However, it should be declared that there was no concept of modern national boundaries in ancient times. Some of these maps were drawn by looking at occupied cities, and sometimes they voluntarily abandoned cities because of natural conditions and other factors. Just like Shu in the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times, and every time he wanted to occupy Chencang City, he would give up this ideal city when he retreated, even though he had made great efforts to attack before. There is a simple reason. If the distance is too far and it is difficult to supply the city, it is better to save your strength and wait for the next account, instead of sacrificing tens of thousands of soldiers.
And because of geographical factors, such as Lop Nur and other places, there were also very prosperous ancient cities in ancient times, but some mysteries, some people say that sandstorms and other reasons, these cities will be abandoned overnight.
So the historical map shows a general outline, or the territory of the most powerful period of the empire at that time. Some teachers say it may only last for a few years.
Where is the historical map of China? The Atlas of Chinese History (hereinafter referred to as Atlas) edited by Tan Qixiang is divided into eight volumes according to historical periods: Volume I: Primitive Society, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period; Volume 2: Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties; Volume III: Three Kingdoms Western Jin Dynasty; Volume 4: Sixteen countries in Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Volume 5: Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period; Book VI: Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties; Volume 7: Yuan and Ming Dynasties; Book VIII: Qing Dynasty.
According to the age, it is divided into 20 picture groups, with 304 pictures (excluding illustrations occupying other spaces) and 549 pages. The contents of the map include: the distribution of known primitive social sites and important sites in other periods, the territory, political areas or activities and ethnic distribution of political power established by various ethnic groups in China history, all the names that can be verified before Qin Dynasty, all the names above the county level and the boundaries of the first and second administrative regions since Qin Dynasty, the tombs and court accounts of the Great Wall, Guanjin, Baozhai, Gu Dao, and the main rivers, lakes, mountains, coastlines and accounts that can be verified.
Each volume has a compilation in Chinese and English and a place name index. After the book was published, it received attention and praise at home and abroad.
First semester: History (China Map Edition) 7. Geography (China Map Edition) 3 In fact, history 1: What is the purpose, route, achievements and significance of Xuanzang's westward journey? (Question 4) A: Purpose: To learn Buddhism in Tianzhu.
Results: He became a famous Buddhist master, and wrote The Western Regions of Datang. Route: Chang 'an-Xinjiang-Tianzhu.
Significance: Written as "Records of the Western Regions of Datang", it has become an important book for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang. Two: What is the reason why Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty and the significance of Jian Zhen's eastward crossing? (2) Reason: The foreign exchange in the Tang Dynasty was active, the Tang Dynasty was strong and the culture was prosperous.
Significance: It has promoted the friendly exchanges between China and Japan and the spread of Chinese culture in East Asia. Three: What did the story of Xuanzang's voyage to the West inspire you? Revelation: We should not be afraid of difficulties and hardships, and serve the motherland with our own practical actions.
Four: What is the main contribution of Xuanzang? Written as "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang", it has become an important work to study the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang. Promote friendly exchanges between China and India and promote the spread of Buddhism.
Five: Evaluate Xuanzang. Xuanzang was an outstanding emissary and made outstanding contributions to the exchanges between China and India. Sixth, what is the significance and historical role of Tang Taizong's enlightened national policy? (2) (The significance and historical role should be the same) laid a strong foundation for the Tang Dynasty and promoted the exchanges between the Central Plains and ethnic minorities.
Seven: What is the significance of Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet? Princess Wencheng, like Tubo, strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. Geography 1: major coal mines in China 1 1. Please name two in Heilongjiang, two in Hebei, three in Henan 1, three in Shanxi, one in Anhui 1, one in Jiangsu 1 and one in Sichuan.
Heilongjiang: Jixi and Hegang. Hebei: Kailuan.
Henan: I don't know Shanxi: Datong, Yangquan and Fengfeng.
Anhui: Maanshan? Jiangsu: I don't know Sichuan: Panzhihua II: Please name the main industrial cities, characteristics and favorable conditions of industrial bases in central and southern Liaoning, Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Shandong and Pearl River Delta (four bases should be mentioned separately). Liaoning: Anshan-Benxi, near the origin of raw materials. Beijing: Close to the capital, with a vast consumer market and close to the origin of raw materials.
