Classification of fire protection (GB/T 4968-2008 2008, 2008+65438 10 released on 4 October, implemented on 6 April 2009)
Fire scene
According to the types and combustion characteristics of combustible materials, fires are divided into six categories: A, B, C, D, E and F.
Class A fire: refers to solid material fire. This substance usually has the nature of organic matter, and it can generally produce glowing embers when burned. Such as wood, hay, coal, cotton, wool, hemp, paper and other fires.
Class B fire: refers to the fire of liquid or meltable solid substances. Such as kerosene, diesel oil, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin, plastic and other fires.
Class C fire: refers to gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen and other fires.
Class d fire: refers to metal fire. Such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum-magnesium alloy, etc.
Class E fire: refers to live fire. A fire in which an object burns with electricity.
Class F fire: refers to the fire of cooking materials (such as animal and vegetable oils) in cookers.
Combat principle
Water-based fire extinguishers, foam extinguisher, ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguishers and halon fire extinguishers can be selected for class A fire fighting.
Foam extinguisher (chemical foam extinguisher is limited to extinguishing nonpolar solvents), dry powder fire extinguishers, halon fire extinguishers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers can be used for Class B fires.
Dry powder fire extinguishers, halon fire extinguishers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers can be selected to put out Class C fires.
To put out Class D fires, powdered graphite fire extinguishers and special dry powder fire extinguishers can be used, or dry sand or cast iron chips can be used instead.
You can choose dry powder fire extinguishers to put out class F fires.
Dry powder fire extinguishers, halon fire extinguishers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers can be selected to put out the fire on site. Electrified fires include fires of household appliances, electronic components and electrical equipment (computers, copiers, printers, fax machines, generators, motors, transformers, etc.). ) and the wires and cables are still charged when burning, and the fire in the ceiling, wall-hung daily lighting lamps and equipment that can automatically cut off the power supply after fire should not be included in the scope of charged fire.
O (_ _) O is expected.
What are the common fire types and fire extinguishing methods?
1. The basic principle of fire fighting. Material combustion must meet three necessary conditions at the same time, namely combustible, combustion-supporting material and ignition source. According to these basic conditions, all fire extinguishing measures are based on the chain reaction of destroying the existing combustion conditions or stopping the combustion, so as to control the fire within a certain range and minimize the fire loss. This is the basic principle of fire fighting. Cooling method: For example, water is used to extinguish the fire of general solid substances, and a large amount of heat is absorbed by water, so that the temperature of combustion products is rapidly reduced and the combustion is finally terminated. Asphyxiation: such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, etc. Used to reduce the oxygen concentration and make the combustion unsustainable. Isolation method: If foam extinguishing agent is used to extinguish the fire, the foam generated will cover the surface of the combustion body, and at the same time, the combustible will be isolated from the flame and air to achieve the purpose of extinguishing the fire. Chemical inhibition method: if dry powder fire extinguishing agent is used, the chain reaction of combustion will be destroyed by chemical action, so that the combustion will be terminated. 2. Basic fire extinguishing measures for Class A fires: Generally, water cooling can be adopted, but for water-repellent substances, such as cloth and paper, the losses caused by water stains should be minimized. For precious books and archives, carbon dioxide, haloalkane and dry powder fire extinguishing agent should be used to put out the fire. Fighting Class B fire: firstly, cut off the source of combustible liquid, at the same time, discharge the combustible liquid in the container in the combustion area to a safe area, and use water to cool the container wall of combustible liquid in the combustion area to slow down the evaporation rate; Use high-dose foam fire extinguishing agent and dry powder fire extinguishing agent in time to put out liquid fires. Fighting Class C fire: first close the combustible gas valve to prevent the combustible gas from exploding, and then put out the fire with dry powder, halon and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Fighting Class D fire: If the temperature of magnesium and aluminum is very high when burning, water and other commonly used fire extinguishing agents are ineffective. The fire of sodium and potassium cannot be put out with water. The reaction of water with sodium and potassium releases a lot of heat and hydrogen, which will promote the violent development of the fire. Use special fire extinguishing agent, such as dry sand. Extinguishing live fire: It is effective to use "12 1 1" or dry powder fire extinguishers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, because these three kinds of fire extinguishers have good insulation performance and will not cause electric shock and personal injury accidents. 