I'm not sure about the rest. You can refer to this article.
Explain the names of the four pavilions and seven pavilions
Sikuquanshu is a series of imperial and official books compiled during Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. It is voluminous and rich in content. "All rivers run into the sea, and the outline is drawn, refining the culture of more than 4,000 years and becoming a grand view of ancient books." [1] is the most precious treasure house of our Chinese nation and even the world. The book is divided into four categories: classic subset and historical subset. "Sikuquanshu has a total of 346 1 species and 79309 volumes, and the Catalogue has a total of 6793 species and 9355 1 volume. These books basically include the important works of ancient China before Qianlong. [2] and "The first four editions were abandoned in the Wen Yuan Pavilion, Fengtian Wenyuan Pavilion, Yuanmingyuan Wen Yuan Pavilion and Jehol Jinwen Pavilion respectively. Later, it was continued into three parts, which were stored in Yangzhou Wen Hui Pavilion, Zhenjiang Wenzong Pavilion and Hangzhou Wen Lan Pavilion, each with 36,300 copies, and the Hanlin Academy had a total of 294,000 copies. " [3] Eight books have been copied from a series of books, and seven North-South libraries have been built for it. This feat is unprecedented, and it is an unprecedented world cultural undertaking.
1 The origin of the name Kuzig
In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), in the first month, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty claimed to "review ancient Chinese prose" and wanted to "show the prosperity of the same language through the ages" [4], and wrote to search for a suicide note. /kloc-in October/February, he began to compile Sikuquanshu. In February of the following year, Siku Quanshu Museum was established, sixteen Royal Wang Du and university students were appointed as curators, and six ministers and assistant ministers were appointed as vice presidents. In addition, there are more than 4,000 writers and calligraphers ..., which can be described as a collection of talents, which is spectacular. It took ten years, and by December of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1782 1), the first Siku Quanshu had been compiled and kept in Wenyuan Museum. After that, the other six were completed.
As early as the compilation of Sikuquanshu began, Qianlong decided to build a palace library, that is, a book collection. This idea is clearly stated in his "Wen Yuan Ting Ji": "Everything is established in advance". Although it takes time to complete the book, the place where the book is stored must be built. It is impossible to find a place in the palace, so Yu Wenhua can build a Confucian temple behind the temple. (Volume XIII of the Second Series of Emperor Gaozong's Letters, page 1-2) Since then, Beisi Pavilion has been built one after another. And "because Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the source of humanities", Emperor Gaozong decided to continue to write three books "Hiding in Jiangnan Sange". On the eighth day of July in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, the imperial edict said, "Read ancient essays and study ancient books. In recent years, I ordered Confucian scholars to edit Sikuquanshu, and specially built Yuan Wen, Xuwen, Wen Yuan and Jinwen for storage. Now that the first book has been written, the second, third and fourth books are limited to six years, so Jiahui Yilin is a masterpiece. Because Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the source of humanities, there are many people who are good at mechanics and are willing to learn Chinese secretaries. This "Sikuquanshu" is allowed to be widely circulated, and the text is governed by light. For example, the Wen Hui Pavilion at Daguantang in Yangzhou, the Wenzong Pavilion at Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, and the Wen Lan Pavilion at Shengyin Temple in Hangzhou all have books, so that scholars in Jiangsu and Zhejiang can observe the manuscripts nearby and use them to show the infinite prosperity of China's books. " [5]
1. 1, the relationship between "Tianyi Pavilion" and the four libraries and seven pavilions
It is difficult to collect ancient books, not only for fear of chaos, natural and man-made disasters, but also for fear of "beyond redemption". As Huang Zongxi, a great scholar in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, said, "It is difficult to study, especially to collect books. It will be difficult to hide for a long time. " ..... tianyi pavilion book, hidden Fan Sima. Jiajing has been in existence for 150 years. [6] This is Huang Zongxi's heartfelt admiration for the collection of Tianyi Pavilion in the Collection of Tianyi Pavilion Secretaries. Ruan Yuan, a famous scholar of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, also praised him in the Preface to the Bibliography of Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo: "The home with the longest collection of books in China is Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo. Its books are on the pavilion, which is integrated with six rooms, and the bookcase is that. Divided into six rooms, it means' natural water, 60% land'. During the Qianlong period, seven pavilions were built and used a lot. " [7]
