1, population growth model
(1) Know the main characteristics of population growth in different development stages.
(2) Give examples to illustrate the main characteristics of population growth in different regions.
Comparison of population growth stages
Stage Original Low Growth Stage (a) Accelerated Growth Stage (b) Slow Growth Stage (c) Low Growth Stage (d)
Population growth mode "high and low" mode "high and low" mode "transition" mode "low and low" mode
special
The higher the birth rate, the lower it begins to decline, and the lower it further declines, low.
The high mortality rate dropped rapidly, the low mortality rate continued to drop, and the low mortality rate continued to drop.
The natural growth rate is low, the fluctuation is greatly improved, and the high gradually decreases to the low.
Population growth is relatively static or low, and rapid growth begins to slow down to zero or negative growth.
The stage of social development, the initial stage of agricultural industrialization, developed countries, developing countries and developed countries in Europe around the 1950s, and now.
Indigenous people in the depths of tropical virgin forests in typical areas, Tanzania and Kenya in East Africa, and most developing countries such as Germany, Britain and France.
2. Population migration
(1) Give examples to illustrate the main reasons of population migration in different periods and regions.
Population migration: refers to the phenomenon of population migration in or out of regions, which leads to permanent or long-term changes in residence.
Early human population migration
Reasons for migration during the period
Primitive society pursues means of subsistence.
The attraction or escape of land reclamation to famine, war and religious persecution in agricultural society
15-/kloc-World Population Migration in the 0/9th Century
Migration reason flow direction
Geographical discovery ended the long-term isolation between the "old continent" and the "new continent"
(2) The opening of new air routes has promoted the connection between the old and new continents.
(3) capitalist development and colonial expansion (1) Europeans (Spain, Portugal, Britain, France, the Netherlands and other countries) moved to America and Oceania.
(2) European colonists sold slaves to the United States.
Population migration after World War II
Specific manifestations of migration reasons
Political reasons (1) Some countries in Eastern Europe redraw their national boundaries and their populations migrate to each other.
② The partition of India, the largest international immigrant in Asia.
(3) In African countries that achieved independence, the original colonists were repatriated.
Due to economic reasons, Europe and North America have become the main immigrant areas.
With the development of emerging cities and industries, the population of the United States has moved from the northeast to the emerging industrial cities in the west.
Example: Schematic Diagram of Migrant Workers and Businessmen in China in the Middle and Late 1980s.
Since the end of the 20th century, with the rapid development of China's reform, opening up and economic construction, a large number of rural surplus laborers have flocked to cities, forming a special huge population flow-"migrant workers flow".
3. Environmental carrying capacity and reasonable population capacity
(1) Distinguish the meaning of environmental carrying capacity and reasonable population capacity.
Environmental carrying capacity: refers to the population scale and economic scale that can be accommodated by environmental resources under the premise of maintaining relative stability in a certain period of time. That is, the limit of the number of people who can bear is a warning value.
Reasonable population capacity: refers to the reasonable carrying capacity of the earth and its parts to the population, which is an ideal value.
For example, at the end of 1980s, China Academy of Sciences estimated that China's environmental carrying capacity was 654.38+600 million people, while the reasonable population capacity was 800-900 million people.
4. Urban spatial structure
(1) With examples, understand the distribution characteristics of the main functional areas of the city and analyze the spatial structure of the city.
Urban functional area: all activities in the city need to occupy a certain amount of land. Because the urban land area is relatively limited, the traffic accessibility and land price of different plots are also different. Therefore, there must be competition between activities, which leads to the high concentration of similar activities in space and the formation of urban functional areas.
Comparison of three major functional areas in cities
Distribution characteristics of urban functional areas
Business districts with convenient transportation in the city center and on both sides of the street.
This industrial zone is located in the suburb of the city, along the main traffic lines.
Residential areas are the most widely distributed, and high-rise and low-rise residential areas have a backward development trend.
⑵ Understand the causes of urban spatial structure.
The causes of urban functional zoning
① Historical reasons: The original land use status of the city largely determines the present situation of urban functional zoning. For example, the central city of Beijing has become an administrative district. On the other hand, urban functional zoning is a dynamic process.
(2) Economic reasons: On the one hand, the land rent in different areas of the city is different (mainly affected by geographical location and traffic accessibility), on the other hand, the rental payment ability of commercial, industrial and residential land is also different (commercial land is larger than residential land and industrial land).
Figure 2-3 Urban Land Use and Rent Payment Capacity
Above (schematic diagram of urban land use and rent payment ability)
Cause of formation of land rent line corresponding to letter distance land rent functional area
A is close to the highest business district, and the distance between steep and downtown has a great impact on business and the rent changes greatly.
B Medium-sized residential areas are relatively flat, and the distance from the city center has little impact on housing, and the rent changes little.
C the distance from the lowest industrial zone to the city center has the least impact on industry.
③ Social factors: Social factors mainly affect the differentiation of residential areas.
Under the influence of historical, economic, social and policy factors, urban functional zoning has formed a variety of spatial structure models in spatial distribution and combination. Such as concentric circle mode, sector mode, multi-core mode and future "garden city" mode.
5. Urban service function
(1) Know the meaning of urban service function.
As the core of a region, a city is the regional management center, service center and economic growth center. Part of urban activities serve the city itself, and the other part mainly serves areas outside the city. This is the basic activity of the city and the main driving force for its development.
⑵ Understand the relationship between city scale and its service function, and compare the differences of service functions of cities with different scales.
The bigger the city, the higher the level, the stronger the function and the wider the service scope; The smaller the city, the lower the level, the weaker the function and the smaller the service scope.
A case study of urban functions in the Yangtze River Delta;
First-class center: China's largest city and economic center. The service scope soon covered the whole region, and its influence also spread to the whole country and even abroad.
Secondary centers: Nanjing and Hangzhou, mainly serving parts of Jiangsu Province and surrounding provinces.
Third-level centers: Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Ningbo.
Four-level centers: Yangzhou, Zhenjiang and other cities, the service scope is mainly limited to most towns and villages in the region.
6. Urbanization and its influence on geographical environment.
(1) illustrate the process and characteristics of urbanization with examples.
Urbanization: generally refers to the process of transforming agricultural population into non-agricultural population, rural areas into cities, and agricultural activities into non-agricultural activities.
Usually, the proportion of urban population to the total population is used as the main indicator to measure the urbanization level of a country or region. Urbanization soon includes changes in material form, as well as changes in residents' lifestyles and concepts.
Take the urbanization process of western developed countries as an example: it has gone through three stages.
Slow development stage: the urbanization level is below 30%, the urban population growth is slow, and the primary industry accounts for a large proportion in the regional economy.
Accelerated development stage: population and economic activities gather in cities and towns, the number of cities increases, and the scale of land use expands. At present, the proportion of the primary industry has declined, and the secondary industry has become the leading industry of the regional economy.
Mature stage: the level of urbanization exceeds 70%, and the tertiary industry has gradually become the leading industry of regional economy.
⑵ Understand the influence of urbanization on geographical environment.
Cities are the areas where human beings have the most profound and concentrated impact on the environment, and also the areas where the environment has changed the most. Due to the unreasonable development of cities in some areas, there have been a series of problems such as land occupation, reduction of cultivated land, land subsidence, deterioration of water quality, environmental pollution, employment difficulties, disorder, traffic congestion, housing difficulties and so on. Therefore, we should actively guide and promote reasonable and orderly urbanization.
7. The influence of regional culture on population or city.
(1) Give examples to illustrate the influence of regional culture on population or cities.
There are many skyscrapers in the center of American cities.
Different development history leads to different urban landscapes. There are many squares and churches in the center of European cities.
Regional Culture The center of Beijing is a palace complex.
Different urban ruling forces have different urban patterns. Washington is in harmony with the East-West direction of the Capitol and the White House.
The north-south axis and its intersection point are the city center.
Regional culture and population: People in different regions have different views on population. For example, rural areas in China are traditionally willing to have more children and boys, which is influenced by local traditional agricultural culture. Nowadays, many young people in big cities are unwilling to have children or to have children early, which is also influenced by the culture of modern big cities.
Second, the relationship between production activities and regions.
1, agricultural location factors and main agricultural regional types
(1) The main factors affecting agricultural location are explained with examples.
Main factors affecting agricultural location:
Natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water source.
Socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, land price, capital and management.
Technical conditions: cold storage, preservation technology, improved varieties, fertilizer, machinery.
Example: the judgment of the dominant location factors of agricultural activities
Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, "oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei" (climatic factors)
Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topographic factors)
Changes of Agricultural Landscape in Subtropical Coastal Areas of China since Reform and Opening-up (Market and Policy).
Tea Suitable for Acid Red Soil in South China (Soil Factors)
Dairy farming and gardening (traffic factors) along expressways in big cities.
(2) Illustrate the characteristics and forming conditions of main agricultural regional types with examples.
Typical cases are mainly distributed in the region, main characteristics and location conditions of major crops.