3. Common fire extinguishing furniture, bedding and other fires: generally use water to extinguish the fire. Use something that can hold water around you, such as a washbasin, to splash water on the flame, or connect the water pipe to the faucet to spray fire; At the same time, the combustible materials near the ignition point are wetted and cooled. But oil and electrical appliances can't be put out with water when they catch fire. Electrical appliances are on fire: when household appliances or lines are on fire, cut off the power supply first, and then use dry powder or gas fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. Don't throw water directly to put out the fire, so as not to get an electric shock or explosion and hurt people. The TV is on fire: In case the TV is on fire, never water it. You can use a quilt cover after cutting off the power supply. When putting out the fire, you can only get close to the TV from the side to prevent the CRT from exploding and hurting people. If you put out the fire with a fire extinguisher, don't shoot directly at the TV screen to avoid sudden explosion when heating and cooling. The oil pan is on fire: When the oil pan is on fire, the gas valve of the cooker should be quickly closed, and the lid should be directly covered or covered with a wet rag. Cutting vegetables can also be put into the pot to cool and put out the fire, and the pot can be separated from the fire. Only after cooling can the lid be opened. Don't pour water into the oil pan to put out the fire. Gas tank is on fire: cover the fire with soaked bedding and clothes and close the valve quickly.
Fire escape method
The first trick: be familiar with the environment and memorize the export.
When you are in a strange environment, for your own safety, you must pay attention to evacuation routes, safety exits and stairs, so as to escape from the scene as soon as possible at a critical time. Please remember: feel at ease, be prepared for danger in times of peace, and reserve a passage for yourself.
The second measure: the exit of the passage is unimpeded.
Stairs, passages, exits, etc. It is the most important escape route in case of fire. They should be kept clear, and sundries should not be piled up or locked, so as to pass safely and quickly in an emergency. Please remember: if you kill yourself, you will die.
The third measure: put out small fires and benefit others.
When a fire breaks out, if it is found that the fire is not big and poses no great threat to human beings, and there are enough fire extinguishing equipment around, such as fire extinguishers and fire hydrants, we should try our best to control and put out the small fire; Don't make a hullabaloo about in panic, run around, and a small fire is left unattended, which will lead to great disaster. Please remember: race against time to put out the "first fire"
The fourth measure: keep calm, recognize the direction and evacuate quickly.
In case of sudden fire, in the face of smoke and fire, we should first force ourselves to remain calm, quickly judge the dangerous place and safe place, decide the escape mode and evacuate the dangerous place as soon as possible. Don't blindly follow people, crowd each other and rush about. When evacuating, you should pay attention to running to a bright or open place outdoors and try to run below the floor. If the passage has been blocked by fireworks, you should leave with your back to the direction of fireworks and escape to the outside through balconies, transoms, roofs, etc. Please remember: only when people are calm can they come up with a good solution.
The fifth measure: don't be in danger, don't be greedy for property.
If you are in danger, you should evacuate as soon as possible. Don't waste your escape time looking for and moving valuables because you are shy or worried about them. People who have fled the danger must not return to the danger zone and be trapped. Please remember: if you stay in the green hills, you are not afraid of running out of firewood.
The sixth measure: simple protection, crawling with your nose.
When you escape through a route full of smoke, you should prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation. In order to prevent the smoke from choking in the fire, you can cover your nose with a towel and a mask and climb away. Smoke is lighter than air and floats in the upper part. Evacuation near the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out toxic gases. Wear protective equipment such as gas mask, helmet, flame retardant and heat insulation clothing when crossing the fireworks blockade area. If you don't have these protective equipment, you can pour cold water on your head and body or wrap your head and body with wet towels, wet quilts and wet blankets before rushing out. Please remember: it is better to have more protective tools in your hand than to be unarmed.