Pearl River Delta: Close to Hong Kong and Macao, with a large consumer market and developed transportation. Shanghai: The transportation is developed and the consumer market is large.
Three: China's "leading" high-tech industry is (C). A steel and aerospace equipment b biotechnology and textiles c electronics and information d computer software and automobile manufacturing.
Has Zhou Peigong completed the first complete map of China in history? The first rough map was not drawn by Zhou Peigong, but by a foreigner. Later, Emperor Kangxi completed the map of China based on it. Everyone in the academic circle knows that Zhaoqing is the birthplace of the world's first Chinese world map.
At present, the earliest known world map is the Babylonian clay map in 500 BC, which reflects the "world image" at that time with geometric figures. /kloc-In the 6th century, cartography in the western world was based on Ptolemy's cosmology, but the understanding of the East and China was still influenced by Kyle Polo's early travels.
They drew world maps, nautical maps, land maps and national maps, but there was no complete map of China. Matteo Ricci majored in geography when he was studying in Rome. When he came to the East by boat from Italy, he took western maps with him, and he used his senses to correct those maps in all aspects on the boat.
After coming to Zhaoqing, Matteo Ricci consulted a large number of original materials, calculated with his own unique opinions, and directly and strictly measured the latitude and longitude. Only according to the description method of Audley's "Earth Panorama" did he draw his first world map "Panorama of the World" after he entered Chinese mainland with the elliptical projection of latitude and longitude. This map includes the eastern and western hemispheres, land, ocean, north and south poles, equator and so on. , and indicate the latitude and longitude.
The map shows the trend and height of all major mountain ranges in China and neighboring countries, and the true shape and astronomical position of China are marked at corresponding points. On the day when the first floor of Hua Xian Temple was completed, Matteo Ricci hung this map on the wall of the temple, which immediately caused a sensation: outside the gate of China, there was a magical world.
Some people think that he is talking nonsense and scribbling: "The earth is square and covered with a semi-circular dome. Our ancestors have thought that the world is round for thousands of years. "
Spit almost sprayed on Matteo Ricci's high nose. An Old Master Q man came home with a map, spread it out on the table and said, "Look at the world I painted. Our country should be like a cuckoo. "
A bearded military attache snapped: "I have 15 provinces in the Ming Empire, which occupy most of the world and stand in the center of the world. Outside China, there are nine Yi in the east, eight Yi in the south, six Rong in the west and five Di in the north.
Those beautiful countries are just islands scattered around our country. ""Their combined total area is smaller than that of the smallest province in China. "
After being puzzled and shocked, more people glared at Matteo Ricci: "I am upright and should be the center of the world." How did you ghosts turn it to the corner of the map? Facing the surging crowd, Matteo Ricci explained: "/kloc-When Europeans draw maps in the 6th century, they always put the zero meridian crossing the island of happiness in the center of the map, so that America is on the left side of the map and Asia, Africa and Europe are on the right side.
China can only be located at the far right of the map. Wang Pan is a map lover. When he first saw the microscopic world of the whole world, he was amazed and scratched his head. He was puzzled: "The earliest cartography in China was Jiuding Map in Yu Xia period, and there were Zhao Yu Map and Shanhai Map in Warring States period.
Pei Xiu, known as the father of China map in the Western Jin Dynasty, put forward the idea of "six-body map". When Luo Hongxian adopted the method of "inner map" in Guang Yu Tu, how could there be such a crisscross network? Matteo Ricci said: "These criss-crossing network lines are the longitude and latitude lines of western cartography. According to my calculation, the longitude of Zhaoqing is about 124 degrees east of Fukushima.
This is the equator, and these are the tropics, the south temperate zone, the north temperate zone, the south frigid zone and the north frigid zone ... "Wang Pan is still wondering:" Is the world you are talking about really that big? Matteo Ricci pointed to the map and said, "The earth where human beings live is a huge sphere with a radius of more than 6,000 kilometers. The area of the ocean is more than twice that of the land.
I was born in Italy on the other side of the distant ocean, 90,000 miles from the Sea of China. "Then he talked about where he started from, what oceans and countries he passed, went to India and Macau, and finally came to Zhaoqing.