Agricultural geographical types are mainly rice planting in Asian monsoon region (Figure 2-2), East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia monsoon region and Southeast Asia tropical rain forest climate region.
Small-scale management of rice (small production scale); High yield per unit area; The commodity rate is low, and the level of mechanization and science is low; Large water conservancy projects, high temperature and rainy climate all year round or in summer are suitable for rice growth; Low terrain, suitable for paddy field management; Dense population and abundant labor force; There are a lot of people and little land, and there is a great demand for food.
Commodity grain agriculture in the Central Plains of the United States (Figure 2-3) The United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine and other countries.
State farms in Northeast China and Xinjiang.
Large-scale production of wheat and corn; High commodity rate; High level of mechanization and science and technology, superior natural conditions (flat terrain, fertile and deep soil, abundant water, mild climate and abundant precipitation); Convenient transportation; Broad market; The land is vast and the population is sparse, which is suitable for mass production; High degree of mechanization; Advanced agricultural science and technology
Animal husbandry is the main agricultural regional type. There are grasses on the grassland of pampas (Figure 2-4). The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries produce cattle and sheep on a large scale under arid and semi-arid climate conditions. High commodity rate; High degree of specialization; Mild climate, lush grass and excellent grass quality; The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; Close to the port, promote commodity management.
Dairy industry The commodity rate of milk and its products around the Great Lakes of Western Europe, North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand is relatively high. High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities, with flat terrain and cool and humid climate, which is suitable for the growth of juicy grass. With the improvement of urbanization level and the influence of living habits, there is a great demand for dairy products.
Mixed Agriculture Murray-Darling Basin in Australia (Figure 2-5) Australia, South Africa in Europe, North America, Africa and Australia and New Zealand in Oceania (mainly mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry); Wheat, pasture or fallow can be planted alternately on the sheep farm land in the Pearl River Delta of China, which can maintain the fertility of the land. The two modes of production are staggered in time, which is convenient for arranging agricultural production activities reasonably and effectively; Farmers can adjust the scale of planting and grazing in time according to national policies and market conditions to ensure a stable income. Fertile soil; Mild climate and moderate precipitation; The land is vast and sparsely populated; Broad market (the world's major wheat and livestock products producing areas); High degree of mechanization; Developed transportation; Government support.
Tropical migration
Agricultural Amazon basin, Amazon basin, African Congo basin and other sparsely populated tropical forests and their marginal areas/primitive and extensive production is not fixed; Burning wasteland, digging holes and sowing seeds; Without ploughing or fertilization, the harvest climate is extremely hot and humid;
The level of productivity is extremely low
Fill in the code of the correct option in the blank box in Figure 2- 1 1 to establish the system (each letter can only be filled in once).
A. straw B. feed C. sheep manure D. wool and mutton
E. increasing soil fertility F. adjusting the production scale of wheat and sheep
2. Industrial location factors and industrial regions
(1) explain the main factors affecting industrial location with examples.
The factors affecting industrial location are: land, raw materials, electricity, water, transportation, labor, market and government policies.
Enhancement factors: transportation, market, labor quality, technical factors (improving the scientific and technological content of products is to enhance competitiveness.
Strong competitive measures, especially in the international market), environment
Weakening factors: raw materials (related to the development of transportation) and labor force (related to the improvement of mechanization)
The change of leading factors: (taking the steel industry as an example) raw materials-transportation-market.
Example: industrial location selection
① Economic benefits: From the perspective of economic benefits, factories should choose places with obvious location advantages to obtain the highest profits at the lowest production cost.
Type Name Typical Industrial Sector Advantage Development Zone
Sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry and other areas rich in industrial raw materials.
Market-oriented industrial bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry and printing industry are all close to the product consumption market.
Areas with sufficient energy supply in power-based industries, non-ferrous metal smelting industries and chemical industries.
Cheap labor refers to the fields where there are a lot of cheap labor in ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and other industries.
Technology-oriented industrial integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments, higher education and technologically developed areas.
② Social benefits
The influence of national policy changes: from the great development of coastal industries in China in 1980s to the beginning of 20th century.
China's western development.
National defense needs: In the 1950s and 1970s, China established some large industrial bases in the Mainland, mainly heavy industries.
Industry and military industry.
The influence of personal preference: A large number of overseas Chinese have invested and set up factories in their hometown.
The influence of industrial inertia: it may be due to the high cost of factory relocation, the influence of the government and the consideration of local economy.