The seventh measure: make good use of the passage and don't enter the elevator.
Buildings designed and built according to codes and standards will have more than two escape stairs, passages or safe sunlight. In case of fire, you should choose to enter the relatively safe stairwell according to the situation. In addition to using stairs, you can also use the balcony, windowsill and roof of the building to climb to a safe place around, and slide down the stairs along the protrusions in the building structure such as downpipes and lightning wires to escape from danger. In high-rise buildings, once a fire breaks out, the power supply system of the elevator will be cut off at any time, or people will be trapped in the elevator because of the thermal deformation of the elevator. At the same time, because the elevator shaft is like a through chimney, toxic smoke directly threatens the lives of trapped people. Please remember: it is extremely dangerous to take the elevator when you escape.
The eighth measure: slow down and escape, and slide the rope to save yourself.
High-rise and multi-storey public buildings are generally equipped with high-altitude descent devices or lifeline, through which people can safely leave dangerous floors. If these special facilities are not available, and the emergency passage has been blocked, rescuers can't arrive in time, so they can quickly use ropes or sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. Make a simple lifeline around you, wet it with water, and then slowly slide along the rope from the windowsill or balcony to the lower floor or ground; Escape safely. Please remember: be bold and cautious, and the lifeline is in sight.
The ninth trick: shelter and insist on assistance.
If you feel hot when you touch the door with your hand, once you open the door; Flame and smoke are destined to face each other. The escape route was cut off and there was no rescue for a short time. At this time, we can take measures to create shelters and stick to those who are waiting for help. First of all, close the doors and windows facing the fire, open the doors and windows facing the fire, block the doors with wet towels and wet cloth, or cover the windows with a quilt soaked in water, and then constantly spray the room with water to prevent fireworks from infiltrating, and stay in the room until rescuers arrive. Please remember: Why is Strong Shield afraid of sharp spears?
The tenth trick: slow down for help.
People trapped by fireworks who can't escape temporarily should try to stay in balconies, windows and other places that are easy to be found and can avoid close contact with fireworks. During the day, you can throw bright clothes out of the window, or throw dazzling things outside ... >>
What is fire prevention knowledge?
Fire prevention knowledge
1. Fire is a natural phenomenon. Taming fire is a friend of human beings, which brings light and warmth to human beings and brings human civilization and social progress. However, if the fire gets out of control and leads to a fire, it will cause great losses to people's lives and property.
2. Many students are curious about fire and often play games with fire behind their teachers and parents' backs. Some people burn paper and firewood, pile up waste tires and plastics in the wild, light matches, light candles, play with matchsticks and burn wasps' nests in the dark. But you know that every one of these games may cause a fire.
Don't carry lighters, matches, firecrackers, etc. If students are found playing with fire, they should stop immediately and report to teachers and parents for criticism and education.
4. In the Code of Conduct for Primary and Secondary School Students, students are required not to smoke. However, some students violate the regulations and often hide in corners, toilets and other places to secretly smoke. If they meet teachers or parents suddenly, they will throw away cigarette butts or hide them in cuffs and pockets at will. Ignited cigarette butts can easily cause fires when they meet something.
There are red fire buttons on the walls of modern shopping malls, hotels and libraries. Students should never press them at will. Fire hoses, water guns, buckets, fire extinguishers, shovels, picks, hooks, sandboxes, etc. special for fire fighting shall not be moved at will.
6. The TV should keep a certain distance from the wall to facilitate ventilation and heat dissipation. Don't drive when there is no one indoors. Turn off the machine and unplug it in time after use.
7. Iron clothes with an electric iron. Put the iron on the firebrick, slate and iron bracket. Don't turn on the power supply when unattended, and unplug it in time after use.