Wang Pan carefully compared the names of countries around China on the world map with those on the traditional map drawn by China people, and found that they were consistent. I believe he drew such a map for no reason, so he said to Matteo Ricci, "We don't know European characters. Please draw a new map in Chinese." A month later, Matteo Ricci drew a map of the world with place names in Chinese.
Wang Pan is still dissatisfied with driving * * * into the corner. No matter how hard Matteo Ricci tried to explain, Wang Pan waved his hand again and again, which was unacceptable.
Matteo Ricci knew the cultural matrix he represented. If he wants to preach and teach here, he must respect and understand the mainstream culture of China and cater to the needs of China people's traditional ideas. He wants to change the original design, no longer stick to western painting, and put the Pacific Ocean in the middle. For this reason, Matteo Ricci carefully redrawn a fairly complete map of the world by the method of sine curve projection, and renamed it Mountain and Sea Map: the first meridian on Happiness Island was erased, and the zero meridian of the earth moved eastward, leaving two sides of the map. The map of China was located in the middle of the map, and the prime meridian was east longitude 170 degrees.
White represents land, and big black dots represent the ocean. The characters on the map indicate all countries and place names, equator, latitude and longitude, meridian in Chinese, and also write out the calculation of kilometers and time.
Of course, Matteo Ricci took the opportunity to introduce Catholic beliefs and western customs in his comments. Matteo Ricci's map of mountains and seas put forward the theory that the earth is round, which undoubtedly greatly expanded people's horizons and re-examined the world.
This is a challenge and revolution to China's original traditional view of "a perfect place". Matteo Ricci's Map of Mountains and Seas was highly praised by Wang Pan and some enlightened scholars, and became an important bargaining chip for Matteo Ricci to continue his missionary work in China.
Wang Pan personally urged the printing of the engraving, but "he didn't want to sell it to anyone, only gave it as a heavy gift to people with status in China." 1584165438+1October 30th, Matteo Ricci sent the map back to Rome.
1584 65438+Two maps of this edition were sent back to Europe in Macau on February 28th. Matteo Ricci's map of mountains and seas is a challenge and revolution to China's original traditional concept of "the sky is round and the place is round".
Is there a set of books about China's maps of past dynasties? There are maps of China in past dynasties, as well as knowledge of various hobbies. The Atlas of Chinese History edited by Tan Qixiang is a recognized classic. You can have a look.
Brief Introduction of Atlas of Chinese History: An atlas with the historical territory and administrative divisions of China as its main contents. Editor-in-Chief Tan Qixiang.
From the primitive society to the late Qing Dynasty, there are 304 maps (not counting illustrations) divided into 8 volumes and 20 map groups according to the historical period. Maps are all ancient and modern comparisons.
Since 1982, 1-8 volumes have been published one after another, which is a rare material for studying the administrative divisions of China in past dynasties! The contents include: the published sites of primitive society and major sites in other periods, the territory or scope of political power of various ethnic groups, the distribution of administrative districts and some tribes, the places that can be tested before the Qin Dynasty, the positions or scope of all the important places that can be tested at or above the county level (including the county level) and below the county level after the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall, Guanjin, Baosai, Gu Dao, tombs, palace accounts, major rivers, lakes, mountains, coastlines, islands, etc. Each volume has a compilation and index of place names, and about 70 thousand place names have been collected.
Published by China Map Publishing House. Basemap: The atlas uses today's high-precision map as the base map, and takes the territory of Qing Dynasty before 191940s as the basic scope, which was compiled and drawn by various political regimes in the historical period; Both the general outline and the sub-outline determine their standard era or standard period, reflecting the territory and political region of the same era or period as much as possible; Absorb a large number of achievements in history, archaeology and geography at home and abroad.
It makes up for the shortage of literature records and corrects many mistakes of predecessors. Author's brief works: Atlas of Chinese History (8 volumes), Volume IV: Atlas of Chinese History of Sixteen Countries in Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (hardcover), Atlas of Chinese History (Volume II: Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty), Volume III: Atlas of Chinese History of Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty (hardcover), and Volume VII: Atlas of Chinese History of Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty.