emphasis was on competing with the East and the West (Southern History, Volume 59, Biography of Wang Senru). Such a complicated job really can't be done without professional knowledge and research. So from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many people who studied genealogy all their lives, and several generations engaged in genealogy research, thus many famous genealogists appeared.
The famous genealogist in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 250-300) was Zhiyu. Zhizhi's family is a Jingzhao family, and Yu's father is a courtier of Cao Wei. Zhiyu is knowledgeable and tireless in writing. He believes that the world has been in chaos since the end of the Han Dynasty. Many aristocratic families, although the descendants can no longer understand the deeds of their ancestors and distinguish the origin of the family, still wrote ten volumes of Zhao Mu and entered the court (Book of Jin, volume 51, Biography of Governance and Yu). This book has been lost for a long time, so we can't know its content exactly. The so-called "family name" refers to the aristocratic family, and the so-called "Zhao Mu" refers to the blood relationship between father and son, which was the first official genealogy in the world to record the blood relationship of gentry at that time. Because it was an "illegal order", it probably touched some prominent families and impeached some people. We don't know whether it will become an official book. Judging from Jin Wuqi's pardon for his "illegal" fault, it is likely to be appointed as an official genealogy.
Famous genealogists in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties (400-500 AD) include Jia Yizhi, Jia Feizhi, Jia Yuanzu (three grandchildren) and Wang Sengru. Jia is from Pingyang. Jia Bizhi was appointed by the court to compile a genealogy in the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so he "collected many ethnic groups and searched many ethnic groups" ("The Biography of Jia Yuan in the Southern Qi Dynasty", volume 52), and wrote more than 100 books, * * * more than 700 copies, which were hidden in the secret cabinet, and the rest were hidden in. The son is a bandit, and his son has a deep heart, and the industry has been passed down from generation to generation. Hundreds of Genealogies co-authored by Qi Yongming-zhong, Jia Yuan and Wang Jian * * *, as well as other genealogies that are in parallel with the world, such as Genealogy Essentials and Name Book. The study of genealogy became Jia Chuanshi's genealogy. Wang was born in the East China Sea. He inherited Jia's research in the Liang Dynasty, which consists of Eighteen States (as Jia's revised edition) volume 7 10, Hundred Collection 15, and Southeast Spectrum Collection (biography of Wang Seng-ru, volume 59 of Southern History) 10. The knowledge of genealogy at this time is a masterpiece in the hands of Wang Sengru.
In the Northern Dynasty (A.D. 350-550), official genealogies were generally written collectively, so there were no famous genealogists who studied genealogy, such as Wei Taihe Zhong and Zhao from various counties. As the basis for selecting scholars, it seems that the genealogy of gentry in China has not been unified. Lei in the Northern Qi Dynasty took Jiamen as the gentry, while Jiande clan in the Northern Zhou Dynasty took the four seas as the gentry, which seemed to be the unified genealogy of their small country. Except Ray was written by Futu Tan Gang, Jiande's was also edited collectively, so the author's surname was not left.
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong revised it twice. Gao Shilian and others. Emperor Gaozong revised the record of surnames.
Lu Jingchun was the first famous spectrograph in the early Tang Dynasty. He is a descendant of Emperor Gaozong and Wuhou, and he studies hard. He is famous for his research on genealogy of past dynasties, and he can trace back to the source of surnames of various gentry. He has written ten volumes of A Brief History of Surnames. The history books say that "there was only one famous person named Jingchun in the genealogy of surnames in the early Tang Dynasty", and all other factions were based on Lushi (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, volume 189, Biography of Jingchun). Another famous artist is Liu Chong, who presided over the compilation of Family Name Spectrum, and was the first person after Lu Jingchun. Genealogy of Tang Dynasty is Liu's genealogy. Later, Liu Fang, a member of his clan, wrote Genealogy Theory, which is the first paper summarizing genealogy in theory since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and is a must-read for those who study genealogy in later generations (New Tang Book, 1999 Liu Chongchuan). Shu Wei was also a famous genealogist in Tang Dynasty, and his position was later than that of Liu Chong. He is gentle and good at genealogy. He met Liu Chong and others in the Secret Pavilion and liked them very much. After work, he copied it himself and wrote another 20 volumes of Kai Yuan Pu (abridged version of surname records) (Old Tang Book 102 Biography of Shu Wei). Liu Fang's "On Clans", "Tang Xing, the lyricist is Jing Chun, followed by Liu Chong and Shu Wei" (The Biography of Liu Chong in the New Tang Dynasty 1999), should be true.
The genealogy of the early Tang Dynasty is the same as that of the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and it can be divided into two types: private genealogy of single surname and official genealogy of the world. The genealogy reconstruction mentioned above refers to the latter. The genealogy of single surname in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as many genealogies of single surname mentioned in Classic, Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Book of New Tang Dynasty and Records of Arts and Literature, has only found fragments of two originals so far (see No.64, Volume III of Unearthed Documents in Turpan, 180-65438+), and the revised "" Counties list their surnames, ranging from three surnames (for example, Xiping County in Liangzhou) to forty surnames (for example, Jingzhao County in Yongzhou) (see Wang: Textual Research on the Clan Event in the Eight Years of Tang Zhenguan, Textual Research on the Wang Family Tree in Xinji, and The Book of Remaining Surnames in Dunhuang Stone Chambers). )。 In our opinion, this is an outline of official genealogy, not genealogy. It is useless to list the surnames of several noble families in each county without listing whether someone belongs to this noble family.