8. The refrigerator should keep a certain distance from the wall and objects on both sides to facilitate ventilation and heat dissipation.
9. Don't bake clothes, towels, etc. Use light bulbs instead of paper as lampshades. If the paper burns and ignites, it will cause a fire.
10 Don't extend or pull the wires of electrical equipment at will. In particular, don't pull wires under furniture and carpets to prevent moving furniture or people from stepping on them and causing fires.
1 1. When installing cookers, students should remind parents that cookers should be installed at a certain distance from combustible materials such as beds, paper ceilings and wooden window frames. Brick stoves should be used in rural areas, and firewood should be kept away.
12. Don't put waste paper, shavings and other flammable materials near the stove, and there should be a special person to watch over the baking clothes.
13. After completely extinguishing, take out the slag and pour it in a safe place. Pay special attention not to use red fire to pour slag.
14. When starting a fire, don't use gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil to help, in case they burn violently and cause a fire.
15. juniors should not use liquefied petroleum gas. Senior students should learn some gas stoves and follow the instructions of adults.
16. When cooking with gas, you should concentrate on guarding and adjust the gas quantity at any time to prevent the soup from overflowing and extinguishing the flame, causing air leakage and danger.
17. Liquefied gas tanks should be used upright, away from fire sources, not upside down, and baked with fire. It is forbidden to cross the gas and pour the residual liquid in the tank for other purposes. Also remind mom and dad to always check whether the rubber tube and switch of liquefied gas stove are in good condition.
18. If liquefied petroleum gas leaks, turn off the fire immediately and check it carefully, and ask mom and dad to take care of themselves or call the gas station staff to repair it.
19. Campus is a place for learning and learning, with many people and concentration, especially in primary schools. Students are young and have poor self-protection ability. Once a fire breaks out, it will inevitably cause serious consequences. Therefore, we should pay special attention not to bring matches, lighters, firecrackers and other kindling into the campus to prevent campus fires.
20. Some chemicals used in the experimental class are flammable, so the operation must be done according to the teacher's requirements. Don't make drugs at will, which violates the operating rules.
2 1. During the cleaning, some schools used to pile up and burn leaves and garbage, which not only polluted the environment, but also easily caused fires. It is sanitary and safe to treat garbage by deep burial, which is worth learning and popularizing.
22. Don't bring matches, lighters, etc. When going out for activities, don't carry any inflammable and explosive articles.
Generally, we don't organize picnics when we go out. It is really necessary. Be sure to choose a seaside or an empty and safe place under the guidance of a teacher or counselor. It should also be noted that picnics should stop in windy weather. After the picnic, be sure to put out the fire to prevent the "resurgence" from causing forest fires.
24. accompany your parents to the grave, don't burn incense and paper. Grave-sweeping and offering a bunch of flowers can also pin our grief for our loved ones.
In case of fire, students must keep calm and try their best. The initial stage of a fire is usually very small ... >>
What are the four ways to put out the fire?
Four ways to put out the fire:
1, cooling fire extinguishing method. The combustion of any substance must reach a certain temperature, and this limit is called the ignition point. Cooling fire extinguishing method is to control the temperature of combustible materials below the ignition point, so as to achieve the purpose of fire extinguishing. Cooling with water is a common and simple fire extinguishing method. Common fires, such as houses, furniture, wood, etc. Can be cooled and put out with water. In addition, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers can also be used for cooling and fire fighting. Because the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher sprays snowflake-like solid at -78.5℃, carbon dioxide quickly absorbs the heat of burning substances during gasification, thus achieving the purpose of cooling down and stopping combustion. In fire extinguishing practice, in order to effectively control the fire and reduce the fire loss, cooling methods are also commonly used, that is, water or carbon dioxide is used to cool the substances around the fire site to prevent them from reaching the fire point and catching fire.