And so on, we can often see that a factory is located unreasonably, but it still stays there, which is called industrial inertia.
(3) Environmental benefits: location selection of heavily polluting industries (Figure 2-6).
Location selection of pollution types in industrial sectors
Cement plant and brewery air pollution plant are located in the upwind direction of the minimum wind frequency in residential areas or the downwind direction of the perennial prevailing wind, and the monsoon area is vertical to the suburbs.
Sewage outfalls in printing and dyeing factories, paper mills, electroplating factories and leather factories should be far away from water sources and the upper reaches of rivers.
Chemical plants and oil refineries pollute air and water sources, combining the above two.
Power plants and steel mills pollute the air, and solid waste pollutes the air more comprehensively. Solid waste pollution should be far away from residential areas and farmland.
Figure 2-6 Schematic Diagram of Site Selection of Industries with Serious Pollution
Considering the environmental pollution caused by industrial waste, please fill in the following factory code in the corresponding position in Figure 2- 12:
① Leather factory ② Thermal power plant ③ Chemical factory ④ Printing and dyeing factory ⑤ Paper mill ⑧ Refinery ⑧ Steel plant ⑨ Electroplating plant ⑨ Brewery ⑩ Cement plant.
(2) Give examples to illustrate the formation conditions and development characteristics of industrial regions.
Formation conditions and development characteristics of famous industrial zones
Traditional industrial zone Ruhr, Germany (industrial zone in central Britain, industrial zone in northeast America; China, central and southern Liaoning industrial zone, etc. ) rich coal; Close to the iron ore area; Abundant water sources; Convenient land and water transportation; Reasons for the decline of the vast market (Figure 2-8): the production structure is single, and the five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr District are coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry; The energy status of coal has declined; World steel surplus; The influence of the new technological revolution; Land shortage and serious environmental pollution.
Overall promotion: ① adjust industrial structure, transform traditional industries, support emerging industries, and realize diversification of industrial structure (reduce the number of coal and steel enterprises, expand the production scale of individual factories and mines, and build high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises in electronics, petrochemical, automobile and other departments); ② Adjust the industrial layout (the industrial layout expands to the west and south, and the steel industry shifts to the coast); ③ Developing the tertiary industry (developing science and technology education, industrial tourism and financial services); (4) Expand traffic and improve traffic network; ⑤ Control environmental pollution, strengthen environmental management, plant trees, create green space and optimize and beautify the environment.
New industrial zone Italy's new industrial zone (Figure 2-7) has a large number of cheap labor; Developed bank credit system; The economy is highly open; Strong support from the government; A large number of cheap labor; Small towns have convenient water use; Convenient transportation. In 1970s, the prices of raw materials and energy rose sharply, mainly in small and medium-sized enterprises. Mainly light industry; Decentralized production process; Low capital concentration; Most of them are scattered in small towns or rural areas.
(Unique development mode-industrial community)
The "Silicon Valley" (high-tech industry) in the United States has a superior geographical position and a beautiful environment. The climate is pleasant (belonging to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid); There are institutions of higher learning (Stanford University); Convenient transportation, quick access, mainly road and air transportation; Military orders: special conditions! High proportion of scientific and technological talents; Fast growth and short product update cycle; R&D expenses account for a high proportion; Products are oriented to the world market.
Development characteristics:
Industrial zone Italy emerging industrial zone traditional industrial zone
The production scale is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises.
Main industrial sectors: light industry and heavy industry
The production process is decentralized and centralized.
Low degree of capital concentration
Industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas.
Formation conditions of industrial bases in central and southern Liaoning;
Natural conditions: rich in mineral resources, rich in coal, iron and oil resources, providing raw materials and fuel for industrial development;
The area is located in the plain, with open terrain and abundant water resources.
Socio-economic conditions: the land and water transportation conditions in the region are developed, the land and railway networks are dense, and there are many ports in coastal areas, which is conducive to the transportation of raw materials, fuels and products and the development of export-oriented economy; Good agricultural foundation; Dense population, abundant labor resources, long history of industrial development and good industrial foundation.
3, the impact of agricultural or industrial production activities on the geographical environment
(1) Give examples to illustrate the impact of agricultural or industrial production activities on the geographical environment.
(1) Impact of agricultural production on geographical environment;
Beneficial effects: Reasonable agricultural production makes land and other resources sustainable for human beings and provides us with food and clothing sources. The improvement of agricultural production technology has greatly increased the yield of crops.