Gan Long wanted to imitate this method of collecting books for a long time because of the voluminous Si Ku Quan Shu. [8] So, at the beginning of compilation, I learned that the "Tianyi Pavilion" library built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty in Zhejiang Province has a history of more than 200 years. The collection of books is not moldy, moth-eaten, and has waterproof and fireproof effects. So he ordered the imitation of the "Tianyi Pavilion" to build four pavilions for future storage. For example, Qianlong's "Wen Yuan Pavilion" mentioned, "With so many books, Zhejiang Fanshi Tianyi Pavilion must be a giant. Because of the compilation of "Si Ku Quan Shu", it was ordered to adopt its pavilion style and build a storage place. " (Volume XIII, pages 2-3 of the Second Series of Emperor Gaozong's Letters) and sent people to Tianyi Pavilion to learn about the construction situation. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (1774), on June 25th, the imperial edict said: "The Fan family in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province read the most books, and gave a book" Integration of Ancient and Modern Books "as a reward. I heard that his library said that "Tianyi Pavilion" is made of bricks and is not afraid of fire or candle. Since the pre-Ming dynasty, this well has not been damaged, and its method is very fine. I want to tell my relatives to go there and see how the room is made. Whether to use special masonry instead of wood planting. What style is this bookshelf? Inquire in detail, iron into an accurate sample, open your mind and present it. " [9] Zun aims to "re-read immediately" after visiting Fan Jia: "Tianyi Pavilion is located in the east of Fan Zhai, facing south. The left and right bricks are walls. Front and rear eaves, doors and windows are set up up and down. Its beams and columns are made of pine and fir. * * * Six rooms: one is in the west with stairs. A room in the east, near the wall, didn't store books for fear of humidity. But there are three rooms in the middle, with ten big cabinets and six cabinets. There are doors at the front and back, and books are stored on both sides for ventilation. There are two cabinets in the back, two small cabinets and twelve cabinets in the west. Put a stone under the cupboard to prevent it from getting wet. There is a pond dug in front of the pavilion, and its northeast corner is an arc pond. It is said that at the beginning of chiseling the pool, there were hidden glyphs in the soil, such as the word' Tianyi'. Because of the meaning of' heaven is holy water', it is named after the pavilion. There are six pavilions, which means' 60% land'. Therefore, the height, depth and width, as well as the number and size of bookshelves all contain six numbers. Special drawing instrument. " [10] Therefore, Emperor Gaozong built four courtyards in the palace and three courtyards in the south of the Yangtze River. Since then, the meaning of "heaven and water" has been closely related to the naming of the seven pavilions.
1.2, a four-warehouse and seven-pavilion building imitating "Tianyi Pavilion"
The construction of the Ziggy Pavilion was carried out in different places, environments, various factors and conditions, and was completed one after another, but all of them imitated the construction system of "Tianyi Pavilion".
First of all, the workers are the Jinwen Pavilion in Jehol Summer Resort and the Wen Yuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan. Four episodes of "Gao Zong Shi Hua" (volume 33, page 33) and "Shi Hua Tai" say: "Take the cabinet style in the morning, first construct the style of writing." Note: "Life imitates the system of Zhejiang Fantian Yige, which was built before Bishu Villa and here."
Wenjinge, located in chengde mountain resort, started construction in the autumn of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (1774) and was completed in the summer of the following year. Wen Yuan Pavilion is located in Yuanmingyuan, a suburb of Beijing. Qianlong was rebuilt in the thirty-ninth year. On the basis of the original building Sida Pavilion in the North of Yuanmingyuan, it was slightly rebuilt into Wenyuan Pavilion (Five Poems of Emperor Gaozong's Imperial System: Wenyuan Pavilion), and it was built after Jinwen Pavilion the following year, making it the second pavilion of the North Fourth Pavilion. Wenyuan Pavilion was built in Qianlong for forty years (1775) and completed in the second year. The address is behind the Wenhua Hall of the Forbidden City, and the name of the museum follows the name of the Wen Yuan Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty. The museum contains the first Siku Quanshu completed by Siku Library. Wenshui Pavilion was built in Beisi Pavilion at the latest. It was built in forty-six years of Qianlong (178 1) and completed the following year. It is located in the west of the Forbidden City in Shengjing (Shenyang).
The above four pavilions, namely Jinwen, Wen Yuan, Yuan Wen and Wenshui, are all in the forbidden area. They are the four pavilions of the Forbidden City, also called the North Fourth Pavilion. All the pavilions are modeled after Fan Tianyi Pavilion. "Five Poems of Emperor Gaozong's Imperial System: Interesting Pavilion" (volume 40, page 30) says: "The four libraries in the book building are the method of heaven." Among them, it said: "The place where model books are collected in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province is called' Tianyi Pavilion'. There are six pagodas here, and the winning technique is' the sky is full of water and the land is 60%', which is intended to collect books. Its formula can be used, and it is based on the creation of the four museums of Yuan, Yuan, Jin and Description, and it is learned by imitating its system. "
The Wenzong, Wenzong, Wenzong and Wenzong pavilions in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are also modeled after Fan's "Tianyi Pavilion". Only literate admired and Wen Hui got the ancient and modern books first, so they were pre-built, and the Wen Lan Pavilion was built after the third edition of Sikuquanshu. These three pavilions are all located in the south of the Yangtze River, so they are also called Nansan Pavilion. "Continued Jinshan Zhi" says: "Wenzong Pavilion is on the left side of the palace, which was built in the forty-four years of Qianlong." [1 1] Wenhui Pavilion was built in Qianlong forty-five years (1780). Five Poems of Emperor Gaozong (Volume 4, page 19) and Poetic Rhyme of Wenhui Pavilion overlapped with Gengzi: "Tianning Bieguan Bookstore is majestic and has a lot of books." Note: "This pavilion was formed in the period of Gengzi (forty-five years of Qianlong), and it is also modeled after Fan's' Tianyi Pavilion'." Wenlan Pavilion was built in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782) and completed in the forty-ninth year (1784). It was transformed from "Magnolia Hall". On the eighth day of July in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, he ordered: "The Yulan Hall behind Hangzhou Shengyin Temple was handed over to Chen Huizu (Governor of Zhejiang) and Zhu Sheng (Minister of Zhejiang) to rebuild the Wen Lan Pavilion and set up bookcases for later use. The calligraphy familiar to Yiling 'a (Lianghuai Salt Affairs) and Yu Sheng Wen Yuan can be imitated appropriately. " ("Handling the Archives of Sikuquanshu", Volume I, page 85) "The Illustration of West Lake in Hangzhou Official Records" also said: "Zuo Jiange, near the palace, kept the" Sikuquanshu "and gave him the name Wen Lan; The east wall is clearly reflected in Xilingyuan, and Jin Yong is caught in the hustle and bustle. " (Shao, ed., published in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong, Volume I, page 44) At the end of Poems on Wen Lan Pavilion, there is a saying: "It's' Tianyi' that is close to Sri Lanka, and it's fortunate that Wen Lan has two treasures" (Volume VI, page 4). At this point, the trace of "Tianyi" in Nansange is obvious.
2 The naming and explanation of the four storehouses and seven pavilions
As mentioned above, the seven pavilions are modeled after Fan's "Tianyi Pavilion" on the grounds that "the sky is full of water, and 60% of the land is the winning technique, which is intended to collect books." For a long time, Qianlong not only imitated its style, but also made great efforts on the word "water" in its name, aiming at "using aquatic fire" to protect the collection of Siku for a long time. Therefore, "water" has become an important part of the naming of the seven pavilions. It is not difficult to find that the names of Wen Yuan Pavilion, Jinwen Pavilion, Wen Yuan Pavilion, Wenshou Pavilion, Wen Hui Pavilion, Wenzong Pavilion and Wen Lan Pavilion all have a common feature, that is, they are all three characters, with the initial word "Wen" and the final word "Ge". It's just that the middle two words are different, but they all have the word "water", and the meaning of its name is very clear, that is, the first word "Wen" represents the culture and civilization of China, the meaning of the cultural prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, and the profoundness of the culture of Siku. There is the word "water" in the middle, as mentioned above, which means that Fan's books are tired during the period of "full of water every day" to protect the books. As for Wenzong Pavilion, it can be written as "Wenzong Pavilion"; It is said that because Zhenjiang has been flooded, the pavilion was built on Jinshan, facing a big river. If you add "water", it is "flood"; There is also a saying that the word "zong" itself means water. "Although the appearance of Zhenjiang Wenzong seems unique, if we carefully study its connotation, there will be a solid meaning of' rivers living in the sea'." [12] In short, fire was replaced by water. The above explanation of Chinese characters can only be regarded as "Wang Wen's business".
Gan Long's explanation is confusing and incisive. Taking the Fourth Hospital of Inner Hospital as an example, we can see the connotation of explaining the name by Qianlong. He explained the meaning of "literature", used literature as a metaphor for water, and compared the vast amount of cultural classics to the water of rivers. He wrote in Wen Yuan Songs: "The significance of writing is great! Taking the world as a teacher, taking Tao as a carrier, taking words as words, enlightening the people, opening up and even today, the so-called heaven is not lost. Take water as a metaphor: then the source of classics is also the source of literature, the stream of history is also a branch of literature, and the school of literature is also a school of literature. Factions, branches and streams are all divided from the source. Set also, son also, history also, all from the classic. So I put my books in four storerooms. The first one is a classic, but I use water as a metaphor to trace back to the source. And counting the pavilion of' Tianyi', the difference is not big. " (Page 2-3, Volume 13, Selected Works of the Emperor's Father) In Wensui Songs, the connotation of "Wen" is expounded again: "Two books praise Yao and Shun, one says, one says, one says is contained in the book, and Ming is from the outside, and Xu shows it with Wen. Writers are also rational, where words are, and naturally exist. Wen is not here? Confucius followed the heart of Yao and Shun. There are no words in the world, and justice is lost, but it is not the world. Is it a cloud? However, the text cannot be separated from the simplified version of the bamboo slips to transform the world, and the series of these four libraries is also very important. " (Volume 14, pages 4-5) The meaning of words is great. "Where the text lies, there is a sense of heaven", and "Heaven and Pavilion" means starting from "water" and "Heaven and Pavilion are full of water" to make the pavilion books last forever and seek the eternity of "text".
For the naming of the North Fourth Pavilion, Gan Long also made a special explanation, such as: "The name of the Pavilion began in the heyday, and now it has no place to stand, while the name of the cabinet university who also holds the title of Diange still exists, so it is necessary to store books, so the so-called name and reality are consistent. In front is the Wenhua Temple, which is the place to give lectures at the age of 20. It is true that pillow classics and mirror history are used to educate the people, and later generations regard them as family laws, so they are given to the ancestors of the rope to learn from the world and cultivate the people and return to the ancient times. That's right. " (Emperor's Imperial edict II Wen Yuan Ge, Volume XIII, Page 1-2) Therefore, although Wen Yuan Ge is a product of the Ming Dynasty, it is still used today because of its "be worthy of the name". In addition, "Wenhua Hall is in front of it", which is the place to give lectures. In this way, it is true to "take the history of pillow classics as a mirror for the people", and it is true to "follow the profound meaning of the ancestors to test the world, and to cultivate the people back to ancient times!" "For another example, there is also a close-up of Wenjinge:" Change Yuan as the source, and there will be activities, so it is divided into tribes. "If you want to find a stream from the tribe, trace back to the source, you must first care about knowing its Tianjin, knowing its Tianjin, and then you will lose your way and get lost. It is understandable to break the port. Therefore, the second analysis of wood is beautiful, and the name of Longmen is marked on the ground, which is also an understanding of Tianjin. And as Liu Xie said, "The Taoist image is wonderful, but it is not that the words are not good, but that the words are wonderful, and they are not learned and passed on", which is actually the same as my heart. Fuzhuang is located outside the Great Wall, which was barren in ancient times, but now it is rich in beauty, rising in rites and music, and the four libraries are in the library. Compared with Sima Qian's' hidden mountain', it is also a world of difference! " (The Second Set of Imperial Letters of Emperor Gaozong, Volume XIII, pp. 3-4) The mystery of "Tianjinwei" is so perfect and seamless.
In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), he summed up the naming of the four pavilions in Wensui Pavilion: "The names of the four pavilions are all written in words, but if they are deep-rooted, if they are traced back, they are all based on water and follow the example of' Tianyi Pavilion', which is also seen in previous records. If there is a sea source, all waters have their own sources and belong to the sea, then it seems that the sea is its tail rather than the source. I don't know why the tail leaked, but it was shipped as the source. It is easy to show the end of the original. Tianjin is the only way for poor sources, but it can also be traced back. Tianjin is also the source of poor sources. If the ontology of water is used in this way, what about the ontology of literature? It is precisely because of Shengjing that the name is more in line with Zhou's so-called "tracing back to the past and seeking inheritance", which is intended to cherish the hardships of ancestors' entrepreneurship and show the model of keeping the text to future generations. I am serious! " ("The Second Series of Emperor Gaozong's Letters", Volume 14, pages 4-5) It can be seen that Qianlong named the seven pavilions with good intentions, "The intention is to think about it! "
Editor Song Yafan
refer to
[1] [3] [5] [11] Guo Bogong. Textual research on books in the Republic of China and the compilation of Sikuquanshu (4). Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1992: (Preface), (Preface), 65438+
[2][4][ Qing] Yong Ró ng @ ③. Catalogue of siku quanshu. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1965: (publication description), (frontispiece)
[6][7][ 12] Bi, edited by Zhang Jiaohua. China ancient books and modern library historical materials. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,1982: 36-38,39,443.
[8][9][ 10] (Qing) Wang Xianqian. Continue recording Donghua. (Qianlong 79 years, page 12)
Notes about words not stored in fonts:
@ (1) The original word Qiuwa.
@ ② original word supplement.
@ ③ Wang Jiarong