2, suffocation fire extinguishing method. As the name implies, it is to isolate the air, so that the combustible substances in the combustion area can not get enough oxygen, thus stopping the combustion. This is also a common fire extinguishing method, which plays a great role in putting out the initial fire. This fire extinguishing method can be used for relatively closed fires such as rooms and containers. For example, when the oil pan is on fire, we can cover it in time to isolate the burning oil from the air outside the pan.
In order to achieve the purpose of fire fighting.
3. Isolation fire extinguishing method. This is a kind of "leave your car" fire extinguishing method, which separates or evacuates the burning object from its nearby combustible materials, and eliminates one of the three necessary conditions for combustion-combustible materials, so as to achieve the purpose of fire extinguishing. Isolation fire extinguishing method is suitable for extinguishing all kinds of explosions, fluids, solids and gases, and it is also a common fire extinguishing method.
4. Suppression fire extinguishing method. This is a fire extinguishing method that uses fire extinguishing agent and combustion products to produce physical and chemical inhibition. For example, dry powder extinguishing agent, when extinguishing fire, because high-pressure gas (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) rushes out of the storage container, a pressurized mist powder flow is formed to cover the combustion products. When powder particles come into contact with active genes generated in flame,
What are the fire self-rescue methods?
In a fire, trapped people should have good psychological quality, keep calm, don't panic, don't act blindly, and choose the correct escape method. It must be noted that the temperature at the scene of the fire is amazing, and smoke will block your view. When we saw the fire scene in movies and TV, everything was clear. It was shot outside the smoke at the fire scene. When we were at the scene of the fire, the visibility was very low. Even in the room where you lived for a long time, we couldn't figure out the location of the windows and doors. In this case, it is even more important to keep calm and not panic. If you are trapped in a fire, you should use all available conditions around you to escape. You can use fire elevators and indoor stairs to escape. Ordinary elevators must not be used, because ordinary elevators are easy to cut off power, have no smoke prevention effect, and are likely to be stuck in the air in case of fire. You can also use the balcony. Water pipes on corridors and external walls escape. After the fire, there will be smoke coming out. Stop immediately in case of heavy smoke. Never try to get out of the fireworks and crawl low in the smoke. Due to the rising of hot air, there will be a lot of smoke floating from the upper floor, so there should be air below 30 cm from the ground, so try to crawl in the smoke and keep your head close to the ground as much as possible. Escape in the smoke, if the human body is not properly protected, it is easy to inhale the smoke into the human body, leading to fainting or suffocation, and at the same time, the eyes will be hard to open because of the smoke. At this time, transparent plastic bags can be used, regardless of size. Large plastic bags can cover the whole head and provide enough air for escape. If there is no big plastic bag, a small plastic bag can also cover the head, but it can also cover the nose and mouth to provide air for escape. When using plastic bags, be sure to open them completely, but don't blow them off with your mouth, because the gas blown in is carbon dioxide, which is counterproductive. If you hear an alarm at night, you should first touch the door with the back of your hand to see if the door is getting hot. If it is hot, you can't open the door, or smoke and fire will rush into the bedroom. If the door is not hot, the fire may not be big, and it is possible to escape from the room through normal channels. Be sure to close the door after leaving the room to prevent the fire from spreading. In a word, when a fire breaks out, we should act actively, not wait and die. How do primary school students prevent fires? 1. The lighted candles and mosquito-repellent incense should be placed on special shelves, and should not be near flammable items such as curtains and mosquito nets. 2. When looking for things under the bed and in the attic, don't use open flames such as oil lamps, candles and lighters for lighting. 3. Primary and secondary school students are not allowed to carry matches, lighters and other kindling with them. 4, can't disorderly pull, disorderly pull wires, electrical appliances, unplug the bolt in time after using electrical appliances. 5, found that the gas leakage, to close the valve, open the doors and windows, don't touch the electrical switch and use open flame. 6, balcony, corridor can't burn paper, fireworks. 7. Smoking is harmful to health. Students should not smoke. It is more dangerous to hide and smoke. 8. When using electric lights, don't touch or get close to flammable materials. 