Adverse effects: unreasonable agricultural production may lead to the destruction of the natural environment, resulting in land desertification, soil erosion and soil pollution. (Deforestation leads to biodiversity destruction, soil erosion and land desertification; Overgrazing leads to land desertification; Irrational irrigation methods lead to land salinization; The extensive use of chemical fertilizers leads to soil hardening; Irrational use of pesticides leads to agricultural products and soil pollution)
(2) The influence of industrial production activities on the geographical environment.
Beneficial effects: great social wealth has been created, and the production and lifestyle of human beings have been greatly changed.
Adverse effects: the contradiction between the demand for raw materials in industrial production and the limited resources and energy in nature is becoming more and more prominent; The unreasonable utilization of resources and energy by human beings will also cause serious industrial pollution such as acid rain and directly destroy the environment.
4. Regional contact in production activities
(1) illustrate the importance of regional connection in production activities with examples.
Importance of transportation: promoting the expansion of production scale, raw material supply range and product sales market; Accelerate regional development and make full use of resources; Strengthen the connection between industry and agriculture, urban and rural areas; Strengthen scientific and cultural exchanges to ensure national unity and security.
(2) Understand the main ways of regional contact in production activities.
Transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce and trade
Mode of transportation and its characteristics:
On the advantages and disadvantages of the model
Railway is one of the most important modes of transportation in the contemporary era, with large capacity, high speed, low freight rate, good continuity, large land occupation, high construction cost and high short-distance transportation cost.
Highway is flexible, fast in turnover, convenient in loading and unloading, adaptable, low in traffic volume, high in energy consumption, high in construction cost, expensive in freight, fastest in development, most widely used and more and more important.
Waterway has the advantages of large transport capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and has been affected by hydrometeorological conditions for the longest time.
The fastest modern transportation mode with high air speed, high transportation efficiency, small volume, high energy consumption, high freight rate, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.
The pipeline has strong continuity, low loss, safety and convenience, and large transportation volume. The investment in laying special pipeline equipment is large, the flexibility is poor, and the means of transport and lines are integrated.
5. The influence of the change of transportation mode and layout on the spatial form of settlements and the layout of commercial outlets.
(1) Illustrate the influence of the change of traffic mode and layout on the spatial form of settlements with examples.
The influence of traffic mode and layout on the spatial form of settlement: ① The spatial form of settlement often expands along the traffic trunk line and becomes the main development axis of settlement. In the era of water transport, cities were mostly distributed along rivers and coasts (such as Chongqing, Yichang, Wuhan and Nanjing); In the era of road and railway transportation, cities continue to extend and expand along both sides of traffic trunk lines (railways or highways) (such as Zhuzhou, Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou); In the era of modern express transportation (expressway) and high-speed railway transportation, the distribution of cities is flexible and changeable. (2) The development and change of traffic lines will drive the change of settlement spatial form. For example, with the development of waterway and land transportation, the settlement form of Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province has expanded from a block along the traffic line to a star; Due to the blocking of the Grand Canal, the development of maritime traffic and the completion of beijing-shanghai railway, Yangzhou, Jining and other cities have developed slowly, and the urban spatial form extending along the river has remained basically unchanged.
(2) With an example, it explains the influence of the change of traffic mode and layout on the layout of commercial outlets.
① Impact on the density of commercial outlets: comparison between commercial outlets in mountainous areas and plains.
Due to the mountainous terrain, low population density and inconvenient transportation (few transportation lines and single mode, and it is difficult to establish and develop commodity circulation, especially interregional commodity circulation), residential areas and shops are distributed along low-lying highways, and the density of commercial outlets is small and the scale is small, mostly small shops or mobile stalls; Plain area has flat terrain, high population density, many traffic routes and complicated traffic modes. Therefore, residential areas and shops are distributed along the roads with convenient transportation, and the density of commercial outlets is high, and most of them are fixed forms such as commercial streets and commercial communities.
(2) Impact on the location of commercial outlets: Many commercial outlets are built along the expressway on the edge of urban ring road or urban area based on the principle of optimal traffic.
(3) Impact on the formation of commercial center: The superior geographical location and convenient traffic conditions provide superior conditions for the circulation of goods and play an important role in the formation and development of commercial center. For example, Shanghai and Beijing.
(4) Impact on the development of market towns: Changes in traffic routes often lead to the prosperity or decline of market towns. Changlin Town, Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province used to be the only way for Hanzhong to lead to Gansu and Sichuan via Baohe River. There are many merchants coming and going, and the business is very prosperous. Later, due to the rerouting, the market town gradually declined, so far there is no formal market trade, and it has completely degenerated into a simple residential area.