9. Don't light candles and read books at night, lest people fall asleep and catch fire. Classification of fire extinguishers There are many kinds of fire extinguishers, which can be divided into portable and cart-type according to their moving modes. According to the power source driving the fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into gas cylinder type, pressure storage type and chemical reaction type, and according to the filled fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into foam, dry powder, haloalkane, carbon dioxide, acid and alkali, clear water and so on. Adaptability and usage of fire extinguisher (portable) foam extinguisher Adaptability and usage Scope of application: It is suitable for fighting general Class B fires, such as oil and grease fires, and can also be used for fighting Class A fires, but it cannot fight water-soluble flammable and combustible liquids, such as alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones and other substances in Class B fires; It is also impossible to put out live equipment and class C and D fires. Usage: You can carry the lifting ring on the top of the bucket and go to the fire quickly. At this time, care should be taken not to tilt the fire extinguisher excessively, nor to hold it horizontally or upside down, so as to avoid mixing the two chemicals and spraying it in advance. When the distance from the ignition point is about 10 meter, the cylinder can be turned upside down, with one hand holding the bail tightly and the other hand holding the cylinder bottom ring, aiming the jet at the combustion products. When putting out flammable liquid fire, if it is already flowing and burning, spray foam from far and near to make the foam completely cover the burning liquid surface; When burning in a container, foam should be sprayed on the inner wall of the container to make the foam flow along the inner wall and gradually cover the ignition liquid. & gt
What are the correct escape methods in case of fire?
Pay attention to prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation when crawling on the ground. The general practice is to cover your nose with a wet towel and a mask. When the smoke is thick, you should crawl as close to the ground as possible and evacuate. When you first leave the room and open the door, touch the door with the back of your hand to see if it is hot. If the door is already very hot, it can't be opened, otherwise smoke and fire will rush into the room; If the door is not hot, the fire may not be big. Be sure to close the door after leaving the room. When going down stairs, there are more than two escape stairs in general buildings. Try to run down when the high-rise building is on fire. Even if the stairs are sealed by flames, use wet quilts and other things as a cover and rush out quickly. Never take the ordinary elevator to escape without taking the elevator. In case of fire, the power supply system of high-rise buildings will be cut off at any time and locked by ordinary elevators, which directly threatens people's life safety. Try to expose yourself. Don't hide in the top floor or closet when you can't escape temporarily. You should try to stay in balconies, windows and other places that are easy to be found. Once there is a fire, and there is no water or fire extinguisher at hand, don't run and don't beat with your hands. You must try to take off your clothes at once, or roll around and crush the fire. Firefighters grope along the wall when they enter the room, so when they are suffocated by smoke and lose their ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door.
What are the correct escape methods in case of fire? 5 points
Crawl close to the ground
Attention should be paid to prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation. The general practice is to cover your nose with a wet towel and a mask. When the smoke is thick, you should crawl as close to the ground as possible and evacuate.
Leave the room first
When opening the room door, touch the door with the back of your hand first to see if it is hot. If the door is already very hot, it can't be opened, otherwise smoke and fire will rush into the room; If the door is not hot, the fire may not be big. Be sure to close the door after leaving the room.
Walk down the stairs
Generally, buildings will have more than two escape stairs. Try to run down when the high-rise building is on fire. Even if the stairs are sealed by flames, use wet quilts and other things as a cover and rush out quickly.
Don't take the elevator
Never take the ordinary elevator to escape. In case of fire, the power supply system of high-rise buildings will be cut off at any time and locked by ordinary elevators, which directly threatens people's life safety.
Trying to expose
Don't hide in the top floor or closet when you can't escape temporarily. You should try to stay in balconies, windows and other places that are easy to be found.
put out the flame
Once there is a fire, there is no water and fire extinguisher at hand, so don't run or beat with your hands. You must try to take off your clothes at once or roll around to put out the fire. Firefighters grope along the wall when they enter the room, so when they are suffocated by smoke and lose their ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door.